抗甲状腺药物致粒细胞缺乏症46例临床分析

目的:探讨抗甲状腺药物(ATD)引起粒细胞缺乏症的病因、临床特点、诊治方法。方法:对我院收治的46例因服用ATD致粒细胞缺乏症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:粒细胞缺乏症多数发生在服药后2~8周。他巴唑(MMI)组的发病时间及粒细胞值较丙基硫氧嘧啶(PTU)组之间无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多数病例有咽痛、发热等临床症状。所有患者停用ATD,选择性使用升白细胞药、糖皮质激素、粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF),症状均好转。结论:对服用ATD者均应常规监测外周血白细胞,尤其在开始治疗的前2个月,以便尽早发现,及时治疗。重症病例应加用G-CSF。     

特殊药源性中性粒细胞缺乏症和急性中性粒细胞减少

中性粒细胞缺乏是指外周血中性粒细胞计数＜0.5×109/L,70%以上的病例由药物引起,常见致病药物几乎涉及所有种类.临床表现以明显咽干、发热、肺炎、败血症常见.患者易并发严重感染而危及生命,约2/3的患者并发败血症和感染性休克.然而通过早期发现和广谱抗生素及粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)的应用,目前总体死亡率在5%以下.在我国尚缺乏相关统计资料,但随着人口老龄化加重、抗生素及非甾体抗炎药物的过度使用,临床工作者对本病应提高警惕,力争早期发现和及时治疗.     

慢性特发性中性粒细胞减少症患者血清G-CSF水平测定及其意义

检测慢性特发性中性粒细胞减少症(CIN)患者血清粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSP)水平并探讨其意义。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定CIN患者40例血清G-CSF水平,并与系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)并中性粒细胞减少患者40例及正常对照组40例血清G-CSF水平进行比较分析。结果发现,正常对照组及SLE组血清G-CSF检出率分别为11/40和10/40,两者血清G-CSF水平无差别,分别为(27.34±8.00)ng/L及(26.76±7.26)ng/L;CIN患者血清G-CSF检出率为27/40,血清G-CSF水平为(134.04±89.29)ng/L,高于正常对照组及SLE组(P<0.01)。结论:CIN患者可能存在G-CSF利用障碍。     

中性粒细胞计数及血钾水平辅助诊断急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的价值

目的 探讨中性粒细胞计数及血钾水平辅助诊断急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的价值。方法 100例急性心肌梗死患者,其中50例ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者为STEMI组,50例非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(non-ST segment elevated myocardial infarction,NSTEMI)患者为NSTEMI组,测定2组入院时中性粒细胞计数及血钾水平,与同期50例体检健康者(对照组)进行比较,分析STEMI组发病≤6h、>6~12h、>12~18h、>18~24h者中性粒细胞计数和血钾水平。结果 STEMI组中性粒细胞计数((9.65±0.43)×109)高于NSTEMI组((7.10±1.04)×109)和对照组((7.20±1.20)×109)(P均<0.05),血钾水平((3.37±1.11)mmol/L)低于NSTEMI组((4.22±1.09)mmol/L)和对照组((4.30±1.21)mmol/L)(P均<0.05);不同病程STEMI患者中性粒细胞计数比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),血钾水平((3.15±1.21)、(3.45±1.32)、(3.72±1.13)、(3.96±1.34)mmol/L))比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 与NSTEMI患者相比,STEMI患者中性粒细胞计数增高,血钾水平降低,且血钾在发病6h内降低明显,中性粒细胞计数与血钾水平联合检测可作为辅助STEMI诊断的临床指标。     

硫培非格司亭预防乳腺癌患者化疗相关中性粒细胞减少的疗效

目的：研究硫培非格司亭预防乳腺癌患者术后辅助化疗相关中性粒细胞减少的疗效及安全性。方法：回顾性分析2020年4月1日至2021年2月20日于淄博市中心医院乳腺甲状腺外科178例术后行表柔比星联合环磷酰胺辅助化疗的乳腺癌患者。患者首次化疗及后续化疗48 h后皮下注射硫培非格司亭6 mg。动态监测血常规。统计每次化疗后中性粒细胞减少的发生率、Ⅳ度中性粒细胞减少的发生率、每次化疗结束后中性粒细胞出现最低值的时间、中性粒细胞应用重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,G-CSF)恢复至>2×109/L的时间,以及不良反应发生情况。结果：178例乳腺癌患者中3例患者仅完成3周期化疗,其余均完成4个化疗周期,所有患者在化疗后均预防性使用硫培非格司亭。所有化疗周期结束后,中性粒细胞减少至最低点的时间为(10.15±1.21) d,中性粒细胞减少发生率为6.77%,Ⅳ度中性粒细胞减少的发生率为2.12%,中性粒细胞应用G-CSF恢复至>2×109/L的时间(1.85±1.3...     

实体肿瘤化疗患者使用粒细胞集落刺激因子对外周血中性粒细胞形态参数变化的影响

目的比较实体肿瘤化疗患者使用粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)前后外周血中性粒细胞侧向散射光强度即颗粒度(neutrophil lateral scattering intensity,NEUT-X)的变化并探讨其临床意义。方法选取52例肿瘤化疗使用G-CSF患者(研究组),32例肿瘤化疗未使用G-CSF患者(研究对照组)和50例门诊表观健康查体者(健康对照组),使用Sysmex XE-2100全自动血细胞分析仪检测研究对象的外周血细胞计数,收集外周血白细胞形态参数结果数据。分析研究NEUTX参数在化疗过程中的变化,同时观察三组患者临床感染发热率,以揭示白细胞形态参数与机体抵抗能力的关系。结果研究组、研究对照组和健康对照组外周血中性粒细胞NEUT-X为:1 324(890.2,1 358.0),1 440(1 397.3,1 466.3),1 329(1 295.1,1 359.4),三组之间差异具有统计学意义(F=10.778,P=0.002),且两两比较差异具有统计学意义;研究组患者使用G-CSF前后白细胞数分别为:0.99(0.22,1.75)×109/L,7.53(1.00,14.05)×109/L,两者之间差异具有统计学意义(Z=-2.395,P=0.005);研究组患者使用G-CSF前后中性粒细胞形态参数NEUT-X分别为:1 382(1 323.6,1 440.4),1324(890.2,1 358.0),两者之间差异具有统计学意义(Z=-2.832,P=0.004);研究组与研究对照组患者感染发热病例数分别为:23/52例、4/32例(χ~2=9.14,P=0.002)。结论肿瘤化疗病人使用G-CSF外周血白细胞数升高,中性粒细胞NEUT-X参数降低,且感染发热率高于未使用G-CSF患者,推测中性粒细胞颗粒度对评估实体肿瘤化疗病人免疫力具有一定的价值。     

粒细胞的循证输注

中性粒细胞减少(neutropenia)是指外周血中性粒细胞绝对计数(ANC)＜ 1.0×109/L,中性粒细胞缺乏(agranulocytosis,粒缺)是指ANC ＜0.5×109/L,严重粒缺(profound neutropenia)是指ANC ＜0.1 × 109/L[1].粒缺持续＞10 d,是严重细菌和真菌感染的主要危险因子.接受强烈化疗、造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,HSCT)以及血液系统疾病本身都会导致持续的粒缺或粒细胞功能障碍(dysfunction),此时患者面临严重的细菌、真菌和病毒等机会感染(opportunistic infections)的危险.     

复方皂矾丸治疗AML化疗后粒细胞缺乏症疗效分析

近10 a来,我们采用中药复方皂矾丸对症治疗急性髓性白血病(AM L)化疗后粒细胞缺乏症,收到了良好的效果,现报道如下。1对象和方法1.1对象40例患者均为AM L,经骨髓检查及免疫分型确诊。以上均为初诊患者,能配合观察,治疗前肝、肾功能正常。随机分为治疗组20例,男11例,女9例,年龄16~68(平均为42)岁,M13例,M29例,M41例,M56例,M61例;对照组20例,男12例,女性8例,年龄15~70(平均42.5)岁,M12例,M210例,M42例,M55例,M61例。治疗组化疗结束时白细胞平均为2.3×109/L;化疗后第5天白细胞平均为1.3×109/L,中性粒细胞比例占0.30;化疗后第10天白细胞平均为0.8×109/L,中性粒细胞比例占0.001;化疗后第15天白细胞平均为2.0×109/L,中性粒细胞比例占0.40。对照组化疗结束时白细胞平均为2.4×109/L;化疗后第5天白细胞平均为1.5×109/L,中性粒细胞比例占0.32;化疗后第10天白细胞平均为0.6×109/L,中性粒细胞比例占0.001;化疗后第15天白细胞平均为1.3×109/L,中性粒细胞比例占0.21;化疗后第2...     

抗甲状腺药物致粒细胞缺乏症20例临床分析

目的：抗甲状腺药物（简称ATD）治疗弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿（简称GD）的过程中,出现粒细胞缺乏症,分析监测手段、观察治疗效果。方法：收集由于服用ATD引起粒细胞缺乏而需住院的GD患者20例,进行回顾性分析。结果：本组均给予药物积极治疗,其中18例于用药后3~14 d内外周血粒细胞计数恢复正常、体温正常,感染控制。结论：对于粒细胞缺乏症患者,应用有效抗生素,重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子,糖皮质激素非常重要。     

非动员异基因捐献者粒细胞的采集和效果分析

目的了解非动员情况下捐献者粒细胞采集和输注的效果,是否可以支持血液病患者在化疗骨髓抑制期粒细胞缺乏的情况下进行抗感染治疗。方法采用COM.TEC血细胞分离机采集14例捐献者外周血中性粒细胞,血细胞计数仪计数产品中粒细胞数量;分别将捐献者粒细胞输注给化疗后骨髓抑制粒细胞缺乏的血液病患者,观察其输注后白细胞数是否升高和或体温是否正常。结果产品中粒细胞计数能够达到1×10~(10)/L的要求,与文献中提到的经集落刺激因子(G-CSF)动员后采集的(10.3-14.4)×10~(10)/L相差较大,但粒细胞缺乏的血液病患者输注后有效率达到85.7%。结论非动员的捐献者粒细胞采集可以支持患者的抗感染治疗。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.