失血性休克模型中纤溶功能和抗凝血酶活性的变化研究

目的探讨大鼠失血性休克模型中纤维蛋白溶解功能（纤溶功能）和抗凝血酶活性的动态变化及意义。方法采用40只成年Sprague Daw ley（SD）大鼠,通过快速放血使其处于休克状态,随机分为8组：休克前组、休克1 h组、休克2 h组、休克4 h组、休克6 h组、休克8 h组、休克12 h组和休克24 h组,每组各5只。观察血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活物抗原（tPA：Ag）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1抗原（PAI-1：Ag）、纤维蛋白（原）降解产物（FDP）、D-二聚体（DD）含量、纤维蛋白原（FIB）含量、纤溶酶原活性（PLG：A）及血浆抗凝血酶活性（AT：A）的动态变化。结果与休克前比较,各休克组PLG：A、AT：A逐渐降低,于休克后2 h均显著降低（P〈0.01）。休克后血浆tPA：Ag和PAI-1：Ag、FDP、DD增加（P〈0.01）,分别于休克后2～8 h达到峰值,随后tPA：Ag随休克的时间延长逐渐降低。血浆FIB于休克1 h明显增加（P〈0.01）,随着休克的发展,于休克2 h开始下降,休克12 h降至最低值。结论在失血性休克过程中早期纤溶功能亢进,而后趋向受抑状态,抗凝血酶呈消耗性下降,纤溶和抗凝系统失衡在休克的发生、发展过程中具有重要作用。     

多发性创伤患者纤维蛋白溶解功能的变化

目的探讨多发性创伤患者纤维蛋白溶解功能的变化及其临床意义。方法检测了34例多发性创伤患者伤后24 h内及伤后第3天和30名健康人血液中血浆纤维蛋白原含量(FIB)、纤溶酶原活性(PLG:A)、血浆D-二聚体(DD)、组织型纤溶酶原激活物抗原性(t-PA:Ag)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1抗原性(PAI-1:Ag)。根据创伤严重程度分为脏器功能不全组16例与脏器功能正常组18例,将24 h内的各检测指标进行比较分析;以及根据预后分为死亡组12例与非死亡组22例的24 h内各检测指标与第3 d的结果比较。结果多发性创伤各组FIB、DD、t-PA:Ag含量明显高于正常对照组,PLG:A明显低于正常对照组(P均<0.01),其中脏器功能不全组变化更大,除PAI-1:Ag外其他各指标与脏器功能正常组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。死亡组第3天FIB、PLG:A、PAI-1:Ag均明显低于24 h内测定的值,DD含量则明显升高(P均<0.01),而非死亡组第3天PLG:A、PAI-1:Ag均明显升高,FIB、t-PA:Ag、DD含量下降(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论多发性创伤导致机体继发性纤溶功能亢进,是患者死亡的原因之一。纤溶功能指标的检测有助于临床病情的判断,并为纠正弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)提供实验室依据。     

多发性创伤患者纤维蛋白溶解功能的变化

目的探讨多发性创伤患者纤维蛋白溶解功能的变化及其临床意义。方法检测了34例多发性创伤患者伤后24 h内及伤后第3天和30名健康人血液中血浆纤维蛋白原含量（FIB）、纤溶酶原活性（PLG：A）、血浆D-二聚体（DD）、组织型纤溶酶原激活物抗原性（t-PA：Ag）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1抗原性（PAI-1：Ag）。根据创伤严重程度分为脏器功能不全组16例与脏器功能正常组18例,将24 h内的各检测指标进行比较分析;以及根据预后分为死亡组12例与非死亡组22例的24 h内各检测指标与第3 d的结果比较。结果多发性创伤各组FIB、DD、t-PA：Ag含量明显高于正常对照组,PLG：A明显低于正常对照组（P均〈0.01）,其中脏器功能不全组变化更大,除PAI-1：Ag外其他各指标与脏器功能正常组比较差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）。死亡组第3天FIB、PLG：A、PAI-1：Ag均明显低于24 h内测定的值,DD含量则明显升高（P均〈0.01）,而非死亡组第3天PLG：A、PAI-1：Ag均明显升高,FIB、t-PA：Ag、DD含量下降（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。结论多发性创伤导致机体继发性纤溶功能亢进,是患者死亡的原因之一。纤溶功能指标的检测有助于临床病情的判断,并为纠正弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）提供实验室依据。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者血管内皮细胞及纤溶系统功能变化

目的：探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者血管内皮细胞及纤溶系统功能变化。方法：根据多导睡眠呼吸监测仪监测结果，选择年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)无明显差异的OSAHS患者52例和健康者48例。以Clauss法测定纤维蛋白原(Fg)，以发色底物法测定组织纤溶酶原激活物活性(tPA：A)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1活性(PAI-1：A)，以酶联免疫法测von Willebrand因子含量(vWF)、组织纤溶酶原激活物含量(tPA：Ag)、纤溶酶原含量(PLg：Ag)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1含量(PAI-1：Ag)。结果：与对照组比较，(3SAHS组vWF、Fg、PAI-1：A、PAI-1：Ag水平明显升高，PLg：Ag、tPA：Ag含量明显降低，tPA：A无明显变化。结论：OSAHS患者血管内皮细胞功能受损，纤溶系统功能降低。     

凝血因子Ⅻ活性的变化对深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的探讨凝血因子Ⅻ活性(FⅫ:C)的变化对纤维蛋白(原)溶解功能与深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的影响。方法采用一期法测定63例DVT患者和30例正常对照组的FⅫ:C,同时用发色底物法检测血浆纤溶酶原活性(PLG:A),酶联免疫法测定组织型纤溶酶原激活物抗原性(t-PA:Ag)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1抗原性(PAI-1:Ag)及免疫比浊法测定血浆D-二聚体(D-D)含量。结果DVT组FⅫ:C和PLG:A含量显著低于正常对照组(P<0.01),其中5例(7.9%)年龄<45岁的患者FⅫ:C低于正常对照组x--2s。PAI-1:Ag、D-D含量显著高于正常组(P<0.01)。t-PA:Ag含量与正常对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论FⅫ:C下降易导致纤溶酶原内激活途径受抑制,DVT的形成与FⅫ:C降低有关。     

复方丹参液对大鼠失血性休克合并凝血功能紊乱的治疗作用

为了观察大鼠失血性休克过程中凝血因子的变化及肝素、复方丹参注射液对凝血因子变化的影响,探讨复方丹参注射液对凝血功能紊乱的治疗作用,制作了失血性休克大鼠模型。将40只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、休克组、复方丹参液组及肝素组,每组10只。检测各组休克后2、4、6小时血浆可溶性纤维蛋白单体复合物(SFMC)、血栓调节蛋白(TM)、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(ATⅢ)、D二聚体(DD)、组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂(PAI)变化及活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT);比较肝素组与复方丹参液组出血并发症的发生率。研究结果表明:大鼠休克组血浆SFMC、DD水平明显高,于而ATⅢ明显低于其他3组(P<0.001),其他3组间比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。休克组、肝素组血浆TM水平明显增加(P<0.001),复方丹参组与假手术组间相比无显著性差异。休克组大鼠于休克2小时血浆tPA、DD水平明显升高,于休克4小时PAI达到高峰(P<0.001),而tPA水平有所下降。于休克6小时,血浆PAI水平下降,tPA继续降低,但PAI、DD尚维持于较高水平。肝素组血浆DD水平降低、tPA高于休克组、PAI无显著性不同。丹参组大鼠血浆tPA、PAI、DD均低于休克组,但均在正常范围内。休克组大鼠APTT进行性延长,至休克6小时达到高峰,平均59.7±11.86秒。肝素组APTT平均61.5±5.79秒     

不同原因休克患者抗凝血酶和纤维蛋白溶解功能的变化

目的 探讨不同原因引起的休克时,机体抗凝血酶和纤维蛋白溶解功能的变化及临床意义。方法 研究67例不同原因引起休克的患者,按病因分为感染性休克23例、创伤性休克18例、心源性休克26例。在发生休克时采集上标本,STAGO-STA自动血凝仪上发色底物法测定血浆抗凝血酶活性(AT:A)和纤溶酶原活性(PLG:A);免疫比浊法测定血浆D-二聚体(D-D)及凝固法测定纤维蛋白原(FIB)含量并与正常对照组进行比较分析。结果 3组休克患者AT:A和PLG:A均显著低于对照组(分别为P<0.05、P<0.01和P<0.001);D-D含量均非常显著的高于对照组(P<0.001);FIB含量除创伤性休克外其余2组均明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。3组休克间比较,经方差分析,除D-D含量无区别外,其余项目各组间均存有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论 休克发生时血浆抗凝血酶活性降低,继发性纤溶功能增强,提示机体处于血栓前状态,应积极采取相应措施防止DIC的发生。     

慢性肾炎患者血栓相关指标的临床价值探讨

目的探讨慢性肾炎患者中血栓相关指标(FIB、AT:A、VWF、VⅢ:C、D-D、PLG:A)检测的临床价值。方法收集100例慢性肾炎患者和50例健康体检者血浆标本,于STAGO-STA自动血凝仪上用凝固法测定纤维蛋白原(FIB)含量;发色底物法测定血浆抗凝血酶活性(AT:A)和纤溶酶原活性(PLG:A);一期法测定VⅢ促凝活性(VⅢ:C);免疫比浊法测定血浆血管性血友病因子(VWF)和D-二聚体(D-D)及与正常对照组进行比较分析。结果100例慢性肾炎患者中FIB、VWF、VⅢ:C比正常对照组有显著性升高(P<0.01),D-D也有升高(0.010.05)。结论慢性肾炎患者由于FIB升高、AT:A下降及血管内皮可能存在较严重损伤等因素,较易导致血栓形成,并可能进一步发展到继发性纤溶亢进,血栓相关指标测定对慢性肾炎治疗和病情发展监测有重要的临床价值。     

纤维蛋白（原）降解产物对发色底物法测定抗凝血酶活性的影响

目的　探讨纤维蛋白 (原 )降解产物 (FDP)、D 二聚体 (DD)对发色底物法测定抗凝血酶活性 (AT :A)的影响。方法　留取 31例体检正常标本和 85例FDP、DD可能增高的患者标本 ,分别用发色底物法测定AT :A ,免疫比浊法测定抗凝血酶抗原 (AT :Ag) ,ELISA法测定其FDP、DD含量。再将正常混合血浆与高FDP、DD浓度的异常混合血浆以不同比例混合后同上法分别测定其AT :A、AT :Ag、FDP及DD的含量。 结果　AT :A除肝硬化组外其余各组与对照组比较差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而AT :Ag含量各组均显著低于对照组 ;AT :A与AT :Ag含量的比值均明显高于对照组 ,其比值增高的幅度与FDP、DD的浓度呈正相关。结论　FDP、DD对发色底物法测定AT :A结果有影响。临床应用中 ,若同时测定AT :A和AT :Ag含量 ,更能明确反映该指标的临床意义。     

急性心肌梗死患者溶栓治疗前后凝血与纤溶系统的变化

目的探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者溶栓治疗前后不同时间段凝血与纤溶系统的变化情况.方法对41例经溶栓治疗的AMI患者分别于治疗前及治疗后4、8、12、48 h和3、7 d共7次抽取静脉血,分别检测凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fg)、D-二聚体(DD)、纤溶酶原(PLG)、α2-纤溶酶抑制物(α2-PI)、组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)等指标的活性或含量.结果所有患者经溶栓治疗后,均导致PT、APTT的明显延长,t-PA活性、DD含量的明显增高,PLG、α2-PI、PAI-1活性和Fg含量的明显降低(与溶栓前比较,P均<0.01).但这种变化为时较短,至溶栓后12 h,各项指标已出现不同程度的恢复,t-PA与PAI-1已回复至溶栓前水平.结论凝血与纤溶活性的变化与溶栓疗效关系密切,应用时监测PLG、α2-PI、t-PA、PAI-1、Fg和DD等指标,对判断溶栓疗效有重要价值.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.