海洛因依赖者脱毒期间心理状态的分析

目的:探讨自愿戒毒病人脱毒期间的心理状态变化,为临床治疗和护理提供依据。方法:采用焦虑自评量表、自评抑郁量表、戒断症状观察量表,对76例本院自愿戒毒人员进行3次评定,并对照分析。结果:第2次、第3次量表评定分值与第1次评定对比有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:海洛因依赖者在脱毒期间存在明显的焦虑、抑郁和心理渴求,应给予有效的药物辅助治疗和心理干预。     

中药复方排毒养生胶囊临床戒毒研究

目的:观察中药排毒养生胶囊对海洛因依赖临床脱毒治疗效果。方法:海洛因依赖患者580例,随机分为排毒养生胶囊治疗组302例、美沙酮对照组278例;采用《阿片类药物依赖戒断症状量表》(OWS)、焦虑量表(HAMA)评定疗效。结果:治疗d1～d4,治疗组戒断症状完全控制率>80%,d5以后完全控制率达100%;总控制水平稍低于美沙酮对照组,但两组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:中药排毒养生胶囊对海洛因成瘾临床脱毒治疗效果较满意,与常模戒毒药物美沙酮疗效相近,且临床接受率和依从性好,使用安全。     

米氮平对海洛因依赖者脱毒期及脱毒后焦虑抑郁及渴求的影响

目的:了解米氮平对海洛因依赖者脱毒期及脱毒后的焦虑抑郁及心理渴求影响的疗效.方法:对符合DSM-Ⅳ阿片类依赖诊断标准的患者在美沙酮(MTD)脱毒治疗时随机抽取50例MTD联合米氮平治疗(A组)和50例MTD加安慰剂治疗(B组),进行对比观察.使用HAMD,HAMA及心理渴求自评量表来评定两组病人治疗前后的焦虑抑郁及心理渴求的情况.结果:MTD联合米氮平治疗组较MTD联合安慰剂治疗组焦虑抑郁及心理渴求评分明显减少,且差异显著(P＜0.01).结论:米氮平可有效的减轻海洛因依赖者在脱毒期及脱毒后的焦虑抑郁及心理渴求.     

阿片类依赖者脱毒期间焦虑、抑郁分析

目的:探索阿片依赖者在脱毒期间的焦虑和抑郁情况。方法:用汉密尔登焦虑量表(HAMA)和汉密尔登抑郁量表(HAMD),对阿片类依赖者于入院时、入院一周时进行评定。结果:阿片类依赖者入院时或一周时的焦虑、抑郁总分明显高于中国人常模,分别达到轻度至中度焦虑、抑郁。而入院时和入院一周时焦虑、抑郁总分无显著差异,但部分项目有统计学差异。结论:阿片类依赖者普遍存在焦虑、抑郁情绪,在整个戒毒过程和康复治疗时期应给予高度关注。     

美沙酮联合曲唑酮治疗海洛因依赖的临床研究

目的:观察美沙酮联合曲唑酮对海洛因依赖患者脱毒治疗的疗效及副反应.方法:海洛因依赖患者137例,随机分为两组:研究组(美沙酮联合曲唑酮)65例和对照组(单用美沙酮)72例.采用戒断症状评定量表、汉密顿焦虑评定量表(HAMA)和汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定患者的戒断反应、焦虑症状及睡眠障碍.结果:研究组在戒断反应、焦虑及睡眠障碍与对照组相比较,差异均有显著性(P＜0.05,或P＜0.01).两组副反应差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论:美沙酮合并曲唑酮用于海洛因依赖者的脱毒治疗的疗效满意,副反应较少.     

海洛因依赖者脱毒后稽延性戒断症状与渴求的关系

目的··:探讨海洛因依赖者脱毒后造成复吸的重要因素。方法··:采用海洛因稽延性戒断症状自评量表对封闭式戒毒病房的151例海洛因依赖者进行调查,了解稽延性戒断症状与渴求等因素的关系。结果··:稽延性戒断症状与渴求、脱毒时间及吸毒方式有密切关系,与渴求关系最密切的是稽延性戒断症状的睡眠障碍及焦虑项目。结论··:稽延性戒断症状与渴求紧密相关。     

美沙酮脱毒治疗联用米塔扎平改善焦虑抑郁及心理渴求的对照观察

目的：了解联用米塔扎平（mirtazapine，米氮平）对海洛因依赖者脱毒期及脱毒后改善焦虑抑郁及心理渴求的疗效。方法：选择符合DSM-Ⅳ阿片类依赖诊断标准的患者在美沙酮（methadone）脱毒治疗时随机分为美沙酮联用米塔扎平治疗50例（A组）和美沙酮加安慰剂治疗50例（B组），进行对照观察。使用哈密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、哈密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）及心理渴求自评量表评定两组疗效。结果：A组较B组焦虑抑郁及心理渴求评分明显减少，且差异显著（P〈0．01）。结论：米塔扎平可有效地减轻海洛因依赖者在脱毒期及脱毒后的焦虑抑郁及心理渴求。     

泰康宁胶囊对海洛因依赖患者脱毒疗效与安全性的临床观察

目的:观察泰康宁胶囊对海洛因依赖患者的脱毒效果及用药安全性。方法:采用开放试验设计,对50例海洛因依赖患者进行了观察。泰康宁胶囊常规口服剂量为1.5～3.0g,3次/d,根据戒断症状控制及不良反应情况增减剂量,最多可至4.0g,3次/d,连续用药10d。脱毒药效评价指标采用戒断症状逐日总体评分、主要戒断症状逐日分别评分、Hamilton焦虑量表(HAMA)评定。用药期间监测不良反应。结果:每日戒断症状总分、主要戒断症状逐日评分以及HAMA评分与用药前比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。不良反应主要有恶心呕吐、腹泻、口干、复视。对呼吸、心率、血压无影响。结论:泰康宁胶囊用于海洛因依赖患者脱毒治疗安全有效。     

中医药治疗稽延性戒断症状的回顾与展望

阿片类物质依赖者经过１０ -２０ｄ脱毒治疗后遗留的一系列症状 ,如倦怠乏力、胸闷烦躁、周身不适、顽固失眠、心情抑郁、四肢不温、食欲不振、渴求焦虑等 ,称为稽延性戒断症状。它是导致脱毒者复吸的重要原因之一。治疗稽延性戒断症状 ,防止复吸 ,是今后戒毒工作的研究重点［１］。目前复吸机制尚不清楚 ,同时复吸涉及神经系统多部位功能的紊乱 ,无法用单一作用的药物来拮抗 ,故戒毒专家们纷纷把目光转向以辨证论治为特色的中医中药 ,希望能以中医的多靶点整体调节作用解决复吸问题。因此 ,中医药治疗稽延性戒断症状成为戒毒研究的重要方向…     

参附脱毒胶囊、美沙酮联合用药治疗海洛因依赖者-50例临床观察

目的观察中药戒毒药参附脱毒胶囊与美沙酮联合用药的临床疗效。方法采用参附脱毒胶囊与美沙酮联合对成都市戒毒劳教所医院收治的50例自愿戒毒人员进行脱毒治疗,采用《戒断症状评分量表》、《Hamilton焦虑量表》和《不良反应观察量表》观察戒断症状和不良反应情况。结果在戒断症状的控制方面,每天比前一天的戒断症状评分显著减低(P<0.01),焦虑量表评分显著减低(P<0.01);脱毒疗程短,平均12.5d±s3.45d;不良反应轻微,无须特殊处理。结论参附脱毒胶囊联合美沙酮治疗海洛因依赖临床疗效可靠,无成瘾性,不良反应少,值得推广使用。     

A comparative clinical study of the effect of WeiniCom, a Chinese herbal compound, on alleviation of withdrawal symptoms and craving for heroin in detoxification treatment

WeiniCom is a Chinese herbal compound. The purposes of this double blind study were to evaluate (1) the efficacy of WeiniCom in reducing acute opioid withdrawal symptoms and craving, and (2) the side effects of WeiniCom, in each instance by comparing WeiniCom with buprenorphine, an established opioid detoxification treatment agent. Forty-two heroin addicts meeting the criteria of dependence in DSM-IV were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: a WeiniCom group (21 cases), and a buprenorphine group (21 cases). The Withdrawal Symptom Rating Scale and the Craving Rating Scale were employed to assess acute withdrawal symptoms and craving for heroin, and the Side Effects Rating Scale was used to measure side effects in the 14-treatment period. Both the WeiniCom and buprenorphine treatments are well-tolerated and very safe. Overall, the relief from opioid withdrawal symptoms and craving was better in the WeiniCom group than in the buprenorphine group. The rate of reduction in the severity of the withdrawal symptoms was faster in the WeiniCom group than in the buprenorphine group. By day nine to 10, the WeiniCom group showed very few withdrawal symptoms. In contrast, from day five on, the buprenorphine group continued to report relatively high scores for withdrawal symptoms and craving. WeiniCom demonstrated positive effects quickly, and required a shorter treatment period to achieve a desired degree of elimination of acute withdrawal symptoms and craving.     

Changes in Withdrawal and Craving Scores in Participants Undergoing Opioid Detoxification Utilizing Ibogaine

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is currently an epidemic in the United States (US) and ibogaine is reported to have the ability to interrupt opioid addiction by simultaneously mitigating withdrawal and craving symptoms. This study examined opioid withdrawal and drug craving scores in 50 participants with OUD undergoing a week-long detoxification treatment protocol with ibogaine. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) was used for baseline characterization of participants’ OUD. Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS), Subjective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (SOWS), and Brief Substance Craving Scale (BSCS) scores were collected at 48 and 24 hours prior to ibogaine administration, as well as 24 and 48 hours after ibogaine administration. At 48 hours following ibogaine administration, withdrawal and craving scores were significantly lowered in comparison to baseline: 78% of patients did not exhibit objective clinical signs of opioid withdrawal, 79% reported minimal cravings for opioids, and 68% reported subjective withdrawal symptoms in the mild range. Ibogaine appears to facilitate opioid detoxification by reducing opioid withdrawal and craving in participants with OUD. These results warrant further research using rigorous controlled trials.     

A Phase 3 placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-site trial of the alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, lofexidine, for opioid withdrawal

CONTEXT: Lofexidine is an alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist that is approved in the United Kingdom for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Lofexidine has been reported to have more significant effects on decreasing opioid withdrawal symptoms with less hypotension than clonidine. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that lofexidine is well tolerated and effective in the alleviation of observationally defined opioid withdrawal symptoms in opioid dependent individuals undergoing medically supervised opioid detoxification as compared to placebo. DESIGN: An inpatient, Phase 3, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized multi-site trial with three phases: (1) opioid agonist stabilization phase (days 1-3), (2) detoxification/medication or placebo phase (days 4-8), and (3) post detoxification/medication phase (days 9-11). SUBJECTS: Sixty-eight opioid dependent subjects were enrolled at three sites with 35 randomized to lofexidine and 33 to placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Modified Himmelsbach Opiate Withdrawal Scale (MHOWS) on study day 5 (second opioid detoxification treatment day). RESULTS: Due to significant findings, the study was terminated early. On the study day 5 MHOWS, subjects treated with lofexidine had significantly lower scores (equating to fewer/less severe withdrawal symptoms) than placebo subjects (least squares means 19.5+/-2.1 versus 30.9+/-2.7; p=0.0019). Lofexidine subjects had significantly better retention in treatment than placebo subjects (38.2% versus 15.2%; Log rank test p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Lofexidine is well tolerated and more efficacious than placebo for reducing opioid withdrawal symptoms in inpatients undergoing medically supervised opioid detoxification.     

Emergency management of inadvertent accelerated opiate withdrawal in dependent opiate users

Six opiate-dependent drug users presented to the local emergency department within a 10-day period with symptoms of severe opioid withdrawal immediately following intravenous use of recently acquired street 'heroin'. The withdrawal picture was similar to that described in patients undergoing rapid opioid detoxification, suggesting that the substance injected was contaminated with an opiate antagonist. A number of potential compounds are discussed, including naltrexone and buprenorphine, and recommendations for the medical management of severe opiate withdrawal within an emergency setting are outlined. [Lubman DI, Koutsogiannis Z, Kronborg I. Emergency management of inadvertent accelerated opiate withdrawal in dependent opiate users. Drug Alcohol Rev 2003;2:433 - 436]     

Effect of ultra-rapid opiate detoxification on withdrawal syndrome

The aim of study was determine the effect of ultra-rapid opiate detoxification (UROD) on the presence or absence of withdrawal syndrome in a group of patients with opiate dependency. In this study, withdrawal syndrome of 173 patients with opiate addiction was evaluated before and after UROD using the Objective Opioid Withdrawal Scale. Hence, each patient was observed for 5 minutes before UROD and at different hours afterward to observe any withdrawal sign. The most prevalent withdrawal sign before UROD was anxiety. Restlessness was the most prevalent finding at 1, 3, and 6 hours. After 12 hours, yawning was reported as the most prevalent finding in 39 participants. Anxiety was reported as the most prevalent finding in 61 participants after 24 hours. Patients with opioid dependency who underwent UROD showed the highest rate of withdrawal symptoms at one hour after anesthesia. Most of these symptoms subsided after 24 hours. UROD can be applied for detoxification of patients with opioid dependency with safety.     

Buprenorphine and naloxone combinations: the effects of three dose ratios in morphine-stabilized, opiate-dependent volunteers

Sublingual buprenorphine is a promising new treatment for opiate dependence, but its opioid agonist effects pose a risk for parenteral abuse. A formulation combining buprenorphine with the opiate antagonist naloxone could discourage such abuse. The effects of three intravenous (IV) buprenorphine and naloxone combinations on agonist effects and withdrawal signs and symptoms were examined in 12 opiate-dependent subjects. Following stabilization on a daily dose of 60 mg morphine intramuscularly, subjects were challenged with IV doses of buprenorphine alone (2 mg) or in combination with naloxone in ratios of 2:1, 4:1, and 8:1 (1, 0.5, or 0.25 mg naloxone), morphine alone (15 mg) or placebo. Buprenorphine alone did not precipitate withdrawal and had agonist effects similar to morphine. A naloxone dose-dependent increase in opiate withdrawal signs and symptoms and a decrease in opioid agonist effects occurred after all drug combinations. Buprenorphine with naloxone in ratios of 2:1 and 4:1 produced moderate to high increases in global opiate withdrawal, bad drug effect, and sickness. These dose ratios also decreased the pleasurable effects and estimated street value of buprenorphine, thereby suggesting a low abuse liability. The dose ratio of 8:1 produced only mild withdrawal symptoms. Dose combinations at 2:1 and 4:1 ratios may be useful in treating opiate dependence. Received: 9 February 1998/Final version: 8 May 1998     

Effect of Ultra-Rapid Opiate Detoxification on Withdrawal Syndrome

ABSTRACT

The aim of study was determine the effect of ultra-rapid opiate detoxification (UROD) on the presence or absence of withdrawal syndrome in a group of patients with opiate dependency. In this study, withdrawal syndrome of 173 patients with opiate addiction was evaluated before and after UROD using the Objective Opioid Withdrawal Scale. Hence, each patient was observed for 5 minutes before UROD and at different hours afterward to observe any withdrawal sign. The most prevalent withdrawal sign before UROD was anxiety. Restlessness was the most prevalent finding at 1, 3, and 6 hours. After 12 hours, yawning was reported as the most prevalent finding in 39 participants. Anxiety was reported as the most prevalent finding in 61 participants after 24 hours. Patients with opioid dependency who underwent UROD showed the highest rate of withdrawal symptoms at one hour after anesthesia. Most of these symptoms subsided after 24 hours. UROD can be applied for detoxification of patients with opioid dependency with safety.     

Opioid withdrawal during risperidone treatment.

A small but significant percentage of opioid-dependent patients will require neuroleptic treatment. Several classes of drugs have been shown to affect opioid metabolism. Two patients who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of opioid dependence received concomitant treatment with opioids and risperidone. After receiving risperidone for several days, both patients exhibited symptoms of opioid withdrawal despite having no change in their opioid doses. These withdrawal symptoms resolved soon after risperidone was discontinued. This finding suggests the possibility that risperidone may precipitate opioid withdrawal in opioid-dependent patients.     

Psychometric evaluation of the 10-item Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale-Gossop (SOWS-Gossop) in patients undergoing opioid detoxification

IntroductionThe Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS)-Gossop is a 10-item questionnaire developed to evaluate opioid withdrawal symptom severity. The scale was derived from the original 32-item Opiate Withdrawal Scale in order to reduce redundancy while providing an equally sensitive measure of opioid withdrawal symptom severity appropriate for research and clinical practice. The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties and provide score interpretation guidelines for the SOWS-Gossop 10-item version.MethodsBlinded, pooled data from two trials assessing the efficacy of lofexidine hydrochloride in reducing withdrawal symptoms in patients undergoing opioid detoxification were used to evaluate the quantitative psychometric properties and score interpretation of the SOWS-Gossop.ResultsFive hundred fifty-five (N = 555) observations were available at baseline with numbers decreasing to n = 213 at day 7. Mean (standard deviation) SOWS-Gossop scores were 10.4 (6.86) at baseline, 8.7 (6.49) on day 1, 10.5 (7.21) on day 2, and 3.1 (3.95) on day 7. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the SOWS-Gossop items loaded on a single factor consistent with a single total score. Intra-class correlations (95% confidence interval) were 0.78 (0.70–0.85) between baseline and day 1, 0.84 (0.79–0.89) between days 4 and 5, and 0.88 (0.83–0.91) between days 6 and 7, demonstrating good test-retest reliability. Mean SOWS-Gossop scores varied significantly (p < 0.0001) by Modified Clinical Global Impression severity groups supporting known-groups validity. Most correlations with conceptually similar instruments were over 0.4, providing evidence of construct validity. Results suggest that a change score of approximately 2–4 points is likely a small but meaningful improvement on the SOWS-Gossop Total Score.ConclusionsThe findings of this study indicate that the SOWS-Gossop includes concepts that are relevant to patients' experiences with opioid withdrawal and has excellent psychometric properties. The SOWS-Gossop is an appropriate, precise, and sensitive measure to evaluate the symptoms of acute opioid withdrawal in research or clinical settings.