肌电反馈放松训练对大学生失眠症治疗作用的初步探索

目的: 探究肌电反馈放松训练对大学生失眠症的治疗作用.方法: 采用肌电反馈放松训练对36例失眠症患者进行治疗,在治疗前后让失眠症患者填写抑郁自评量表、焦虑自评量表,并记录治疗前后被试的睡眠多导图和肌电值.结果: 与治疗前相比,治疗后被试的睡眠潜伏期缩短(32.9 4±22.6/85.7 4±52.8,P=0.015),觉醒次数减少(1.8±0.8/3.5 4±1.5,P=0.031),快速眼动睡眠期时间延长(78.7 4±22.9/42.5±24.5,P=O.033),3期、4期睡眠时间延长(56.0 4±39.4/31.9 4±26.2,P±=0.024),睡眠效率提高(78.1 4±11.2/64.3 4±21.3,P=0.027);焦虑自评量表得分和抑郁自评量表得分均降低(30.9 4±5.3/35.7 4±5.8、40.9 ±8.6/43.7 4±6.2,P=0.027、0.016);肌电值降低(2.6 4±0.9/0.8±4±O.2,P=0.017).结论: 肌电反馈放松训练具有放松肌肉、缓解紧张、改善睡眠的作用.     

A Multi-Response Analysis of Learned Heart Rate Control

Thirty college students were classified on the basis of cold-pressor blood pressure responses and then randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. One group merely tracked a visual analog display of their heart rate (tracking group). A second group attempted to increase and decrease its heart rate without the visual display (no-feedback group). A third group attempted to increase and decrease their heart rates with the aid of the visual heart rate display (feedback group). Results indicated that the heart rate changes produced by both the feedback and no-feedback groups were significantly greater than those observed in the tracking group. There was no significant difference between the former two groups. Results also demonstrated that high cold-pressor reactors were able to produce significantly larger heart rate changes than the low reactor subjects. A correlational analysis of physiological responses accompanying heart rate change suggested that the response topographies of the high and low cold-pressor reactors differed as well. Finally, results indicated no relationship between coronary-prone personality characteristics, as measured by the Jenkins Activity Scale, and either cold-pressor reactivity or heart rate control performance.     

教学反馈评价在临床医学博士后培养中的探索

目的探讨基于胜任力培养的教学反馈及反馈效果评价在北京协和医院临床医学博士后培养过程中的应用效果。方法以2018年度临床医学博士后教学反馈效果为研究对象,利用李克特五级量表采集反馈评价,结合开放性描述讨论该反馈评价指标体系的应用。结果在“个体化程度”“重视程度”“材料准备”方面,13个科室平均分在4分以上,“反馈技巧”平均分为3.6,说明科室在反馈技巧方面有待提升。结论反馈效果评价指标体系的建立有助于提升教学反馈水平和临床医学博士后核心胜任力的培养质量,值得进一步优化与推广。     

Reward‐related neural dysfunction across depression and impulsivity: A dimensional approach

Recent theoretical models underline reward sensitivity as a potential endophenotype for major depressive disorder. Neural and behavioral evidence reveals depression is associated with reduced reward sensitivity. However, reward dysfunction is not unique to depression, as it is also common across disorders of poor impulse control. We examined the interrelationships of depression (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale [DASS‐21]) and impulsivity (UPPS‐P Impulsive Behavior Scale) with reward sensitivity among a large, representative sample (N = 260). ERPs were recorded to isolate two neural indicators of consummatory reward processing: initial evaluation of rewards in the 250–350 ms time window postonset of feedback (reward positivity [RewP]), and salience to monetary outcomes (P3). Significant interactions were observed between depression and impulsivity facets across these two stages of reward processing: depression and positive urgency predicted RewP amplitude to reward outcomes (win vs. loss); depression and one other impulsivity trait, (lack of) premeditation, predicted P3 amplitude to monetary outcomes. Conversely, high symptoms of depression were related to three biobehavioral profiles: (1) blunted RewP in conjunction with high positive urgency, (2) combination of blunted RewP and low (lack of) premeditation, and (3) blunted P3 to monetary wins/losses, in conjunction with low (lack of) premeditation. Findings illustrate that reward‐related dysfunctions may be optimally conceptualized when examining the interactions between dimensions of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology.     

大学生网络效能感与时间管理倾向的关系

目的:初步考察大学生网络效能感与时间管理倾向之间的关系。方法:采用大学生网络效能感问卷、青少年时间管理倾向问卷对348名男生,288名女生进行测量。结果:大学生在网络效能感各维度上均表现出显著的性别差异,男生网络效能感显著高于女生;网络自我效能感与时间管理倾向之间存在显著正相关;反馈性、优先级、时间管理行为效能对大学生网络效能感有显著预测作用。结论:大学生网络效能感存在显著的性别差异;大学生的时间监控感和时间效能感是网络效能感的有效预测因素。     

高三学生考试焦虑影响因素的研究

目的 探讨高三学生考试焦虑的影响因素.方法 采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ-少年式)、应付方式问卷、亲子沟通问卷、领悟社会支持量表和考试焦虑问卷量表对496名高三学生进行问卷调查.结果 人格中的神经质、应对方式中的不成熟应对或混合型应对、亲子沟通中的问题沟通均能显著影响高三学生考试焦虑.在考试焦虑的影响因素中,影响作用最大的是不成熟应对,其次是神经质.结论 培养健康人格和训练成熟的应对方式是缓解高三学生考试焦虑的重要途径.     

Comparative efficacy of biofeedback and stress inoculation for stress reduction

Evaluated the comparative effectiveness of frontalis electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback, a primarily somatic intervention, and stress inoculation, a self-instructional form of cognitive-behavior therapy. Both treatments were compared with a waiting list control group on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Teaching Anxiety Scale (N = 24). Multivariate assessment on all four dependent measures indicated that both the frontalis feedback and stress inoculation groups improved significantly more than the no treatment control, but did not differ overall from one another. The stress inoculation group showed more improvement in self-reported anxiety than the EMG group, while the EMG group tended to do better than the stress inoculation group on blood pressure measures. The untreated control group regressed somewhat across all measures. It was proposed that each treatment may have specific effects that might suggest which treatment would be indicated for a particular client.     

Psychosocial assessment by phone for high-scoring patients taking the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: communication pathways and strategies

Summary The well-documented risks associated with perinatal depression provide a strong argument for universal screening. However, uncertainty about what to do with findings is a significant barrier to implementing screenings where obstetric care is provided. Based on experience with a comprehensive screening program, we describe a protocol for those critical communication pathways that encourage a dynamic phone exchange between a mental health caller and the patient who has scored in the high range on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. In addition, we present guidelines for developing an action plan for addressing intervention needs and closing the feedback loop to the original administrators of the scale.     

Performance monitoring among non-patients with obsessive-compulsive symptoms: ERP evidence of aberrant feedback monitoring

Electrophysiological studies have shown that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with hyperactive performance monitoring, as indexed by the error-related negativity (ERN). The aim of the present study was to determine whether feedback monitoring is enhanced in addition to error monitoring among young adults with obsessive-compulsive symptomatology during performance of a learning task. The ERN was equivalent in amplitude for low and high OC groups. The feedback-related negativity (FRN) was more negative following presentation of incorrect feedback relative to correct feedback for the low OC group. For the high OC group, the FRN was equivalent in amplitude for correct and incorrect feedback. Young adults with high levels of obsessive-compulsive symptoms demonstrate aberrant feedback monitoring characterised by a lack of differentiation to the valence of feedback. This pattern of results may be indicative of a cognitive bias in outcome prediction associated with obsessive-compulsive symptomatology.     

Anxiety and Feedback as Factors in Operant Heart Rate Control

Thirty-three Ss were chosen on the basis of their Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale scores. Eleven Ss were assigned to each of three groups, low anxiety (LA), medium anxiety (MA), and high anxiety (HA). The study was then carried out to determine the relationships between manifest anxiety, amount of feedback, and heart rate (HR) control. Each S attempted to synchronize his HR with a series of clicks so that each heartbeat (R wave) would occur within .2 sec after a click. Each S was tested alternately with non-augmented biofeedback (NAF), and with visually augmented feedback (AF) during several test periods. Overall, Ss were found to be able to produce a significantly higher than chance percentage of heartbeats in the .2 sec interval in spite of the fact that HA Ss had a negative mean HR control score. MA Ss' mean score was significantly higher than that of the HA Ss. Different physiological characteristics were found to be significantly correlated with successful HR control depending upon which anxiety group S was in. No significant difference was found between NAF and AF conditions.     

Aging, probabilistic learning and performance monitoring

This study examined age-related alterations in electrocortical indices of performance monitoring in a probabilistic learning situation. The results showed differences between younger and older adults in the modulation of response- and feedback-related negativities by feedback validity. In younger adults, the error-related negativity/error negativity (ERN/Ne) was larger than the correct response-related negativity (CRN) in the high and medium feedback validity condition, whereas the feedback-related negativity (FRN) differentiated between positive and negative feedback in the low feedback validity condition. In older adults, amplitudes of the ERN/Ne and the CRN were dissociated only in the high feedback validity condition and the FRN did not differ between positive and negative feedback. This finding might suggest that performance monitoring is more prone to interference by probabilistic information in older adults. Further, the salience of negative feedback seems reduced with age.     

大学生群体的完美主义聚类研究

目的:对大学生进行完美主义聚类分析.方法:175名大学生回答Frost多维完美主义量表、三维完美主义量表、流调中心用抑郁量表、自尊量表、积极情感、消极情感量表.结果:二步聚类分析结果表明存在适应性(适应性维度得分较高、非适应性维度得分较低)、非适应性(适应性、非适应性维度得分较高)、非完美主义者(适应性、非适应性维度得分较低)三类群体;与非适应性完美主义者相比,适应性、非完美主义者积极心理适应水平较高,消极心理适应水平较低,适应性完美主义者积极情感水平高于非完美主义者.结论:存在适应性、非适应性、非完美主义者三类群体,适应性完美主义者最健康,非适应性完美主义者心理健康程度最低.     

人际交往训练对大学生人际交往能力及心理健康水平的影响

目的探讨人际交往团体训练对提高大学生人际交往能力和心理健康水平的影响。方法选取15名大学生进行人际交往干预训练,采用羞怯量表、社交回避与苦恼量表(SAD)、交流恐惧自陈量表(PRCA-24)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行评估。结果实验组在SCL-90总分及强迫、人际关系敏感、恐怖3个因子分上,训练后比训练前有显著下降(P<0.05),而对照组没有显著差异;实验组训练后社交回避与苦恼量表(P<0.05)、交流恐惧量表、羞怯量表得分显著低于训练前(P<0.01),对照组没有显著变化;训练后实验组在社交回避与苦恼、交流恐惧(P<0.01)、羞怯量表得分显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而训练前没有显著差异。结论通过人际交往团体心理训练,能够改善大学生强迫、人际关系敏感、恐怖等因子,提高其心理健康水平;对大学生人际交往的社交回避与苦恼、交流恐惧、羞怯等能够产生积极的改善作用;人际交往训练有助于改善被训练者的主观感受,对人际交往产生积极的期待。     

Reduction of anticipatory brain activity in anxious people and regulatory effect of response-related feedback

Elevated anxiety levels degrade task performance, likely because of cognitive function reduction in the frontoparietal brain network. This study aimed to test whether anxiety could impact the frontal cortex anticipatory brain functions and to investigate the possible beneficial effect of response-related feedback on task performance. The electroencephalographic activity was recorded while participants performed two Go/No-go tasks: one with response-related feedback on errors (feedback task) and one task without feedback (standard task). We first tested whether anxiety levels could be associated with pre-stimulus ERP components such as the prefrontal negativity (pN), linked with top-down attentional control, and the Bereitschaftspotential (BP), related to motor preparation. Then, we assessed whether feedback could affect anxious people's brain preparation, reducing the state of uncertainty and improving performance. Results showed that the pN was almost absent and the BP was lower during a standard task in the high anxiety than in the low anxiety group. In the feedback task, these components increased in the high anxious, becoming comparable to the low anxious. Behavioral results showed that false alarms in the high anxiety group were larger than in the low anxiety group during the standard task but became comparable in the feedback task. Similarly, response time in the high anxiety group was slower in the standard task than in the feedback task, and high anxious people were faster in the feedback task than in the standard one. This study contributes to clarifying neural correlates of anxiety, showing brain activity reductions related to action preparation in frontal areas. In addition, response-related feedback tasks could be used to normalize task performance in high anxious people.     

高三学生人格、应对方式、亲子沟通、社会支持与抑郁的关系

目的 探讨高三学生人格、应对方式、亲子沟通、社会支持与抑郁的关系.方法 采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ-少年式)、应付方式问卷、亲子沟通问卷、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)和流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)对496名高三学生进行问卷调查.结果 人格中的神经质、应对方式中的不成熟应对或混合型应对、亲子沟通中的问题沟通均能显著预测高三学生抑郁.在抑郁的影响因素中,影响作用最大的是神经质人格.结论 培养健康人格和训练成熟的应对方式是缓解高三学生抑郁的重要途径.     

Enhancement of male juvenile delinquents' self-concepts through photographed social interations

This study was designed to identify juvenile delinquent boys who had low social self-concepts as measured by the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) and to enhance their self-concepts through a program of photographic feedback of successful social interactions. A total of 30 Ss engaged in social interactions each week for 5 weeks, during which time the interactions were photographed. Compared with the control group, Ss who received the weekly photographic feedback increased in Total Self-concept, Social Self-concept, Personal Self-concept, Identity, and Self-satisfaction as measured by the subscales of the TSCS. The experimental group Ss also showed decreased Maladjustment on the TSCS, as compared with the control group. Compared with the experimental group, the control group showed a decrease on the Behavior subscale of the TSCS.     

图式治疗减轻大学生亲密恐惧的个案研究

运用图式疗法对一个亲密恐惧得分较高的大学生进行了个体心理咨询。干预后个案的各问题量表分数明显降低,而且3个月后的追踪结果也表明这种疗效能持续。提示图式治疗可以有效地帮助大学生减轻亲密恐惧,促进亲密关系的建立。     

Personality correlates of the joy of life

Hypothesized that greater diversity of joy and more intense levels of joy would be associated with low hopelessness, high sensation seeking, the perception of the world as just, and high sensitization as compared with high repression. It also was predicted that female Ss would score higher in sources of joy and in intensity as compared to males. One hundred and thirty-four college students were administered the Joy of Life Scale, Hopelessness Scale, Sensation Seeking Scale, Just World Scale, and Revised Repression-Sensitization Scale. The hypothesis was supported for sensation seeking in that High Sensation Seekers assigned significantly (p < 0.05) higher mean intensity ratings to experiences that produced joy of life than did Low Sensation Seekers. Contrary to expectation, there was a nonsignificant trend for sensitizers, when compared with repressors, to select fewer joy-related experiences and to evaluate these experiences as less joyful. The experiences that most often led to high levels of joy were those referrable to positive emotional events.     

The impact of positive and negative feedback on reaction time in brain-damaged patients

Little is known about the impact of feedback on the reaction times (RTs) of brain-damaged (BD) patients. The authors therefore investigated the effect of positive and negative feedback on these patients, using a 4-choice RT task. Participants were 107 BD patients with different etiologies and 50 orthopedic (OG) control patients. Patients were assigned to 3 groups in which performance-independent negative, positive, and no feedback were given. Statistical analysis showed that negative feedback led to significantly shorter RTs in BD patients. Even BD patients with high depression scores were affected by negative feedback. In contrast, negative feedback had no impact on the RTs of the OG controls, and positive feedback had no influence on the RTs of any group. These results raise some interesting questions about motivational processes in BD patients.     

精神分裂症患者的家庭负担调查

目的评价精神分裂症的家庭负担情况。方法采用家庭负担会谈量表（FBS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）及焦虑自评量表（SA S）,对449例符合CCM D-3诊断标准的精神分裂症患者,调查其家庭照料及经济负担情况。结果在FBS的6个因子中,家庭经济负担、家庭日常活动、家庭娱乐活动、家庭成员心理健康4个因子的阳性回答率较高（高于64%）,家庭关系、家庭成员躯体健康2个因子的阳性回答率较低（低于38%）。男性分裂症照料者家庭经济负担因子分显著高于女性分裂症照料者（P〈0.05）,男性分裂症照料者家庭娱乐活动因子分非常显著高于女性分裂症照料者（P〈0.01）。农村患者FBS的家庭经济负担因子分非常显著高于城镇患者（P〈0.01）,家庭娱乐活动和家庭成员心理健康因子分显著低于城镇患者（P〈0.05）。患者家属SA S均分为（48.86±12.43）分,明显高于正常人（36.42±0.53）均分,两者有非常显著性差异（t=14.14,P〈0.01）;其中超过界限值50分者有253例（56.3%）。449例患者SDS均分为（50.06±8.92）分,明显高于正常人（40.23±8.78）均分,两者有非常显著性差异（t=13.03,P〈0.01）;其中超过界限值53分者有282例（62.8%）。结论精神分裂症造成严重的家庭和经济负担,患者亲属焦虑、抑郁情绪明显高于正常人群。