ANALYSIS OF TESTICULAR MIGRATION DURING THE FETAL PERIOD IN HUMANS

Purpose

We present an analysis concerning the testicular migration and its position correlated to body weight, crown-rump length and gestational age during the fetal period in humans without congenital abnormalities.

Materials and Methods

We studied bilaterally 142 testes taken from 71 fresh human fetuses between 10 and 35 weeks after conception. The fetuses were also evaluated in regard to crown-rump length and body weight. The position of the testes was correlated to the fetal parameters.

Results

In 37 fetuses (74 testes) at 10 to 23 weeks after conception only 7 testes (9.45%) had migrated from the abdomen and were situated in the inguinal canal, in 19 fetuses (38 testes) at 24 to 26 weeks after conception 22 testes (57.9%) had migrated from the abdomen and in 9 fetuses (18 testes) at 27 to 29 weeks after conception only 3 testes (16.7%) had not descended to the scrotum. The testes had not descended into the scrotum in any fetus weighing 990 gm. or less and with a crown-rump length of 24.5 cm. or less. On the other hand, in all fetuses weighing more than 1,220 gm. and with a crown-rump length of more than 27.5 cm. the testis was in the scrotum.

Conclusions

Until 23 weeks after conception the majority of testes remain in the abdomen. The more intense migration of the testes through the inguinal canal occurred between 21 and 25 weeks after conception. After 30 weeks after conception all testes were descended to the scrotum in all fetuses.     

富血小板血浆制备套装的评估研究

目的通过分析富血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)中血小板、白细胞和生长因子的浓度,计算回收率和富集系数,并做相关性分析,探讨PRP制备套装的实用性和稳定性。方法取30例符合纳入标准的自愿者自愿捐赠的外周血各40mL,应用山东威高集团医用高分子制品股份有限公司的PRP制备套装制备PRP各4mL。全自动血液分析仪计数全血和PRP中血小板和白细胞浓度,并计算血小板或白细胞回收率及富集系数;并分别测定男、女自愿者血小板及白细胞浓度。ELISA法定量分析激活后全血及PRP中PDGF、TGF-β、VEGF的浓度。结果全血和PRP中血小板浓度分别为(131.40±29.44)×109/L和(819.47±136.32)×109/L,比较差异有统计学意义(t=—27.020,P=0.000);PRP中血小板回收率为60.85%±8.97%,富集系数为6.40±1.06。全血和PRP中白细胞浓度分别为(5.57±1.91)×1012/L和(32.20±10.42)×1012/L,比较差异有统计学意义(t=—13.780,P=0.000);PRP中白细胞回收率为58.30%±19.24%,富集系数为6.10±1.93。PRP中血小板浓度和白细胞浓度分别与全血中血小板浓度(r=0.652,P=0.000)和白细胞浓度(r=0.460,P=0.011)成正相关。男性组和女性组PRP中血小板浓度和白细胞浓度比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PRP中PDGF、TGF-β、VEGF浓度分别为(698.15±64.48)、(681.36±65.90)、(1071.55±106.04)ng/mL,是全血的(5.67±1.18)、(6.99±0.61)、(5.74±0.83)倍。PRP中PDGF浓度(r=0.832,P=0.020)、TGF-β浓度(r=0.835,P=0.019)、VEGF浓度(r=0.824,P=0.023)均与PRP中血小板浓度成正相关。结论 PRP制备套装可以稳定地制备出富含高浓度血小板、白细胞和生长因子的PRP。     

人类精子运动的浊度分析

浊度分析法是以位于比色杯底的细胞悬液里的精子首先会向上游入介质为基础的。由于这些精子不断地进入介质,就会产生一个随时间迁移而增加的吸光度值的变化。一般扫描持续600秒钟,可得到快速运动相精子(FRM)的百分含量和它们的平均速度(VRM)。用这种方法我们检测了50位有生育力的和23位患精子乏力型不育症的人精液。结果发现:正常人及乏力型不育患者FRM分别为4.15％和4％。YRM分别是79.11μm/sec和31.66μm/sec。而且无论是有生育力还是不育患者。FRM和YRM之间无相关性。我们应用浊度法所测得的快速运动相精子,很可能是完成受精的最好候选者。为此,这种方法可用作估价人类精子受精能力的指标。     

人精子有效抗原的分析

本实验运用免疫性不育症患者血清和精浆中抗精子抗体对精子可溶性抗原的有效决定簇进行了SDS-PAGE和Westera Blot法的分析。结果表明:1.经反复冻融所提取的精子可溶性抗原具有较高的特异性。2.男性血清中抗精子抗体的靶抗原种类多于女性。3.精浆中抗精子抗体的靶抗原种类多于血清。4.精子抗原中58KD_a、69KD_a和91KD_a成份为抗精子抗体阳性的男性血清和精浆、女性血清共同识别的靶抗原。5.精子抗原中20KD_a成份可能是刺激男性生殖道淋巴组织产生与免疫不育有关抗体的特异性、功能性抗原。提示由于精子抗原对生殖道刺激产生抗体的方式、途径和部位不同,导致血清和精浆中抗精子抗体的克隆数不同。     

人精子鞘糖脂组分的纯化与分析

为进一步探索人精子鞘糖脂(hsGSL)在精卵识别中的重要作用,本文采用了Ladisch分配,Vance法,高效薄板层析及薄层扫描等方法对hsGSL进行了纯化、鉴定和定量.人精了神经节苷脂(hsGls)中脂结合唾液酸的含量为0.18±0.05μg/10~8个精子细胞;人精子中性鞘糖脂(hsNGSL)中鞘氨醇的含量为0.64±0.10μg/10~8个精子细胞.hsGls主要由GM3(26.93±8.82%),GM2(15.60±3.35%),GD3(28.94±4.02%),GDla(18.56±3.42%),及GTlb(9.87±1.56%)五种组分组成.hsNGSL主要由CMH(10.95±4.41%),CDH(16.09±2.0%),CTH-1(32.73±0.09%),CTH-2(20.95±3.05%),CQH(11.24±1.74%)及CPH(8.04±0.57%)六种组分组成.     

抗人大肠癌免疫毫微球的制备及其抗癌效果观察

目的 制备抗人大肠癌免疫毫微球,并观察其活性及疗效。方法 抗人大肠癌单克隆抗体ＳＣ３Ａｂ通过异型双功能交联剂ＳＰＤＰ与载５－Ｆｕ人血清白蛋白毫球〔ＨＳＡ（５－Ｆｕ－ＮＳ〕偶联,制成抗人大肠癌免疫毫微球ＳＣ３Ａｂ－ＨＳＡ（５－Ｆｕ）－ＮＳ。使用凝集试验及免疫荧光检 春活性,光镜和电镜下观察其与大肠癌细胞ＳＷ１１１６的特异性结合。ＭＴＴ法检测该免疫毫微球的体外杀伤性。于人大肠癌裸鼠模型上分别使用ＳＣ３Ａｂ－ＨＳＡ（５－Ｆｕ）－ＮＳ、ＨＳＡ（５－Ｆｕ）－ＮＳ及５－Ｆｕ,检测三乾的肿瘤抑制率。结果 ＳＣ３Ａｂ－ＨＳＡ（５－Ｆｕ）－ＮＳ具有单抗活性,能与大肠癌细胞特异结合;其体外杀伤ＳＷ１１１６细胞ＩＣ５０值为２４．６ｕｇ／ｍｌ,与ＨＳＡ（５－Ｆｕ）－ＮＳ（３４５．３ｕｇ／ｍｌ）及５－Ｆｕ（３２５．６ｕｇ／ｍｌ）相比,明     

脱细胞羊膜的制备及其生物相容性研究

目的制备脱细胞人羊膜(HAAM),检测其细胞相容性和组织相容性,探讨其作为组织工程支架材料的可行性. 方法新鲜人羊膜经漂洗后戊二醛交联,0.5%SDS震摇24小时,胰蛋白酶消化4小时,充分漂洗,冷冻干燥,分装,环氧乙烷消毒备用.倒置相差显微镜和扫描电镜观察表面结构,测量孔径,并作HE、Mallory染色.体外培养人成纤维细胞并复合于HAAM,倒置相差显微镜和扫描电镜观察细胞的黏附、生长,四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法测定HAAM浸提液对培养的人成纤维细胞的细胞毒性.将HAAM植入SD大鼠背部皮下,观察其组织相容性. 结果 HAAM的一面为网状结构,孔径为10～80 nm,另一面为致密纤维结构.HE、Mallory染色表明材料无细胞残留,均为胶原组成.成纤维细胞能在HAAM上黏附、增殖.MTT示材料细胞毒性为0或1级,动物埋置实验无异常反应. 结论应用去垢剂-酶消化法处理新鲜人羊膜,能有效去除组织中的细胞和可溶性成分,可进一步降低其免疫原性,保留基质及网状结构,有良好的细胞相容性和组织相容性,可作为组织缺损的修复材料及组织工程的膜支架材料.     

乳腺癌组织中细胞粘附分子CD15的定量研究

为了探讨细胞粘附分子ＣＤ１５表达及含量与乳腺癌分化程度和淋巴结转移状况的关系,应用微波－ＳＰ法和图像分析技术,对９４例乳腺癌和１０例正常乳腺组织中ＣＤ１５的表达及含量进行检测。结果：ＣＤ１５表达阳性物质在正常乳腺中有很极性地位于腺上皮游高面,而在乳腺癌中主要分布于浆膜;ＣＤ１５表达阳性率和图像定量分析平均光密度值在乳腺癌组织中均显著高于正常乳腺组织,并均随乳腺癌分化程度减低和淋巴结转移而     

ANALYSIS OF nm23 GENE EXPRESSIONS IN HUMAN BLADDER AND RENAL CANCERS

We measured nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 mRNA levels in tissues from 22 human bladder cancers and 16 renal cell carcinomas, and in 7 bladder cancer and 6 renal cancer cell lines by Northern blot and slot blot hybridization analyses. Differences in mRNA levels were evaluated in primary tumor tissues and in paired normal tissues and cell lines. Moreover, nrh23 gene expression in primary tumor tissues was compared with clinicopathological features. High nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 expression was observed in cancerous areas of human bladder tissue ( nm23-H1 : p = 0.001, nm23-H2 : p = 0.001) and bladder cancer cell lines ( nm23-H1: p = 0.001, nm23-H2: p< 0.001) compared with that in normal bladder mucosa. However, mRNA levels of both nm23 genes were not associated with histological grade, pathological stage, tumor metastasis or prognosis. On the other hand, in human renal cell carcinomas, levels of both nm23 mRNAs in tumor tissues were similar to those in paired normal kidneys, but elevated in cultured cell lines ( nm23-H1: p= 0.002, nm23-H2: p = 0.014). Moreover, there was a tendency towards high nm23 gene expression in grade 2 tumors compared with grade 1 (grade 1 vs grade 2, nm23-H1: p = 0.107, nm23-H2: p = 0.008; no grade 3 tumors in this study) and in high stage renal cancers (stage II vs stage III, nm23-H1: p = 0.023, nm23-H2: p = 0.005). From these results, we suggest that reduced nm23 mRNA levels are not associated with metastasis of either bladder or renal cancers and there may be some tissue-specific differences in the expression patterns of nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 in human cancers.     

LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF FIXED PATIENT FACTORS FOR POSTOPERATIVE SICKNESS: A MODEL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT

One hundred and forty-seven patients undergoing minor orthopaedicsurgery were studied prospec-tively by logistic regression analysisto determine the association of independent fixed patient factorswith the incidence of postoperative sickness (nausea, retchingor vomiting). Gender, history of previous postoperative sicknness,postoperative opioids and interaction between gender and previoushistory of sickness were significant independent factors forpostoperative sickness; history of motion sickness was weaklyassociated. The probability of postoperative sickness in thefirst 24 h after surgery may be estimated from the equation:log it postoperative sickness = –5.03+2.24(postoperativeopioids) + 3.97 (previous sickness history) + 2.4(gender) +0.78 (motion sickness)—3.2(gender x previous sicknesshistory). (Log likelihood ratio test for 5 degrees of freedomfor the coefficients, chi-square = 53.5 (P < 0.001).) Itis suggested that the calculated probability for sickness maybe a useful addition for balancing patient treatment groupsand allowing between-study comparisons. (Br. J. Anaesth. 1993;70:135–140)     

自体富血小板凝胶的制备及其生长因子分析

目的 探讨不同离心方法 制备自体富血小板凝胶(autologous platelet-rich gel,APG)的方法 ,通过改变离心速度比较不同的离心力对PLT富集的影响分析全血和APG中5种生长因子浓度.方法 对13例糖尿病难治性皮肤溃疡患者行APG治疗.取11例自身外周静脉血,分别用3种离心速度制备富血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP).A组(n=6)先以529×g离心4 min,再以854×g离心6 minB组(n=5)先以313×g离心4 min,再以1252×g离心6 min;C组(n=5)先以176×g离心5 min,再以1 252×g离心5 min.将离心后制得的PRP与凝血酶.钙剂以101混合凝固后制备APG,用于患者皮肤溃疡的治疗.采用全自动血细胞分析仪计数各组全血和PRP中PLT数量.采用酶联免疫吸附法测定全血和APG中PDGF.BB、VEGF、IGF.1、EGF和TGF.a1 5种生长因子浓度.结果 A组PRP中PLT数量为(779.67±352.39)×109/L,较全血的(263.50±76.63)×109/L提高(2.98±1.42)倍,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);PLT回收率为51.5%±22.2%.B组PRP中PLT数量最高,为(1363.80±919.74)X 109/L,较全血的(232.80±127.99)×109/L提高(5.91±2.04)倍,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);PLT回收率为75.2%±21.0%,明显高于A组(P＜0.05).全血和APG中PDGF-BB、EGF、IGF-1以及TGF-a.浓度分别为(145.94±133.24)、(503.81±197.86)pg/mL,(160.73±71.10)、(265.95±138.43)pg/mL,(14.54±35.34)、(110.56±84.36)ng/mL,(3.31±2.27)、(5.67±4.80)ng/mL,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);VEGF浓度升高,两者间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).对数转换后的PLT数量与PDGF-BB、TGF-a1浓度成正相关,相关系数r分别为0.627和0.437(P＜0.05).13例患者共行18次APG治疗,其中9例治疗12周溃疡愈合,愈合率为69.2%;10例窦道愈合,愈合率为83.3%.结论 以313×g离心4 min,再以1252×g离心6 min是制备PRP的最佳方法 ;APG中生长因子浓度高于全血;PLT数量与PDGF-BB、TGF-a1浓度成正相关.     

CORRELATION OF ALVEOLAR PCO2 ESTIMATED BY INFRA-RED ANALYSIS AND ARTERIAL PCO2 IN THE HUMAN NEONATE AND THE RABBIT

The performance of an infra-red analyser (Beckman LB-2) in samplingalveolar gas at ventilatory frequencies and volumes occuringin the human neonate has been examined. The optimum samplingflow rate was found to be 300 ml/min; at this flow the 90% responsetime of the analyser-catheter system was 140 ms. Correlationof estimated alveolar P2 and arterial PCO₂ was performed inthe rabbit which has a ventilatory rate and tidal volume similarto those of the human neonate. There was a good correlationbetween maximum end-expired PCO₂ (PÉCO₂) and arterialPCO₂ over a wide range of ventilatory rates (10–100 b.p.m.);maximum PÉCO₂ was a better index than mean PÉCO₂or alveolar plateau PÉCO₂