肝门部胆管癌的放射治疗

1 概述 肝门部胆管癌又称Klatskin瘤,1965年由Klatskin首先提出并作详细描述[1],特指发生在左、右肝管及其汇合部以及肝总管上段的胆管粘膜上皮恶性肿瘤.肝门部胆管癌整体预后不佳,未接受治疗的患者平均生存期为5.9个月[2].外科手术治疗仍然是患者获得长期生存的唯一办法.由于肿瘤易局部侵犯血管,肝脏及远处转移,能够接受手术治疗的患者仅20％[3].如何进一步提高手术疗效以及对无法手术切除的患者进行合理治疗成为目前关注的焦点.放射治疗作为治疗恶性肿瘤的三种主要手段之一,在肝门部胆管癌治疗中越来越受到关注.无论是围手术期的辅助治疗,还是无法手术切除患者的姑息治疗,都具有较广的适应症和治疗耐受性,在临床应用中取得较好的疗效.本文就肝门部胆管癌放射治疗的实施和价值作一综述.     

肝门部胆管癌的放射治疗

肝门部胆管癌或称高位胆管癌，是指发生于左右肝管及其汇合部的恶性肿瘤。左右肝管汇合部的恶性肿瘤又称为Klastin瘤，占肝外胆管癌（extrahepatic bile duct cancer，EHBDC）的58％-75％。90％以上肝门部胆管癌为不同分化程度的腺癌，未分化癌和鳞状细胞癌极为少见，约占2％。以往认为肝门部胆管癌是以高分化腺癌为主，体积小且生长缓慢的肿瘤，现认为以低分化腺癌及黏液腺癌所占的比例明显升高。     

重视肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗

1965年,Klatskin[1]在《美国医学杂志》上发表了l篇题为“肝门部胆管分叉处腺癌”的文章,其目的在于提醒人们需对该病的独有特点引起重视。随后,人们将肝门分叉处肿瘤称为肝门部胆管癌（hilar cholangiocarcinoma）。该病早期诊断困难,多数患者发现时已处中晚期,手术切除的难度大,术后并发症发生率高,5年生存率低[2]。近20年来,随着影像学和分子生物学技术的进步、外科医疗器械设备的更新和医生手术技术的提高,该病的诊断和治疗取得了很大进步,肿瘤R0切除率逐步提高,术后生存率也有所改善。然而,对于该病的早期诊断和科学规范化治疗,仍然是我们所面临的挑战和难题。     

肝门部胆管癌的手术疗效分析

正肝门部胆管癌(Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma)又称Klatskin瘤,是指起源于肝总管、左右一级肝管汇合部的肝外胆管上段的恶性肿瘤,占所有胆管癌的60～70%,预后较差~([1])。中国每年新诊断病例超过15000例~([2])。由于其位置特殊,因此很容易侵犯血管、神经、淋巴结、周围脂肪组织和肝实质。根治性外科手术切除是目前唯一可能治愈该病的方式,手术方式包括肝外胆管切除、肝脏部分切除、肝大部切除加淋巴结清扫甚至联合血管重建等手术方式。     

不可切除肝门部胆管癌的治疗进展

肝门部胆管癌(HCCA)是临床上最常见的胆道恶性肿瘤,手术切除是目前唯一根治性的治疗方法。然而由于其发病隐匿,恶性程度高,首诊时通常已处于中晚期,大多数患者往往失去了根治性手术机会,预后极差。近年来随着医疗技术的不断进步,化疗、放疗、胆道引流、光动力疗法、纳米刀消融、胆管腔内射频消融、肝移植、靶向治疗、免疫治疗等方法的...     

肝门部胆管癌手术难点和对策

手术切除仍是肝门部胆管癌的首选治疗手段。但由于肝门区紧邻重要血管．操作空间狭小．加之癌细胞特殊生物学行为．常侵犯肝门区血管、神经和淋巴组织．并沿胆管黏膜下向近侧胆管扩展．侵犯高位胆管和肝实质．发生肝十二指肠韧带或更远处的淋巴结转移。为了获得组织学阴性的切缘，需要实施大范围侵袭性手术．除了胰腺以上的肝外胆管骨骼化切除外，     

手术切除治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的 总结肝门部胆管癌手术治疗的经验.方法 回顾性分析本院9年因肝门部胆管癌行手术切除的83例病人的临床资料和随访结果.结果 83例手术切除病人中行根治性切除（R0）31例,非根治切除52例（R1,R2）,术后出现并发症29例,死亡5例.根治性切除组中位生存期21.5个月,1、3、5年生存率分别为79.6%,43.3%和25.9%,明显优于非根治性切除组（P＜0.05），近5年本院根治性切除率达44.8%,中位生存期18.7个月,疗效明显提高（P＜0.05），结论 加强围手术期处理、术中行切缘冰冻病理检查、联合肝切除等可提高肝门部胆管癌根治性切除率、减少并发症和死亡率;根治性切除可更好延长病人生存期,使手术治疗肝门部胆管癌获得良好的疗效.     

肝切除在肝门部胆管癌手术中的应用和选择

目的 观察肝叶切除在肝门部肝管癌根治术中的疗效并探讨根治性切除术的范围。方法 自１９９５年２月至１９９７年３月手术切除肝门部胆管癌９例,姑息性切除２例,根治性切除７例,８例行各种类型肝切除。结果 姑息性切除１例术后１２个月发生肝内转移,存活１６个月;另１例仍存活,术后２７个月出现阻塞性黄疸。根治性切除１例术后１１ｄ死于肺部感染,其余存活至今。结论 肝切除术肝门部胆管癌根治性切除术中手重要组成部分,     

肝门部胆管癌的治疗

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院1996，2004年间52例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床病例资料。I型癌肿切除率最高，Ⅳ型癌肿切除率最低。结果本组52例肝门部胆管癌中，围手术期死亡2例，均死于肝肾功能衰竭，余50例中31例术后获得随访，失访19例，随访率为62％。结论疑似或诊断肝门部胆管癌应早期积极手术探查，争取行根治性切除术；肝门部胆管癌肿瘤切除疗效明显优于其他治疗方式。     

肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗

肝门部胆管癌或称上段胆管癌位于第一肝门，易侵犯肝、门静脉、肝动脉，手术切除率低，愈后较差，早期不易诊断。由于近几年来影像学诊断技术的发展和手术上的改进，扩大根治切除使该病的手术切除率明显提高［1］。现将我院近三年来10例肝门部胆管癌患者外科治疗情况作以介绍，重点将讨论有关手术问题。1临床资料1．1一般资料我院于1992年3月至1995年3月共收治肝门部胆管癌患者10例，其中男7例，女3例，年龄在43～70岁，平均565岁，全组10例均有黄疽，黄疽持续时间1周～2个月。肝功能分级：ChildA级6例、B级2例、C级2例。影像学检查：B超1…     

Results of Postoperative Radiotherapy for Resectable Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the value of radiotherapy, and especially intraluminal brachytherapy, after resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma by analyzing long-term complications and survival. Between 1983 and 1998, 112 patients underwent resection of a hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Of the 91 patients who survived the postoperative period, 20 patients had no additional radiotherapy, 30 patients had only external radiotherapy (46 ± 11 Gy), and 41 patients had a combination of external (42 ± 5 Gy) and intraluminal brachytherapy (10 ± 2 Gy). Overall, 88% of the patients had late complications, with a significantly higher rate of complications occurring among patients receiving external beam irradiation and brachytherapy. Second to abdominal pain (56%), cholangitis (49%) was the most frequent complication and occurred significantly more often in patients who had received brachytherapy. Retrograde bile leakage after closure of the temporary jejunostomy was a troublesome complication in 24% of patients treated with brachytherapy. Overall median survival after treatment with adjuvant radiotherapy was longer than after resection without additional radiation (24 months versus 8 months, respectively). There was, however, no significant benefit from the use of intraluminal brachytherapy. In conclusion, additional radiotherapy after resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma significantly improved survival and is recommended by giving external beam irradiation but not intraluminal brachytherapy.     

Long-term Survival in Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma also Possible in Unresectable Patients

Background

Radical resection remains the only curative treatment for hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA). Only a limited proportion of patients, however, are eligible for resection. The survival and prognostic factors of these patients are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate survival and prognostic factors in unresectable patients presenting with HCCA.

Methods

We performed a cohort study of the denominator of HCCA patients seen in a tertiary referral center between March 2003 and March 2009. Demographics, treatment, pathology results, and survival were analyzed.

Results

A total of 217 patients with suspected HCCA were identified. Ninety-five patients (40?%) underwent laparotomy, and in 57 (63?%) of these patients resection was performed. Overall median and 5-year survival of resected patients were 37?months and 43?%, respectively, as compared to 13?months and 7?% in unresectable patients. In unresectable patients, median survival was better in patients with locally advanced disease (16?months) as compared to patients with hepatic and extrahepatic metastases (5 and 3?months, p?Conclusion Of the patients presenting with HCCA in our center, 26?% proved resectable. The 7?% long-term survival rate of unresectable patients is remarkable and emphasizes the indolent growth of some of these tumors. Patients with metastases had a much worse prognosis with a median of 4?months.     

92例肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗分析

目的：探讨肝门部胆管癌的外科手术治疗方法及其疗效。方法：对舞钢市人民医院及郑州大学第一附属医院收治的92例肝门部胆管患者的病历资料及随访结果进行分析。92例患者中手术治疗79例,包括根治性性切除28例、姑息性切除18例、内引流或外引流术33例。另有7例行PTCD置管,6例放弃治疗。结果：手术病死率1.1%,根治性切除率35.4%,根治性切除的患者1、3和5年存活率分别为78.6%、50%和28.6%。姑息性切除的切除率22.8%,姑息性切除的患者1、3和5年存活率分别为55.6%、22.2%和11.1%。根治性切除和姑息性切除两组患者生存期差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。手术切除的生存率则明显高于各种引流术和介入手术,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：根治性手术目前仍是肝门部胆管癌的主要治疗方式,肝门部胆管癌的预后与组织学分化程度、手术治疗方式等多种因素相关。     

肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌2种手术方法的疗效。方法回顾性分析我院1998～2006年期间收治的37例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料。结果37例患者中13例行根治性手术切除,其1年与3年的生存率分别为100%（13/13）和76.92%（10/13）,中位生存期为22.43个月;另24例行姑息性手术（均为肝内胆管内引流术）,其1年与3年生存率分别为54.55%（12/22）和9.09%（2/22）,中位生存期为15.42个月。结论根治性手术是治疗肝门部胆管癌的主要手段;姑息性手术,如合理的肝内胆管内引流能改善患者的生存质量。     

U形管引流在晚期肝门部胆管癌治疗中的应用

目的:评价U形管引流对晚期肝门胆管癌的治疗效果。方法:对17例无法手术切除的晚期肝门胆管癌行U形管置入引流术。结果:17例患者术后总胆红素逐渐下降,术后第7d总胆红素为(113.4±51.1)mmol/L,较术前存在显著性差异(P0.05)。白蛋白水平升高明显,ALT、AST、r-GT显著降低。术后随访率76.4%,平均生存期为11.6个月。结论:U形管引流术适用于不能根治切除或姑息性切除的晚期肝门胆管癌,可有效解除黄疸,改善肝功能,提高病人生存质量及延长生存期。     

Yttrium-90 Radiotherapy for Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Preliminary Assessment of This Novel Treatment Option

Background  

There are no treatment options for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) with proven efficacy. The objective of this study was to present data on the safety and efficacy of a novel treatment option, yttrium-90 (⁹⁰Y) radioembolization for unresectable ICC.     

肝门部胆管癌的分型及外科治疗

肝门部胆管癌（hilar cholangiocarcinoma,HCCA）早期诊断困难,根治性切除是唯一可能治愈该病的治疗方式,但其手术切除难度大,预后差。近年来,随着外科手术技术和现代影像医学的不断进步,尤其是近10年来“计划性肝切除”和“第四肝门”理念逐渐由临床实践中提炼出来,并在临床实践中得到持续应用,     

Oncological Superiority of Hilar En Bloc Resection for the Treatment of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Purpose

Long-term results after liver resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma are still not satisfactory. Previously, we described a survival advantage of patients who undergo combined right trisectionectomy and portal vein resection, a procedure termed “hilar en bloc resection.” The present study was conducted to analyze its oncological effectiveness compared to conventional hepatectomy.

Patients

During hilar en bloc resection, the extrahepatic bile ducts were resected en bloc with the portal vein bifurcation, the right hepatic artery, and liver segments 1 and 4 to 8. With this “no-touch” technique, preparation of the hilar vessels in the vicinity of the tumor was avoided. The long-term outcome of 50 consecutive patients who underwent curative (R0) hilar en bloc resection between 1990 and 2004 was compared to that of 50 consecutive patients who received curative conventional major hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma (perioperative deaths excluded).

Results

The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates after hilar en bloc resection were 87%, 70%, and 58%, respectively, which was significantly higher than after conventional major hepatectomy. In the latter group, 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 79%, 40%, and 29%, respectively (P = 0.021). Tumor characteristics were comparable in both groups. A high number of pT3 and pT4 tumors and patients with positive regional lymph nodes were present in both groups. Multivariate analysis identified hilar en bloc resection as an independent prognostic factor for long-term survival (P = 0.036).

Conclusions

In patients with central bile duct carcinomas, hilar en bloc resection is oncologically superior to conventional major hepatectomy, providing a chance of long-term survival even in advanced tumors.

     

Outcome of Surgical Treatment of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

To evaluate surgical results and the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy in cases of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, we retrospectively analyzed 27 consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection (eight bile duct resections, 18 bile duct resections plus hepatectomy, one hepatopancreaticoduodenectomy). There was no operative mortality, and the morbidity was 37%. Curative resection (R0 resection) was achieved in 20 (74%) patients. Overall survival at 3 and 5 years was 44% and 27%, significantly higher than that of 47 patients who did not undergo resection (3.5% and 0% at 3 and 5 years, p < 0.0001). Survival of patients with positive margins (R1/2 resection) was poor; there were no 5-year survivors. However, survival was better than that of patients who did not undergo resection (median survival: 22 vs 9 months, p = 0.0007). Univariate analysis identified lymph node metastasis as a negative prognostic factor (p = 0.043). Median survival of patients who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy was significantly longer than that of patients who did not (42 vs. 22 months, p = 0.0428). Resection should be considered as the first option for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. There appears to be a survival advantage even in patients with cancer-positive margins. Adjuvant chemotherapy may increase long-term survival.     

肝门部胆管癌外科治疗的争议与进展

肝门部胆管癌(hilar cholangiocarcinoma,HC)因其生物学和解剖学特点,致使外科手术切除困难,术后长期生存率低,临床疗效不佳。首例经胆管引流后再联合肝叶切除治疗HC报道于1963年。近50年来肝胆外科手术技术和设备都有了长足进步,