鼠肝灌注压与肝质量相关性的实验研究

目的 寻找一种在切取供肝时即可对其质量进行判定的方法。方法 本实验通过给Ｗｉｓｔｅｒ大鼠做胃造瘘,经造瘘管注入酒精方法建立了不同病期的酒精肝模型。在恒定门静脉灌注液流量的情况下,测定了大鼠在体门静脉低温冷灌注的灌注压,灌注后取肝做普通石蜡切片检查,将酒粗肝的各种病理改变分级打分量化,经统计学处理,得出结果：大鼠肝门静脉的灌注压与肝质量呈极显著的正相关（ｒ＝０．８１９,Ｐ〈０．００１）。结论 此方法     

异位辅助性分肝移植供肝切取与植入体会

目的　为临床辅助性肝移植的开展,探索供肝切取及植入方法。　方法　猪异位辅助性部分肝移植13例,供肝切取按预分离方法分为A、B两组,A组标准法5例,B组快速灌注法8例。　结果　A组供肝质量优良为100%,B组供肝质量优良占88%。辅肝移植手术时间为122±28min,腔静脉和门静脉吻合时间为40±12min。　结论　如条件允许应首选标准法预分离,血流动力学不稳定时,可行快速灌注法预分离。     

肝肾等多脏器联合切取的手术方法改进

目的探讨原位肝移植尸体供肝切取的手术方法改进。方法尸体供肝采用肝肾联合切取,腹主动脉插管灌注肾保存液,胰腺下沿肠系膜上静脉外科干处插管行门静脉灌注,并进行了100例次的应用。结果采用此方法切取供肝及供肾100例次,供肝及供肾的灌注及保存良好,4例胰肾联合移植,与心脏组合作完成心脏切取4例,1例与心肺组联合完成心肺肝肾的切取,未发生移植肝原发无功。发现24例动脉变异,比往年使用其他方法显著提高。未出现肝动脉、肾动脉的损伤。结论原位腹主动脉插管行动脉灌注＋肠系膜上静脉外科干处插管可保证供肝、供肾的质量,缩短热缺血时间、快速降温、充分灌注;减少因劈开胰腺或直接对肝十二指肠韧带分离而造成的变异动脉的损伤;不影响心、肺的联合切取;可同时切取胰腺和脾脏。此法可在临床中加以推广。     

快速供肝切取与修整的外科技巧

目的总结肝脏移植供肝的快速切取和修整经验。方法分析2004年共186例快速供肝的切取和修整的资料。快速切取技术采用原位腹主动脉、肠系膜上静脉灌注附加下腔静脉引流，快速切取供肝，4℃UW液中保存和修整肝脏。结果供肝热缺血时间为3～10min，平均4．5min；冷缺血时间平均为3-16h，平均7h。供肝的修整时间为26～90min，平均46min。供肝修整时发现肝动脉解剖变异20例。结论快速供肝切取法要求术者技术娴熟、动作迅速和准确，可最大限度地减少供肝热缺血时间。快速切取法能保证供肝的质量和确保供肝切取的成功。     

同种异体原位肝移植一例报告

为一肝脏巨大平滑肌肉瘤患者进行原位肝移植术。供者为一２５岁的男性脑死亡者。供肝用４℃ＵＷ液自腹主动脉灌注，快速切取肝脏，热缺血时间为８分钟。受者用＂Ｙ＂形管建立左侧股静脉、门静脉和左侧腋静脉的体外循环后切除病肝，供肝的肝上下腔静脉、肝下下腔静脉和门静脉与受者的相应血管行端端吻合。术后并发腹腔内出血、急性肾功能衰竭、肺部感染和黄疸等，于术后４７天死于脑溢血。该例移植肝功能良好，未出现排斥反应。应用ＵＷ液灌洗和保存肝脏，快速切取肝脏，能提高供肝质量。术后早期应测定血中环孢素Ａ的浓度，慎用广谱抗生素。     

供体肝切取方法及其选择

总结了在美国参加４１例供肝切取的手术经验。４１例供体年龄２岁－７６岁，平均４１．３岁，全部为同一供体行多器官切取。在供肝切取前的预分离手术中３８便采用标准法，另３例先用标准法，因术中血压下降而改为快速灌注法完成预分离术。切取的４１个供肝，移植后无一生原发性移植物功能衰竭。认为预分离手术以标准法为佳，但目前在我国宜首选快速灌注法。     

大鼠供肝质量的快速评价方法

目的 探讨供肝质量的快速评价方法。方法 建立大鼠酒精性肝病模型,然后取不同时期的大鼠肝组织做快速石蜡切片、普通石蜡切片和冰冻切片,观察病理改变,并行病理学综合评分,同时对肝脏进行门静脉灌洗,监测灌洗时门静脉压力及流量。结果 实验组病理学综合评分随实验时间的延长逐渐增高;快速石蜡切片的病理学综合评分与普通石蜡切片比较,差异无显著性（Ｐ〉０．０５）;实验组大鼠在恒定流量进行门静脉灌洗时,门静脉压力升高     

肝移植术中复杂门静脉机化血栓的处理

目的：探讨存在复杂门静脉机化血栓者肝移植术中门静脉的处理要点。方法：为17例机化血栓超过门静脉内径50％的患者施行肝移植，术中9例在切除血栓段门静脉或取栓后，将受者的门静脉与供肝门静脉行端端吻合；5例将供肝门静脉与受者的曲张冠状静脉行端侧吻合；1例切除闭塞段门静脉，利用供者的髂静脉于供肝门静脉与受者肠系膜上静脉间搭桥；1例供肝门静脉与受者的胆总管前曲张静脉行端侧吻合；1例采用供者的髂静脉在供肝门静脉和受者的脾门旁曲张静脉间搭桥，行端侧吻合。结果：17例患者，死亡2例，1例死于感染，1例死于肝动脉出血，但此2例患者的门静脉血流一直通畅。存活的15例随访2～12个月，其中1例术后因门静脉血流量不足，而行二次肝移植，在缝扎分流的侧支后，门静脉血流恢复正常，其他患者的门静脉血流均通畅。结论：存在复杂门静脉机化血栓时首选栓塞段门静脉切除或取栓后门静脉重建，不能取栓或取栓后血流量不足时，可改行供肝门静脉与受者曲张内脏静脉的端侧吻合，也可取得较好效果。     

肝移植中供肝切取的体会

我院移植外科 1994年 5月至 1998年 11月为 6例肝硬化患者实施了原位肝移植手术并获得成功。我们设计的供肝切取 ,修整 ,保存方法 ,在实际应用中取得满意的效果 ,为 6例肝移植手术的成功提供了可靠的保证。一、供肝切取与灌注1.切口 :取腹部正中及双肋缘下十字切口。纵切口过脐 ,肋缘下切口达腋中线。为节省时间切口可由术者和助手同时完成。2 .门静脉插管灌注 :术者直接于肝十二指肠韧带处暴露门静脉 ,在助手帮助下完成门静脉插管灌注。注意在解剖门静脉时 ,术者以左手经网膜孔将肝十二指肠韧带翻转即可显露门静脉 ,尽量不要横断肝十二指肠…     

心脏停搏供体肝脏切取与修整的体会

目的:探讨心脏停搏供体肝脏切取与修整的方法.方法:1999年12月至2000年11月共施行原位肝移植7例,供肝的切取采用原位灌注,快速供肝切取的方法,联合切取供体肝7个,供肾14个,结果:供肝热缺血时同平均为4.5min,7例移植肝恢复血循环后平均12min即有金黄色胆汁泌出,除1例术后死于脑出血外,其余6例均获得成功,最长已存活180天,结论:原位温灌注`肝肾联合快速切取法缩短了热缺血时间,有效地避免供体器官损伤,保证了供体器官的质量.     

Alterations in intrahepatic hemodynamics of the harvested porcine liver

Hemodynamic properties of a donor liver, during initial reperfusion, are associated with the degree of graft preservation injury and have been proposed to correlate with subsequent markers of liver function. In the present study, hepatic hemodynamics, that is, portal venous pressure, hepatic vascular resistance, and compliance (vascular distensibility), were characterized (1) in situ before porcine livers were manipulated, (2) after these same livers were isolated and perfused within a bypass circuit, and (3) on reperfusion after 2 hours of cold ischemia. Hepatic vascular resistance was determined in each of these three states from the portal vein pressure response to differing hepatic blood flows. In addition, the response of the same livers to norepinephrine and nitroprusside was evaluated in each condition. In the in situ and isolated perfused liver, portal venous pressure increased only modestly despite doubling of hepatic flows. After cold ischemia, the pressure response to higher flows was significantly greater and much less of a reduction in hepatic vascular resistance was noted than in studies prior to cold ischemia. Unlike livers prior to cold ischemia, the pressure response to norepinephrine was attenuated following cold ischemia. The response to nitroprusside, however, remained intact reducing the portal pressure to that of in situ livers. Therefore the portal hypertension that follows cold ischemia appears to be largely provoked by the preservation injury and not by surgical manipulation or the bypass circuit. This increment in portal pressure is responsive to a nitric oxide donor. Presented in part at the Fortieth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Orlando, Fla., May 16–19, 1999.     

供肝切取与保存16例体会

目的 探讨肝移植时快速切取供肝技术与保存方法。方法 结合我肝移植中心患者临床资料,回顾性分析16例供肝切取和保存方法。结果 16例供肝热缺血时间为3－6min,冷缺血时间为7－11h,供肝血管、胆管均完好,13例肝移植患者术后均未出现移植肝原发性无功能等严重并发症。结论 能否快速切取供肝和妥善保存是肝移植能否成功的重要保证之一。     

活体供肝者术后门静脉血栓形成的诊治二例

目的 总结活体供肝者术后门静脉血栓形成的诊治体会.方法 2名活体供肝者,术前螺旋CT评估门静脉分型为B型门静脉和A型门静脉,经估算,残肝体积分别为全肝体积的33%和36%,均切取带肝中静脉的右半肝.术后早期丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和总胆红素升高,腹腔引流液较多,呈腹水样,超声波检查提示门静脉血栓形成,并经增强螺旋CT明确诊断.供者1急诊行探查术,阻断门静脉血流,拆除闭合残端缝线,将门静脉切断,切除狭窄处门静脉壁,开放门静脉主干,取出多块新鲜血栓,用肝素盐水冲洗至血流通畅后,再将其端端吻合,恢复血流.供者2给予抗凝和溶栓治疗.结果 供者1在手术探查后再次发生门静脉血栓形成,经抗凝和溶栓治疗后血栓消失,痊愈出院.供者2经保守治疗后血栓消失,痊愈出院.结论 门静脉血栓形成可依据超声波及CT等影像学检查结果作出诊断,可采取手术取栓或抗凝、溶栓治疗.     

供肝获取术中供肝质量和灌注情况的快速判断

目的探讨在供肝获取术中快速判断供肝质量和灌注情况的方法。方法对83例供肝获取术中供肝质量和灌注情况的快速判断进行总结。结果83例供体中,有16例在获取术中发现供肝质量有异常(其中7例放弃获取,9例用于移植),有1例在获取术中判断供肝质量为正常,移植术前肝组织活检病理发现血吸虫虫卵。在76例获取的供肝中．有3例术中发现灌注不足。所有用于受体的供肝均在门静脉开放后3—15分钟内可见金黄色胆汁分泌。结论在现阶段我国多为无心跳供体和快速多器官联合获取法广泛使用的情况下。供肝获取术中供肝质量和灌注情况的快速判断尤为重要。     

常温机械灌注修复边缘性供肝的临床疗效：单中心报道

目的探讨常温机械灌注（normothermic machine perfusion, NMP）修复边缘性供肝的安全性和有效性。 方法2018年9月至2019年9月,使用NMP进行6例边缘性供肝体外评估和修复,供肝来自4例心死亡和2例高胆红素血症患者。记录灌注过程的灌注参数、灌注液血气分析及生化检验指标,结合供肝外观等评估边缘性供肝是否适合移植。术后随访至少3个月,记录移植后7 d内肝功能指标、生化指标、并发症发生情况等。 结果NMP期间灌注参数稳定,肝动脉灌注流量为110~334 ml/min,门静脉灌注流量为540~1 180 ml/min。灌注液pH、PO₂、PCO₂在灌注0.5 h后基本恢复正常,乳酸水平迅速下降;肝酶水平无明显升高,胆汁pH>7.5。所有供肝灌注均匀,质地柔软,均被用于移植。受者肝移植后恢复情况良好,无一例发生原发性移植肝无功能或缺血性胆道病变,至末次随访所有患者及移植物均存活。 结论本科室在临床肝移植中应用NMP技术的初步经验提示,NMP用于边缘性供肝的保存是安全、有效的。     

Hepatic venous outflow reconstruction in adult living donor liver transplants without portal hypertension

Graft congestion is one of the causes of poor graft function in segmental liver transplantation. Three factors are implicated in segmental graft congestion: graft size, hepatic venous outflow and portal inflow. The graft size must be matched to the body weight, which is conventionally done by using graft to body weight ratio. Hepatic blood outflow must be optimized by hepatic vein reconstruction, which can be complicated. High portal blood flow has been shown to be detrimental to small-for-size grafts. These factors are strictly connected to each other. They can all contribute to graft congestion and poor function, while one factor can compensate for the others and decrease congestion. Ideally, all the accessory veins should be reconstructed, if possible, to maximize the outflow. In the absence of portal hypertension and with an adequate sized graft, complex venous reconstruction may not be necessary. We present a case report of an adult living donor liver transplant with the favorable conditions of normal portal pressure and a large sized graft, but complicated by the presence of several accessory hepatic veins. A simple hepatic vein anastomosis was sufficient for adequate outflow and prompt graft function.     

Preliminary results of a clinical randomized study comparing Celsior and HTK solutions in liver preservation for transplantation

INTRODUCTION: A prospective, randomized, multicenter, open clinical trial was performed to compare the main liver function tests, postoperative complications, and early graft and patient survival of recipients transplanted with livers preserved in Celsior (CEL) versus histidine tryptophan ketoglutarate (HTK) solutions. METHODS: We analyzed the data from a single center. Forty livers randomized to CEL (n = 20) or HTK (n = 20) preservation solution were perfused in situ via the aorta and portal vein (CEL, 30 mL/kg via portal vein and 60 mL/kg via aorta; and HTK solution, 30 mL/kg via portal vein and 120 mL/kg via aorta). RESULTS: The groups were comparable with regard to donor, graft, and recipient characteristics. The mean cold ischemia time was 458 minutes (range: 203-667 minutes) in CEL and 450 (range: 310-684 minutes) in HTK. The incidence of initial poor function and primary nonfunction in CEL and HTK were (0 vs 1) and (0 vs 1), respectively. No differences were observed for acute rejection. No vascular or biliary complications were reported in either group. The 3-month graft and patient survival rates were 95% and 95% in CEL and 80% and 90% in HTK. The 12-month graft and patient survival rates were 90% and 90% in CEL and 75% and 85% in HTK. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report comparing CEL and HTK preservation solutions in clinical liver preservation. Although a greater 1-year graft and patient survival was observed in the CEL group, a definitive evaluation comparing CEL and HTK solutions in clinical preservation must await completion of the trial.     

再次肝移植治疗移植肝失功的经验分析

目的 总结再次肝移植治疗移植肝失功的临床经验。方法 回顾分析1993年4月至2005年4月期间施行的9例再次肝移植受者临床资料。再次肝移植的原因包括肝动脉血栓（2／9）,门静脉血栓（1／9）,胆道并发症（6／9）;9例再次肝移植均为尸肝移植,3例采用经典原位肝移植,6例采用背驮式肝移植,6例采用Roux-en-Y胆肠内引流,1例供受体门静脉间用供体脾静脉搭桥,1例供体肝动脉与供体腹主动脉之问用供体脾动脉搭桥。结果 全组无手术死亡,5例术后未出现并发症,1例术后门静脉吻合口狭窄,3例术后6个月内死亡。结论 首次肝移植后由于胆道和血管并发症导致移植肝失功是再次肝移植的主要适应证,不失时机地进行再次肝移植是治疗移植肝失功惟一有效的方法。