2008年阿勒泰地区麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫效果评价

目的总结阿勒泰地区麻疹减毒活疫苗后续强化免疫活动,加速控制麻疹,到2012年如期实现消除麻疹的目标。方法收集汇总全地区麻疹后续强化免疫报表数据,采用描述性流行病学方法对相关数据进行统计分析。结果全地区麻疹减毒活疫苗后续强化免疫接种8月龄-6岁目标儿童共45616人,报告接种率和快速评估接种率均〉95％,根据地区统计局公布的人口资料推算,估算接种率为89．32％。结论本次强化免疫覆盖了大部分“零”剂次免疫及未进行第二剂次接种的儿童,有效地减少了易感儿童的积累。强化免疫的顺利实施对今后阿勒泰地区控制麻疹工作具有重要的意义。     

2008年广元市麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫效果评价

目的评估广元市2008年麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)强化免疫效果。方法分析麻疹疫苗强化免疫实施情况及麻疹疫苗强化免疫前后发病率变化情况。结果各年龄组麻疹疫苗强化免疫接种率均达97%以上,强化免疫后全市总麻疹发病率较强化免疫前下降98.48%,为1985年以来最低水平,且2008-2009年已连续2年无暴发疫情。结论 2008年广元市麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果显著,麻疹发病显著降低。     

2011年宁南县麻疹强化免疫分析

目的总结宁南县免疫规划工作开展经验。方法对宁南县2011年麻疹强化免疫工作进行分析。结果全县应接种儿童35 267名,实际接种34 759名,接种率98.56%,未接种儿童508名,其中208名随家人外出,300名为短期接种禁忌。结论 2011年宁南县麻疹强化免疫接种率较高,达到验收目标。     

2008年新疆巴州麻疹强化免疫效果分析

目的了解新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州（以下简称巴州）2008年麻疹强化免疫工作实施情况。方法2009年对巴州8县1市疾病预防控制中心采用统一的扩大国家免疫规划督导检查表进行统计分析。结果全州冷链设备的短缺尤为突出,急需更新大量的冷链设备;巴州目前暂不具备儿童预防接种信息管理系统实施条件;各级政府对免疫规划工作经费投入不足;抽查了4个县,卡证相符率100%;5种疫苗接种率为100%。实施扩大国家免疫规划新增疫苗接种情况较迟缓。结论各级政府应加大扩大国家免疫规划工作经费投入;加大技术督导、培训和检查力度;尽快实施扩大国家免疫规划新增疫苗适龄儿童的接种工作;加大实施扩大国家免疫规划工作宣传力度;进一步完善入托入学接种证查验工作。     

麻疹强化免疫新进展

麻疹在全世间广泛流行，曾经是儿童死亡的首要原因。在麻疹疫苗（MV）使用之前，全世界每年平均约有1．3亿儿童发病，700～800万儿童死亡。随着麻疹疫苗广泛的应用，许多国家有效地控制了麻疹的流行；但2005年全球的麻疹发病仍约有2千万例，麻疹死亡数为34．5万，其中多数是发展中国家的儿童。由此可见麻疹仍旧严重威胁着人类的健康，消除麻疹被提上日程。     

福建省麻疹强化免疫后麻疹流行病学特征

在许多国家尤其是美洲国家采用如下三大免疫策略已获巨大成功,即对1～14岁所有儿童进行捕获性强化免疫(catch-up),在catch-up后维持高常规免疫水平(keep—up)、约3～5年周期性地对所有1～4岁儿童进行后续性强化免疫(follow—up)。根据国外的先进经验,从我省目前控制麻疹的现状出发,1998年4月对全省所有2、4、13岁3个年龄     

甲型肝炎：甲型肝炎灭活疫苗与减毒活疫苗的免疫效果观察

目的：观察甲型肝炎灭活疫苗（灭活疫苗）和甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗（减毒活疫苗）基础免疫、加强免疫的效果。方法：2004年对湛江市赤坎区寸金管区156名2．10岁儿童进行调查．检测抗-HAV水平。结果：减毒活疫苗基础免疫后1个月抗-HAV阳性率为76．47％，灭活疫苗基础免疫后1个月抗-HAV阳性率为100％。     

河北省麻疹疫苗初始强化免疫血清学效果抽样分析

目的研究河北省首次实施麻疹疫苗(MV)初始强化免疫(catch-up)血清学效果。方法通过抽样,对同一人群采集强化免疫前后双份血清以及对不同人群分别于强化免疫前后采集血清,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测麻疹IgG抗体。结果强化免疫接种11920936人,接种率为92.30%;强化免疫后麻疹抗体阳性率从90%上升至99.7%以上,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)从小于1000上升至2000以上,平均增长3倍以上;人群麻疹抗体滴度组成发生了重大变化,低抗体人群比例下降,高抗体人群比例上升;强化免疫后3年内,抗体水平仍保持在较高的水平。结论MV初始强化免疫血清学效果非常显著,极大提高了人群抗体水平,减少了易感人群的积累,使麻疹发病率保持在较低的水平。     

两种国产甲肝减毒活疫苗的免疫效果及副作用观察

（福建泉州市卫生防疫站362000）；《中华中西医临床杂志》，2005，5（5）：439-440【目的：为比较冻干型的国产甲肝减毒活疫苗和水剂型甲肝减毒活疫苗的免疫效果及临床副反应。方法：选择2002年l1月到2003年3月，在泉州市卫生防疫站预防接种门诊接种人群，分组接种冻干型甲肝减毒活疫苗和水剂型甲肝减毒活疫苗，观察接种后局部反应及全身反应情况。在接种后1个月，采用酶标免疫法（ELISA）进行甲肝抗体检测。结果：检测出接种冻干型甲肝疫苗和水剂型疫苗人群的阳性率分别为95．2％和84％，副作用反应率分别为2．7％和7．6％。结论：冻干型甲肝减毒活疫苗的免疫效果优于水剂型，临床副反应较小，是现阶段预防甲型肝炎较为理想的疫苗，可代替水型疫苗进行推广。     

2004年新疆昌吉州麻疹疫苗强化免疫结果分析

根据世界卫生组织(WHO)美洲区消除麻疹的经验,使用现有的麻疹疫苗(MV)至2010年全球消除麻疹在技术上是可行的,尽管疫苗已接种近40余年,人群中和局部地区仍有流行。2002年新疆维吾尔自治区首次成功地分离到麻疹野病毒。为了维持昌地吉州麻疹有效的免疫屏障,根据新疆维吾尔自治区     

2008年新疆维吾尔自治区实施麻疹疫苗后续强化免疫活动评价

目的探讨加速控制和消除麻疹的策略和措施。方法 2008年对新疆维吾尔自治区全区范围8月龄～6岁儿童实施了麻疹疫苗（MV）后续免疫活动;利用新疆维吾尔自治区统计局资料、疫苗分发数、疫情资料等,对报告接种情况进行了评价。结果全疆麻疹强化免疫应种儿童1641861人,实际免疫儿童1616117人,接种率为98.99%,以县为单位报告接种率95%以上。结论开展MV初始强化免疫和后续强化免疫对控制麻疹效果非常显著。     

Immunization with live influenza viruses in an experimental model of allergic bronchial asthma: infection and vaccination

Background Asthmatics in particular have a need for influenza vaccines because influenza infection is a frequent cause of hospitalization of patients with bronchial asthma. Currently, only inactivated influenza vaccines are recommended for influenza prevention in asthma sufferers. Objective The aim of our study was to analyze and compare the effects of influenza infection and vaccination with live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) on different phases of experimental murine allergic bronchial asthma (acute asthma and remission phase) and on subsequent exposure to allergen in sensitized animals. Methods Ovalbumin (OVA)‐specific serum IgE levels, IL‐4 production by spleen and lung lymphocytes, and histological changes in the lungs of mice infected with pathogenic virus or LAIV were studied at two phases of OVA‐induced bronchial asthma (acute asthma and remission). Results Infection with pathogenic virus both in acute asthma and remission led to asthma exacerbation associated with the production of OVA‐specific IgE, IL‐4 and significant inflammatory infiltration in airways. Infection, even after complete virus clearance, induced the aggravation of lung inflammation and IgE production in asthmatic mice additionally exposed to OVA. Immunization with LAIV at remission did not enhance allergic inflammatory changes in the lung, OVA‐specific IgE or IL‐4 production. Then after additional OVA exposure, histological and immunological changes in these mice were the same as in the control group. Conclusions Influenza infection provokes asthma exacerbation regardless of the disease phase. Immunization with LAIV during the remission phase of bronchial asthma is safe and does not interfere upon subsequent contact of asthma sufferers with allergen.     

Vaccines in Development against West Nile Virus

West Nile encephalitis emerged in 1999 in the United States, then rapidly spread through the North American continent causing severe disease in human and horses. Since then, outbreaks appeared in Europe, and in 2012, the United States experienced a new severe outbreak reporting a total of 5,387 cases of West Nile virus (WNV) disease in humans, including 243 deaths. So far, no human vaccine is available to control new WNV outbreaks and to avoid worldwide spreading. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art of West Nile vaccine development and the potential of a novel safe and effective approach based on recombinant live attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine. MV vaccine is a live attenuated negative-stranded RNA virus proven as one of the safest, most stable and effective human vaccines. We previously described a vector derived from the Schwarz MV vaccine strain that stably expresses antigens from emerging arboviruses, such as dengue, West Nile or chikungunya viruses, and is strongly immunogenic in animal models, even in the presence of MV pre-existing immunity. A single administration of a recombinant MV vaccine expressing the secreted form of WNV envelope glycoprotein elicited protective immunity in mice and non-human primates as early as two weeks after immunization, indicating its potential as a human vaccine.     

Current status of live attenuated influenza vaccine in the United States for seasonal and pandemic influenza

Abstract A live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is currently approved in the United States for the prevention of influenza in individuals 2–49 years of age. This article summarizes the available data describing the safety and efficacy of LAIV for the prevention of influenza in both children and adults. LAIV is administered as an intranasal spray and has been shown to provide high levels of efficacy against influenza illness caused by both matched and mismatched strains in children and adults. In studies comparing LAIV and inactivated influenza vaccine in children, LAIV recipients experienced 35–53% fewer cases of culture‐confirmed influenza illness caused by antigenically matched strains. Protection through a second influenza season against antigenically matched strains has also been seen in children. In adults, definitive comparative studies of LAIV and inactivated vaccine have not been conducted and no statistically significant differences in efficacy have been demonstrated. The most common adverse reactions with LAIV include runny nose/nasal congestion in all age groups, fever >100°F in children, and sore throat in adults. Formulations of LAIV against pandemic influenza strains, including H5N1, H9N2, and H7N3, are currently being tested in preclinical and phase I clinical studies.     

Prevention of Herpes Zoster: A Focus on the Effectiveness and Safety of Herpes Zoster Vaccines

Infection with varicella zoster virus typically occurs in children and it can cause primary varicella infection or “chickenpox”, or it can reactivate later in life and cause herpes zoster or “shingles”. Herpes zoster mainly occurs in older adults, causing a reduction in activities of daily living, impacting quality of life, and may lead to serious complications, including chronic pain. Two vaccines are marketed to prevent herpes zoster: the live zoster vaccine and the non-live, recombinant zoster vaccine. The pre-licensure clinical trials show the efficacy of the live zoster vaccine to be between 50 and 70% and for the recombinant vaccine to be higher at 90 to 97%. Real-world effectiveness studies, with a follow-up of approximately 10 years, were reviewed in this article. These data corroborated the efficacy studies, with vaccine effectiveness being 46% and 85% for the live and recombinant vaccines, respectively. Safety data from the effectiveness studies show similar results to the clinical trials with mostly local injection-site reactions and mild systemic reactions seen with both vaccines, although in larger proportions with the recombinant vaccine. Rare adverse events, occurring less than 1% of the time, have been seen with both vaccine types and include disseminated herpes zoster with the live zoster vaccine and Guillain–Barré syndrome with the recombinant vaccine. The wider use of preventative measures with vaccines will reduce the herpes zoster burden of illness seen in older adults.     

Characterization of Vaccine Breakthrough Cases during Measles Outbreaks in Milan and Surrounding Areas,Italy, 2017–2021

Despite the existence of an effective live-attenuated vaccine, measles can appear in vaccinated individuals. We investigated breakthrough measles cases identified during our surveillance activities within the measles/rubella surveillance network (MoRoNet) in Milan and surrounding areas (Northern Italy). Between 2017 and 2021, we confirmed measles virus (genotypes B3 or D8) infections in 653 patients and 51 of these (7.8%) were vaccinees. Among vaccinated individuals whose serum was available, a secondary failure was evidenced in 69.4% (25/36) of cases while 11 patients (30.6%) were non-responders. Non-responders were more frequently hospitalized and had significantly lower Ct values in both respiratory and urine samples. Median age and time since the last immunization were similar in the two groups. Importantly, we identified onward transmissions from vaccine failure cases. Vaccinees were involved in 20 outbreaks, in 10 of them they were able to transmit the virus, and in 8 of them, they were the index case. Comparing viral hemagglutinin sequences from vaccinated and non-vaccinated subjects did not show a specific mutation pattern. These results suggest that vaccination failure was likely due to the poor immune response of single individuals and highlights the importance of identifying breakthrough cases and characterizing their clinical and virologic profiles.     

Uptake and impact of vaccinating primary school children against influenza: Experiences in the fourth season of the live attenuated influenza vaccination programme,England, 2016/2017

BackgroundIn the 2016/2017 influenza season, England was in its fourth season of the roll‐out of a live‐attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) targeted at healthy children aged two to less than 17 years. For the first time, all healthy children aged 2 to 8 years were offered LAIV at national level in 2016/2017. Since the commencement of the programme in 2013/2014, a series of geographically discrete pilot areas have been in place where quadrivalent LAIV was also offered to all school age children. In 2016/2017, these were children aged 8 to 11 years, other than those targeted by the national programme.MethodsWe evaluated the overall and indirect impact of vaccinating primary school age children, on the population of England, by measuring vaccine uptake levels and comparing cumulative disease incidence through various influenza surveillance schemes, in targeted and non‐targeted age groups in pilot and non‐pilot areas in 2016/2017.ResultsOur findings indicate that cumulative primary care influenza‐like consultations, primary and secondary care swab positivity, influenza confirmed hospitalisations and emergency department attendances in pilot areas were overall lower than those observed in non‐pilot areas; however, significant differences were not always observed in both targeted and non‐targeted age groups. Excess mortality was higher in pilot areas compared with non‐pilot areas.ConclusionsThese results are similar to earlier seasons of the programme indicating the importance and continuing support of vaccinating all primary school children with LAIV to reduce influenza related illness across the population, although further work is needed to understand the differences in excess mortality.     

Comparative safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of several anti-H5N1 influenza experimental vaccines in a mouse and chicken models (Testing of killed and live H5 vaccine)

Please cite this paper as: Gambaryan et al. (2011) Comparative safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of several anti‐H5N1 influenza experimental vaccines in a mouse and chicken models. Parallel testing of killed and live H5 vaccine. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(3), 188–195. Objective Parallel testing of inactivated (split and whole virion) and live vaccine was conducted to compare the immunogenicity and protective efficacy against homologous and heterosubtypic challenge by H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Method Four experimental live vaccines based on two H5N1 influenza virus strains were tested; two of them had hemagglutinin (HA) of A/Vietnam/1203/04 strain lacking the polybasic HA cleavage site, and two others had hemagglutinins from attenuated H5N1 virus A/Chicken/Kurgan/3/05, with amino acid substitutions of Asp54/Asn and Lys222/Thr in HA1 and Val48/Ile and Lys131/Thr in HA2 while maintaining the polybasic HA cleavage site. The neuraminidase and non‐glycoprotein genes of the experimental live vaccines were from H2N2 cold‐adapted master strain A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (VN‐Len and Ku‐Len) or from the apathogenic H6N2 virus A/Gull/Moscow/3100/2006 (VN‐Gull and Ku‐Gull). Inactivated H5N1 and H1N1 and live H1N1 vaccine were used for comparison. All vaccines were applied in a single dose. Safety, immunogenicity, and protectivity against the challenge with HPAI H5N1 virus A/Chicken/Kurgan/3/05 were estimated. Results All experimental live H5 vaccines tested were apathogenic as determined by weight loss and conferred more than 90% protection against lethal challenge with A/Chicken/Kurgan/3/05 infection. Inactivated H1N1 vaccine in mice offered no protection against challenge with H5N1 virus, while live cold‐adapted H1N1 vaccine reduced the mortality near to zero level. Conclusions The high yield, safety, and protectivity of VN‐Len and Ku‐Len made them promising strains for the production of inactivated and live vaccines against H5N1 viruses.