红细胞生成性原卟啉病一家系亚铁螯合酶基因突变检测

目的 通过对一例红细胞生成性原卟啉病家系亚铁螯合酶基因突变检测,探讨红细胞生成性原卟啉病的遗传特征。方法 收集一例红细胞生成性原卟啉病家系中4例患者及3例表型正常者和50例无亲缘关系健康个体外周血标本,采用PCR扩增亚铁螯合酶基因全部11个外显子及侧翼序列并进行直接测序。结果 先证者及其母亲、姐姐、表兄、外祖父中检测到一个新的剪接突变位点间隔序列（IVS）3+1G→A,其外祖母和父亲未发现该突变;正常对照未发现此突变。先证者及其父亲、姐姐、表兄、外祖父两个单核苷酸多态性为IVS1-23T/C和IVS3-48C/T,而先证者的母亲与外祖母为IVS1-23C/C和IVS3-48T/T。结论 发现红细胞生成性原卟啉病家系一个新的基因突变位点,该突变可能与两个低表达等位基因IVS1-23T和IVS3-48C共同导致红细胞生成性原卟啉病的临床表型。     

一婴儿期发病的慢性家族性良性天疱疮家系ATP2C1基因突变研究

目的 对一慢性家族性良性天疱疮家系进行测序,寻找ATP2C1基因外显子上的突变点,丰富关于ATP2C1基因突变的信息。方法 提取一慢性家族性良性天疱疮家系中先证者及包括其父母、舅舅在内的家族中6名其他成员的外周血DNA进行测序,与人类基因组ATP2C1序列相比较找出突变点,另外测50例正常人血的ATP2C1基因,除外单核苷酸多态性。结果 家系中先证者、其舅舅及其母亲在ATP2C1的第9外显子上存在一杂合性的剪切突变,第699位缺失腺嘌呤（A）,导致其下游第12位的氨基酸序列出现终止密码TGA。反向测序亦证实该突变。该家系中先证者父亲、其他3名成员及50例正常人均未见该突变。结论 本研究慢性家族性良性天疱疮家系中先证者及其母亲及舅舅ATP2C1的第9外显子上存在一杂合性的剪切突变,突变来自于母系并向下遗传。     

A KRT1 gene mutation related to epidermolytic ichthyosis in a Chinese family

We report a Chinese family with members affected by epidermolytic ichthyosis (EI), caused by KRT gene mutations. The proband was a 14‐year‐old boy who had simultaneous appearance of nephroblastoma and epidermolytic ichthyosis (EI). Both the patient and his mother exhibited the specific clinical and pathological manifestations of EI. We analysed all exons and flanking sequences of the KRT1 and KRT10 genes using PCR, and found that the proband and his mother had a G>C transition at nucleotide position 1432 in exon 7 of KRT1, resulting in an amino acid substitution of glutamate (GAA) to glutamine (CAA) at codon 478 (E478Q). The KRT10 gene had no mutations.     

家族性泛发性雀斑样痣一家系基因突变分析

目的:研究1个家族性泛发性雀斑样痣家系的临床及遗传学特点,检测分析其致病基因。方法:分析1个家族性泛发性雀斑样痣家系患者的临床特点和遗传规律。抽取先证者及其父亲（患者）、母亲（健康成员）外周血,抽提基因组DNA;采用PCR扩增SASH1基因全部外显子及其侧翼序列,并对其产物进行测序和分析;以先证者母亲及100例无关健康...     

Novel mutation of EDA causes new asymmetrical X‐linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia phenotypes in a female

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a rare hereditary disorder that affects tissues derived from the ectoderm including hair, teeth and sweat glands. EDA is the major causative gene of HED. This study recruited a Chinese family with HED, including a male proband and his mother with a fetus. The proband had typical clinical features of HED and the mother had identical but milder features. Interestingly, some phenotypes of the mother appeared asymmetrically between the right and left side of the body that were not reported in previous studies. Targeted sequencing was performed in the proband and a novel frame‐shift mutation (NM_001399.4: c.381_382delinsG, p.Q128Rfs*9) in EDA was found. Sanger sequencing validated the mutation and identified the same mutation in the mother. Our study expands the clinical and genetic spectrum of EDA‐related disorders and reports new asymmetrical phenotypes in a female.     

国内首报Legius综合征一家系及基因突变分析

【摘要】 目的 检测1例以多发咖啡斑为主要临床表现的Legius综合征家系的基因突变情况,并明确其诊断。方法 收集1例以多发咖啡斑为主要临床表现的先证者及其父母和外祖父母临床资料,采集上述受试者外周血提取基因组DNA,对先证者进行全外显子组测序,确定突变位点,再在家系中对突变位点进行PCR扩增及Sanger测序进行验证,并明确其诊断。结果 先证者男,12岁,躯干可见10余处长径 > 5 mm的咖啡斑,腋窝、腹股沟多发雀斑。先证者外周血基因组DNA中编码Sprouty相关EVH1功能域蛋白1的SPRED1基因第7号外显子中存在小片段杂合缺失（c.1220_1238del）,引起氨基酸序列发生移码突变（p.L407fs*）,先证者患病母亲检出该突变,外祖父母及父亲未检出该突变。该突变为新发突变,先证者突变遗传自母亲,突变与疾病符合共分离,确诊为Legius综合征。 结论 Legius综合征与神经纤维瘤病Ⅰ型早期临床症状相近,基因检测有助于早期诊断、判断预后和制定随访计划。     

红细胞生成性原卟啉病一家系中亚铁螯合酶基因突变的检测

目的 对一红细胞生成性原卟啉病（EPP）家系进行基因突变研究,探讨基因突变与临床表现的关系,为进一步开展基因诊断和基因治疗奠定基础。方法 收集家系资料,抽取家系中患者、正常人及与该家系无关的50例正常人的外周血,提取外周血基因组DNA。应用PCR方法扩增外周血基因组DNA亚铁螯合酶（FECH）基因的第1至11外显子及其侧翼序列。PCR产物直接进行双向测序以检测突变。结果 根据临床表现和卟啉测定结果,患者明确诊断为红细胞生成性原卟啉病。PCR扩增得到预期DNA片段。PCR 产物直接测序结果：家系中先证者、其妹和其父FECH基因第1内含子供体剪接位点检测到一个杂合突变（IVS1 ＋ 1G→C）,该突变为国际首次报道。还在先证者、其妹和其母FECH基因第1内含子受体端检测到一个与低表达等位基因相关的多态性（IVS1-23C/T）。结论 报道一FECH基因第1内含子供体剪接位点的新突变,该突变可能引发FECH基因缺陷,是EPP家系中患者发病的分子基础。     

眼皮肤白化病1家系致病基因鉴定

【摘要】 目的 利用全外显子测序及Sanger测序技术对两兄弟眼皮肤白化病患者的（OCA）家系进行致病基因筛选和鉴定。方法 收集1个OCA家系的临床资料，提取家系成员的外周血DNA，通过全外显子组测序技术对先证者的全外显子编码区进行直接测序以寻找可能存在的基因突变，并利用Sanger测序进行一代验证。结果 先证者及其弟弟均表现为全身皮肤、毛发变白，双眼球震颤，畏光，虹膜半透明，结膜充血，双眼屈光不正。先证者父母、祖父母、外祖父母及子女表型均正常，父母非近亲结婚。两兄弟OCA2基因中均出现3个杂合变异，即c.1290T>A无义突变、c.1363A>G错义突变和c.1204T>C错义突变。其中，OCA2 c.1204T>C尚未有报道，为OCA2基因的新突变位点。此外，先证者父亲OCA2基因存在杂合变异c.1204T>C；先证者母亲OCA2基因存在杂合变异c.1290T>A及c.1363A>G；先证者儿子OCA2基因存在杂合变异c.1290T>A；先证者女儿OCA2基因存在杂合变异c.1204T>C，先证者弟弟的女儿OCA2基因存在杂合变异c.1290T>A。结论 本研究中2例OCA2患者均出现3处OCA2基因突变，其中c.1290T>A无义突变可能是导致该家系临床表型的突变位点，这些发现丰富了OCA2的致病基因突变谱。     

Dowling-Degos病1家系KRT5基因新突变分析

【摘要】 目的 分析Dowling-Degos病1家系KRT5基因突变情况。方法 收集先证者临床资料,调查先证者家族3代共12人信息,采集先证者和8例家系成员以及家系以外50例无亲缘关系的健康人外周血,提取基因组DNA行全外显子测序后与人类基因组KRT5、POFUT1及POGLUT1序列进行比对。结果 本家系有3例患者,分别为先证者及其父亲和祖母（去世）。先证者及其父亲临床表现为皱褶部网状色素沉着,以胸腹皱褶部位为重,且KRT5基因第一外显子均存在c.165T>A杂合无义突变,其他家系成员及健康对照均未发现此突变,所有受试者POFUT1及POGLUT1基因检测未见异常。结论 本研究新发现1处KRT5基因c.165T>A突变,导致先证者及其父Dowling-Degos病。     

应用多重连接探针扩增技术检测X-性连锁鱼鳞病一家系STS基因

目的：检测X-性连锁鱼鳞病一家系STS基因突变情况。方法：提取先证者(男，31岁)及其父母外周血DNA，父母均无鱼鳞病临床表现，运用多重连接探针扩增技术检测所有成员的STS基因是否存在外显子缺失，若无外显子缺失，运用聚合酶链式反应特异性扩增STS基因，检测是否存在基因突变。结果：家系中先证者为STS基因半合子缺失，其母为STS基因杂合子缺失，其父亲未发现STS基因突变。家系中仅先证者出现鱼鳞病的临床表现。结论：STS基因缺失是该X-性连锁鱼鳞病患者发病的遗传因素。     

A novel splicing mutation and haplotype analysis of the FECH gene in a Chinese family with erythropoietic protoporphyria

Background Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder of haeme biosynthesis resulting from a partial decrease in ferrochelatase (FECH) activity leading to excessive accumulation of protoporphyrin. Clinical manifestation normally requires coinheritance of a common hypomorphic FECH allele and a deleterious FECH mutation. Objective The aim of this study was to characterize the inheritance of a Chinese family with EPP at molecular level, by identification and analysis of FECH sequence variation, including the IVS3‐48C polymorphisms. Methods Polymerase chain reaction amplification was employed to identify the FECH sequence variation, including the IVS3‐48C polymorphism, in a Chinese EPP family and a matched control cohort. Results A splicing mutation in IVS3 + 1G→A was identified in the proband as well as his symptomatic sister, cousin, his grandfather and his asymptomatic mother, but was absent in his father and grandmother. All the family members with overt photosensitivity carried the low‐expressed allele IVS3‐48C, which were absent in the asymptomatic EPP patients of this family. Conclusion We described a novel splicing FECH mutation in a Chinese EPP family and analysed the hypomorphic IVS3‐48C allele, which were believed to be responsible for generating the phenotypic symptoms in this family.     

An Incompletely Penetrant Novel Mutation in COL7A1 Causes Epidermolysis Bullosa Pruriginosa and Dominant Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Phenotypes in an Extended Kindred

Abstract: Epidermolysis bullosa pruriginosa (EBP) is a rare subtype of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) characterized by intense pruritus, nodular or lichenoid lesions, and violaceous linear scarring, most prominently on the extensor extremities. Remarkably, identical mutations in COL7A1, which encodes an anchoring fibril protein present at the dermal–epidermal junction, can cause both DEB and EBP with either autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. We present one family with both dystrophic and pruriginosa phenotypes of epidermolysis bullosa. The proband is a 19‐year‐old Caucasian woman who initially presented in childhood with lichenoid papules affecting her extensor limbs and intense pruritus consistent with EBP. Her maternal grandmother saw a dermatologist for similar skin lesions that developed without any known triggers at age 47 and mostly resolved spontaneously after approximately 10 years. The proband’s younger brother developed a small crop of pruritic papules on his elbows, dorsal hands, knees, and ankles at age 13. Her second cousin once removed, however, reported a mild blistering disease without pruritus consistent with DEB. Genetic sequencing of the kindred revealed a single dominant novel intron 47 splice site donor G>A mutation, c.4668 + 1 G>A, which we predict leads to exon skipping. Incomplete penetrance is confirmed in her clinically unaffected mother, who carries the same dominant mutation. The wide diversity of clinical phenotypes with one underlying genotype demonstrates that COL7A1 mutations are incompletely penetrant and strongly suggests that other genetic and environmental factors influence clinical presentation.     

常染色体显性Waardenburg综合征1家系基因突变分析

【摘要】 目的 报道1个常染色体显性Waardenburg综合征家系，检测并分析其致病基因。方法 收集1个中国汉族常染色体显性Waardenburg综合征家系，采集先证者及其父母临床资料和外周血，提取DNA，应用二代皮肤靶向测序包检测患者突变基因，Sanger测序验证确定致病基因。结果 先证者表现为腹部、下肢不规则白斑，右耳中重度感音神经性耳聋，双眼虹膜异色，其母亲双眼虹膜异色，内眦赘皮，早白发，眉毛粗浓，该家系中先证者及其母亲均诊断为Waardenburg综合征，且两者 PAX3基因7号外显子编码区第976-977位AG均被替换为T，导致PAX3蛋白从第327位氨基酸开始发生移码（第327位氨基酸由苏氨酸转变为脯氨酸），到第54位氨基酸位置时终止［c.976-977delinsT（p.Thr327Profs*54）］；患儿父亲未患病，基因检测正常。结论 PAX3基因移码突变c.976-977delinsT（p.Thr327Profs*54） 为新发现的突变，可能为引起该家系患者临床表型的致病基因。     

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I: clinical and molecular characterization of 3 members of a family and 1 sporadic case.

BACKGROUND: Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I (TRPS I) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder clinically characterized by sparse and slow-growing hair, pear-shaped nose, elongated philtrum, thin upper lip, and bone deformities, in particular, cone-shaped epiphyses of the phalanges. Very recently, the responsible gene TRPS1 has been cloned on human chromosome 8q24. OBSERVATION: We describe a mother and her 2 daughters and a female patient with a sporadic case of TRPS I. In the familial case, mutation analysis showed an insertional mutation at position 2480 of the TRPS1 gene leading to a premature translational stop. Careful clinical examination showed craniofacial and radiologic features typical of TRPS I, including short stature, in all 3 affected individuals. Additionally, they presented with a receded triangular medio-occipital hairline, which has not been described in TRPS I so far. In the sporadic case, we identified a single base deletion at position 2110 of the TRPS1 gene leading to frameshift and premature translational stop at codon 766. The patient presented with the typical TRPS I phenotype but was of normal stature. CONCLUSIONS: The TRPS I is characterized by variable clinical expression of the triad of hair, craniofacial, and skeletal abnormalities. New genetic approaches, including mutation analysis, now allow identification of carriers of the TRPS1 gene mutations.     

常染色体隐性遗传性鱼鳞病一家系表型、基因型与皮损超微结构研究

目的 探讨常染色体隐性遗传性鱼鳞病家系临床表型、基因型及超微结构。方法 观察常染色体隐性遗传性鱼鳞病患者临床表现。用PCR扩增TGM1基因15个外显子及其邻近剪切位点,双向直接测序;取先证者背部皮损做透射电镜观察,记录电镜表现特征。结果 先证者临床表现介于板层状鱼鳞病及非大疱性鱼鳞病样红皮病之间,其弟弟为火棉胶婴儿。先证者、其弟及父亲3号外显子第551位碱基胞嘧啶（C）→胸腺嘧啶（T）,其编码的第143位氨基酸由精氨酸变为半胱氨酸（R143C）;先证者、其弟及母亲4号外显子第759位胞嘧啶（C）→胸腺嘧啶（T）,使第212位氨基酸由丝氨酸转变为苯丙氨酸（S212F）。电镜观察发现,先证者皮损不仅有Ⅱ型结构表现,也同时存在Ⅲ型结构特征。结论 该家系患者携带复合杂合突变,R143C属于热点区,S212F为新发现的位点。携带TGM1基因突变的先证者皮损电镜表现为Ⅱ型,但同时发现有Ⅲ型结构存在。     

I型神经纤维瘤病NF1基因突变检测

目的：检测I型神经纤维瘤病患者的NF1基因突变。方法：提取I型神经纤维瘤病1家系、1例散发患者及200名正常对照外周血DNA，PCR扩增NF1基因全部外显子及侧翼序列并进行Sanger测序。结果：在家系的先证者及其母亲外周血DNA中检测到NF1基因c.3975-2 A〉T突变，其他家系成员未发现突变位点；在散发病例中检测到c.3619delA突变，为国际上首次报道。结论： I型神经纤维瘤病具有遗传基因异质性。     

新发MBTPS2基因突变致毛囊性鱼鳞病、秃发、畏光综合征一例

【摘要】 本文首次报道1例MBTPS2基因c.1165C>T突变致毛囊性鱼鳞病、秃发、畏光综合征。先证者主要临床表现为皮肤干燥、先天性无头发、毛囊角化性丘疹、畏光,伴癫痫,智力、运动发育落后。应用二代测序及一代测序验证显示,先证者和其母亲在MBTPS2基因第9外显子区域存在c.1165C>T（p.pro389Ser）突变。根据患儿临床表现和MBTPS2基因突变遗传学特点,确诊为毛囊性鱼鳞病、秃发、畏光综合征。     

Mutations in TRPS1 gene in trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I in Asian patients

The trichorhinophalangeal syndromes (TRPSs) are rare hereditary diseases with mainly autosomal dominant inheritance. Three different forms sharing similar clinical features with heterogeneous mutations have been identified: type I (TRPS I), type II (TRPS II) and type III (TRPS III). These syndromes have characteristic facial abnormalities such as sparse and slow‐growing scalp hair, laterally sparse eyebrows, bulbous pear‐shaped nose, elongated and flat philtrum, thin upper lip, and protruding ears. Various skeletal abnormalities are also frequently noted: short stature, shortening of the phalanges and metacarpals, cone‐shaped epiphyses and Perthes‐like change of the hips. ^{1 - 4} The TRPS1 gene was first identified in 2000 and mapped to 8q24.1. ¹ More than 50 mutations have been found in the gene to date. We here report mutation analysis of eight patients with the typical phenotype of TRPS I, revealing five novel mutations.     

Identification of a glycine substitution and a splice site mutation in the type VII collagen gene in a proband with mitis recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is a genodermatosis characterized by fragility of the skin and mucous membranes. Underlying mutations in the DEB phenotype have been detected in the gene encoding type VII collagen (COL7A1), both in the dominant and recessive forms of DEB. In this study, we searched for mutations in a proband with a mild form of DEB by PCR amplification of segments of COL7A1, followed by heteroduplex analysis. Examination of PCR fragments corresponding to exons 3–4 and exons 51–53 revealed heteroduplexes. Direct sequencing of the PCR fragment containing exon 3 revealed a previously reported A-to-G transition in the 5′ donor splice site of exon 3 in the proband and in the clinically unaffected father, while direct sequencing of the PCR fragment containing exon 53 revealed a novel glycine substitution G1652R in the proband and in the clinically unaffected mother. Patients with relatively mild DEB and no family history are frequently diagnosed as a de novo case of dominant DEB, although a mild case of RDEB cannot be excluded on the basis of clinical and ultrastructural examination. We proved this case to be a recessively inherited disease. This information had a profound impact on the genetic counselling, because if the disease of the patient were to have had a new dominant mutation, he would have been counselled that the risk of his offspring being affected was one in two, but he could be accurately counselled that the risk of this offspring being affected was as low as the general population. Received: 28 April 1997