原发性肝癌的综合治疗

原发性肝癌(以下简称肝癌)是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,目前仍以手术切除为首选治疗方案。但手术切除存在的突出问题是术后复发率高,而且绝大多数患者在确诊时已失去手术机会而又缺乏安全有效的姑息治疗方法。因此,多种疗法的综合与序贯应用成为临床研究的目标。综合治疗是相对于单一治疗而言。既往肝癌的综合治疗主要对中晚期无法手术切除的肝癌而言,如今综合治疗的概念得到更大的扩展,具有三个方面的含义:1可切除性肝癌术前、术后的综合治疗,以预防肝癌术后复发;2对无法根治性切除的肝癌做姑息性治疗,术后进一步抗癌治疗,以延长患者带瘤生…     

肝癌的冷冻治疗：附90例报告

为了提高中晚期肝癌综合治疗的疗效及评价冷冻治疗的作用和地位，我科自１９９４年１１月～１９９７年１２月采用ＬＣＳ２０００型冷冻机对８４例原发性肝癌和６例转移性肝癌进行治疗。结果显示：冷冻可使肿瘤组织发生不可逆的凝固性坏死，冷冻后血ＡＦＰ水平有不同程度的降低，个别病例获得了较长期的生存。作者认为，此方法为不能手术切除的中晚期肝癌患者提供了一有效的治疗途径；冷冻后同期切除有可能降低肝癌术后的复发     

前径路Ⅸb段肝肿瘤的手术切除

目的 探讨肝脏Ⅸb段肿瘤手术切除的可行性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析2003年3月至2007年1月行手术切除的15例Ⅸb段肝肿瘤患者的临床资料.结果 15例患者中13例为原发性肝癌,其余2例为良性肿瘤;肿瘤平均最大径为(4.3±1.6)cm,均经劈开肝脏的前径路切除,其中11例在肝门、全肝血流序贯阻断下完成,其余4例仅作了肝门阻断;全组无手术死亡,平均手术时间为(190.3±37.6)min,平均手术失血量为(376.7±252.7)ml;术后除1例出现腹水、下肢水肿外,其余病例均未发生明显并发症,术后平均住院天数为(13.3±6.0)d;随访结果:2例良性肿瘤患者已恢复正常生活;13例原发性肝癌患者中3例术后肝内复发,其中1例已死亡,其余10例均无瘤生存,中位无瘤生存期为23.5个月.结论 手术切除IXb段肝肿瘤安全可行;局部切除对于多数肝癌患者能达到根治目的.     

肝尾状叶原发性肝细胞肝癌的外科治疗

目的 探讨尾状叶原发性肝癌手术切除的方式及其影响。方法 自1995年至2003年,对39例尾状叶原发性肝癌进行了手术切除,其中单独尾状叶切除19例,联合切除20例。并对两组病例中可能影响术后肝功能的指标进行了比较。结果 39例患者均被成功切除肿瘤,1例于术后30d因肾功能衰竭死亡,3例并发胸腔积液,4例并发腹水,1例并发胆漏,其余病例均顺利恢复。术后30例获得随访,1年、3年、5年生存率分别为53％、50％、39％。结论 尾状叶切除是治疗原发于尾状叶肝癌的有效手段,若肿瘤原发于肝尾状叶而又无其他肝叶侵犯时,单独尾状叶切除该是外科治疗的最佳选择。     

姑息性肝切除加综合治疗在肝癌治疗中的地位

目的 探讨姑息性肝切除加上积极的综合治疗对晚期肝癌的疗效。方法 对3例作过肝切除的晚期肝癌病例进行了回顾性分析;这些病例术中有明确的癌灶遗留,术后经积极的综合治疗得以长期存活。在这些病例经验的基础上,自1997年1月～2001年5月进一步对19例晚期肝癌作了姑息性切除和积极的综合治疗并对其近期疗效进行观察。结果 本组无手术死亡;19例中12例已死亡,存活2～8个月,该12例的中位生存期为5个月;11/19例存活7个月以上;7例至今仍然生存已7～48个月,其中1例术后遗留巨大癌栓经综合治疗后消失,存活已3年;全组中位生存期为11.8个月。结论 对既不能作根治性切除,又不适宜作肝动脉栓塞化疗或肝动脉栓塞化疗效果不良的晚期肝癌,如果切除主病灶不会导致病人死亡或发生严重的并发症,不应放弃手术,作主病灶切除后加上积极的综合治疗,作为姑息性的减体积手术对部分病人仍有裨益。     

原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血

目的　探讨原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血的诊断和治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析本院 8年来收治 13例原发性肝癌自发性破裂出血的临床资料。结果　 12例急诊行肝癌切除术 ,1例行缝扎止血及肝动脉插管术。术后 1h死于出血性休克 1例。术后随访 11例 ,术后生存小于 12月 2例 ,12 -18个月 3例 ,19-3 0个月 2例 ,3 1-4 2个月 3例 ,>4年者 1例 (术后第 3年亚临床复发再切除病例 )。随访患者最终死亡原因 :癌复发和转移、肝昏迷、上消化道出血和肝肾综合征。结论　肝叶切除和肝脏局部切除不但可以彻底有效地止血 ,而且可以切除肿瘤达到根治的目的 ,是首选的方法。术后的综合治疗采用肝动脉插管化疗栓塞术和腹腔化疗交替应用以预防复发 ,延长患者的生存期。加用免疫治疗 ,以期获得更佳疗效     

巨大外生型肝癌的外科治疗

目的 探讨巨大外生型肝癌的特征、外科治疗及疗效。方法 总结分析了我院1998年1月至2002年1月间收治并手术治疗的巨大外生型肝癌8例。结果 所有病人均获手术治疗切除，无1例手术死亡，肿瘤最大直径为12430cm，平均18．12cm，瘤体均有完整包膜。术后随访12460个月，期间2例因肿瘤复发死亡，其余存活。结论 巨大外生型肝癌治疗方法应首选手术切除，术后预后相对较好。     

重视复发性原发性肝癌的外科治疗

原发性肝癌 (以下简称肝癌 )术后复发较常见 ,我院曾统计 12 3例肝细胞癌根治性切除术后再手术病例 ,从前后两次手术间隔期计算复发时间发现 ,术后复发有两种类型 ,近期 (1～ 2年 )复发率可高达 6 8.3%(86例 ) ,远期 (2～ 11年 )复发率为 2 9.4 % (37例 ) ,所以肝癌复发临床上应高度重视并予以积极治疗 ,决不能视为晚期而消极对待 ,应根据病变复发的部位、大小以及全身情况给予适当治疗 ,即可缓解症状 ,提高生活质量 ,延长生存期甚至获得再次临床治愈 ,尤其是手术治疗疗效显著。手术治疗包括再次肝切除 ,肝外复发灶的切除和射频、微波、氩氦…     

大肝癌外科治疗时肝血流阻断的合理应用

目的 探讨较大肝癌病人外科治疗时肝血流阻断方法的合理应用及累及下腔静脉肝癌切除的可行性。方法 观察分析我科近3年47例大肝癌病人行肝切除时入肝血流阻断的不同方式对手术能否切除的影响及病人术后恢复的情况。结果 47例病人中行常规肝门阻断27例，选择性半肝血流阻断16例，综合性肝门阻断4例，全部病人手术治疗都成功切除肿瘤，手术顺利，术后无严重并发症，术后恢复良好。结论 对大肝癌病人，术前根据影像学检查资料及肝功能等级，术中熟练的切肝技术等综合因素，合理选用一种肝血流阻断法是保证手术成功，术后病人顺利恢复，提高中晚期肝癌人群疗效的关键。     

微小肝癌31例诊治体会

目的 探讨微小肝癌(micro hepatic cellular carcinoma,MHCC)的诊断与治疗.方法 开展肝癌二级预防和健康体检,对AFP低浓度阳性的肝脏实质占位性病变进行联合诊断,对肝脏实质性小占位进行多项影像学检查并结合肝炎肝硬化病史和AFP,发现和诊治31例MHCC.31例MHCC中28例行肝肿瘤切除术,3例行肿瘤射频消融术.结果 31例病理均为肝细胞癌.4例术后1年复发,其余27例存活.结论 开展肝癌二级预防和健康体检是发现和诊断MHCC的基础.MHCC的诊断应结合乙肝肝硬化病史、影像学检查和AFP等进行综合分析.MHCC诊断困难,治疗首选手术和微创消融,对中央型MHCC术中B超定位是安全、彻底切除肿瘤的关键.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.