Effect of D-003, a mixture of high molecular weight primary acids from sugar cane wax, on paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats

D-003 is a mixture of very high molecular weight aliphatic primary acids purified from sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum, L) wax, in which the most abundant component is octacosanoic acid. Experimental studies have shown that D-003 not only shows cholesterol-lowering and antiplatelet effects, but also offers strong protection against plasma lipoprotein oxidation. Previous studies demonstrated that D-003 protected against the histological changes characteristic of Cl4C-induced hepatic injury in rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of D-003 in acute hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly distributed in two experimental series of three experimental groups as follows: group 1--positive control rats (paracetamol-treated); groups 2 and 3--rats with liver damage induced by paracetamol and treated with D-003 at 5 and 25 mg/kg, respectively, and which also received paracetamol to induce liver injury. In experimental series 1, animals received paracetamol orally (600 mg/kg). In series 2, paracetamol was administered through the intraperitoneal route (200 mg/kg). Eighteen hours after paracetamol dosing, rats were anesthetized with ether and livers were removed for histopathological studies. In the two experimental series, D-003 at 5 and 25 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.01) decreased the percentage of turgent cells and hepatocytes with necrosis and increased the percentage of normal hepatocytes with respect to positive controls in a dose-dependent manner. Necrotic areas and inflammatory infiltrates were observed in the liver of nine out of ten (90%) positive controls. In turn, D-003 dramatically reduced both necrotic areas and inflammatory infiltrate and was present in only one out of ten (10%) animals treated in the two experimental series. No histological alterations in liver sections of negative controls were found. D-003 protected against the histological changes characteristic of paracetamol-induced hepatic injury in rats, in which the process of lipid peroxidation plays a major role. The relationship between this protective action of D-003 in this experimental model and its antioxidant effects needs to be further investigated before definitive conclusions are drawn.     

Effects of D-003 (5-200 mg/kg), a mixture of high molecular weight aliphatic acids from sugarcane wax, on bones and bone cell apoptosis in ovariectomized rats

The mevalonate pathway is crucial for osteoclast function. D-003 is a mixture of high molecular weight acids purified from sugarcane wax, which inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis through HMG-CoA reductase regulation. D-003 administered at 50 and 200 mg/kg for 12 weeks prevented bone loss in ovariectomized rats, increasing osteoclast apoptosis. The present study investigated whether the effects of D-003 on bone resorption and osteoclast apoptosis are dose-dependent. Rats were randomized into seven groups (10 rats/group): two control groups orally treated with the vehicle, one false-operated (sham) and another ovariectomized group (positive control), while another four groups received D-003 (5, 25, 50 and 200 mg/kg). The effects on bone resorption and formation were studied through histomorphometry and the effects on apoptosis through immunohistochemistry. D-003 (5-200 mg/kg) dose-dependently and significantly prevented (p < 0.001) changes in trabecular bone and increase in osteoclast surface and number versus ovariectomized controls, leaving osteoblast surfaces unchanged. Across the dose range, D-003 significantly increased (p < 0.05) osteoclast apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and reduced (p < 0.05) osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis versus ovariectomized controls, but these effects did not show dose dependence. In conclusion, D-003 (5-200 mg/kg) orally administered at for 12 weeks prevented bone loss and bone resorption and increased osteoclast apoptosis in ovariectomized rats in a dose-dependent manner. These results are consistent with previous data, showing that D-003 administered at relatively low doses prevents bone loss induced with ovariectomy, which could be useful to prevent or treat bone loss in postmenopausal women. Further experimental and clinical studies, however, are needed to confirm these findings.     

Effect of opium addiction on lipid profile and atherosclerosis formation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits

In some Asian and Middle Eastern societies, opium consumption has traditionally been regarded as a way to lower blood lipids and to prevent heart diseases. This could eventually lead to addiction.In this study, the effect of oral opium consumption on serum lipids and atherogenesis in rabbits was investigated.Twenty-eight male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into control, hypercholesterolemic, addicted, and hypercholesterolemic-addicted groups and were studied for 3 months. Serum lipid profile was determined at the beginning of the study and at 1 month intervals thereafter. At the end of the study period, aortic plaque formation was assessed.Compared with control, in the hypercholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic-addicted groups, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly increased (P<0.01). The increases in lipids and lesion areas in the aorta were higher in hypercholesterolemic-addicted than hypercholesterolemic group (P<0.05).Our findings suggest that opium consumption can have aggravating effects in atherosclerosis formation related with hypercholesterolemia, mainly affecting lipid profile.     

辛伐他汀对血脂正常兔心肌缺血再灌注后瞬间外向钾通道电流的影响

目的： 观察辛伐他汀预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注后瞬间外向钾通道电流（Ito）的影响,探讨他汀类药物抗心律失常的细胞学离子机制。方法: 45只新西兰大耳白兔随机分为3组：缺血再灌注动物模型组（I－R组,结扎冠脉左前降支30 min后再开放120 min）;辛伐他汀治疗组（他汀组,手术前给予辛伐他汀 5 mg·kg-1·d-1）;假手术对照组（只开胸不结扎血管）。采用酶解的方法分离缺血部位心室肌外膜单个心室肌细胞,应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录Ito,同时检测各组血脂水平。结果: 各组动物血脂水平无显著差异。Ito电流密度峰值（＋60 mV）显示：对照组为（17.41± 3.13）pA/pF(n=15),I－R组为（9.49 ±1.91） pA/pF(n=11),低于对照组（P＜0.01）。他汀组为（15.24 ± 2.41） pA/pF (n=11),显著高于I－R组（P＜0.01）,但仍明显小于对照组（P＜0.05）。另外,I－R组Ito失活曲线左移,失活后恢复时间延长,他汀组这些异常也明显恢复。结论: 本研究显示缺血再灌注可导致梗死区心肌细胞Ito明显下降,形成电重构,可引起心肌细胞动作电位延长,为再灌注心律失常的形成机制之一。辛伐他汀预处理可减轻Ito的异常变化,逆转电重构,而不依赖于降血脂效应,可能为他汀类药物降低心律失常发生率的细胞学离子机制。     

Preliminary evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of D-003: Mixture of very long chain fatty acids

D-003 is a mixture of very long chain aliphatic acids purified from sugar cane wax, wherein octacosanoic acid represents the major component. Previous experimental studies have shown that D-003 inhibits platelet aggregation in rodents. Also, its lowers total (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in normocholesterolemic rabbits in a dose-dependent manner and inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis in fibroblast cultures. The present study was performed to investigate the in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic potential effects of D-003 assessed through two tests: the neutral red (NR) assay and the Ames test. Positive and negative controls were included in each experimental series. Compared with controls, no cytotoxicity was evident after 24 and 72 h of treatment with doses up to 1,000 microg/ml in the NR assay. On the other hand, D-003 (5-5,000 microg/plate) did not increase the frequency of reverse mutations in the Ames test in both alternatives with or without S9 mix metabolic activation and a pre-incubation step. The positive control chemicals included in each experiment, namely, treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in the NR assay and sodium azide (NaAz), 2-aminofluorene (AF), and dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) in the Ames test, induced the expected changes, such as a decrease in optical density (OD) values in the NR assay and an increase in the frequency of reverse mutations in the Ames test. The present results indicate that D-003 did not show evidence of cytotoxic or genotoxic potential in tests able to detect the ability of chemicals to disrupt cells (NR assay) or to induce gene mutations (Ames test).     

A specific mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides induces a beneficial immunoglobulin profile in infants at high risk for allergy

Background:  It has been suggested that human breast milk oligosaccharides play a role in the development of the immune system in infants, and may consequently inhibit the onset of allergy. A specific prebiotic mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (GOS/FOS) has been shown to reduce the incidence of atopic dermatitis (AD) at 6 months of age in infants at risk for allergy.
Aim of the study:  This study was aimed to analyze the effect of GOS/FOS on the immune response in these infants.
Methods:  In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study, infants received a hypoallergenic whey formula with either 8 g/l GOS/FOS in a 9 : 1 ratio (IMMUNOFORTIS^TM) or 8 g/l maltodextrine (placebo) for 6 months. At 3 months of age, children were vaccinated with Hexavac against a.o. diphteria, tetanus, polio (DTP). At 6 months of age, plasma samples were collected from 84 infants (verum group n  = 41, placebo group n  = 43). Levels of total immunoglobulins (Ig) and of cow's milk protein (CMP-) and DTP-specific Ig were measured.
Results:  GOS/FOS supplementation led to a significant reduction in the plasma level of total IgE, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3, whereas no effect on IgG4 was observed. CMP-specific IgG1 was significantly decreased. DTP-specific Ig levels were not affected.
Conclusions:  This study shows that GOS/FOS supplementation induces a beneficial antibody profile. GOS/FOS reduces the total Ig response and modulates the immune response towards CMP, while leaving the response to vaccination intact. This suggests that oral GOS/FOS supplementation is a safe method to restrain the atopic march.     

Effects of odd-numbered medium-chain fatty acids on the accumulation of long-chain 3-hydroxy-fatty acids in long-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficient skin fibroblasts

The treatment for patients with genetic disorders of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation is directed toward providing sufficient sources of energy for normal growth and development, and at the same time preventing the adverse effects that precipitate or result from metabolic decompensation. Standard of care treatment has focused on preventing the mobilization of lipids that result from fasting and providing medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) in the diet in order to bypass the long-chain metabolic block. MCTs that are currently available as commercial preparations are in the form of even-chain fatty acids that are predominately a mixture of octanoate and decanoate. Recently, the use of odd-chain fatty acids has been proposed as an alternative treatment. We have shown previously that the even-numbered medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) that are found in MCT preparations can reduce the accumulation of potentially toxic long-chain metabolites of fatty acid oxidation (FAO). In the current study, we undertook to determine if the same is true of odd-numbered MCFAs. We found that provision of odd-chain species does decrease the build-up of long-chain FAO intermediates in our in vitro skin fibroblast model, but to a lesser extent than even-numbered MCFAs.     

Effects of Erxian decoction, a Chinese medicinal formulation, on serum lipid profile in a rat model of menopause

Background

Infantile colic is a common painful clinical condition associated with signs of distended intestines and an increase in colon peristalsis. However, clinical documentation of observed gastrointestinal functions in the condition is still lacking. Even though the ailment is common, no clear treatment guidelines exist. While acupuncture with minimal stimulation has been shown to be effective in reducing crying behaviour of infants suffering from colic, the documented effect of acupuncture on gastrointestinal function in children with infantile colic is scarce. This case series study aims to document the symptoms of routinely rated gastrointestinal function and the changes in these symptoms after minimal acupuncture in a larger group of children with infantile colic.

Methods

This study included 913 infants with normal weights, and lengths at birth. The infants' mean age was 5.4 weeks when the observations started, and had colic symptoms since two weeks after birth. Light needling stimulation of the acupuncture point LI4 was performed for 10-20 seconds bilaterally on a daily basis for a mean of 6.2 consecutive days. A questionnaire with verbal rating scales for the parents' evaluation was used before and after the treatment period.

Results

Before treatment the infants were assessed by the parents in terms of 'often have inflated stomachs' (99%) and 'seldom drool' (76%), 'regurgitate' (53%) and 'belch' (62%). Moreover, the reported frequency of defecation was 5-8 times per day (64%), with a yellowish-green colour (61%) and with a water-thin consistency (74%). After treatment, the variables of inflated stomachs, drooling and regurgitating were systematically changed, and rated by the parents as occurring 'sometimes' while belching was rated as occurring 'often' and the frequency of defecation was reduced to 1-4 times/day with a mustard yellow colour and a gruel-like consistency. The parents also rated their impression of the infants' general colic symptoms including crying behaviour as much ameliorated in 76% of the cases.

Conclusion

The results of the present study show that minimal acupuncture at LI4 in infantile colic is an effective and easy treatment procedure that, furthermore, is reported to be without serious side effects.     

Effects of lipid peroxides on prostacyclin and thromboxane generation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits

Rabbits fed an atherogenic diet for 60 days resulted in high levels of plasma lipid peroxides as well as extreme hypercholesterolemia. Both levels stayed high until 35 days after the atherogenic diet stopped. At the same time, plasma PGI2 level was remarkably decreased while TXA2 and platelet aggregability were increased. Atherosclerotic aortas contain high levels of lipid peroxides associated with decreased PGI2 and increased TXA2 generation. Atherosclerotic plaques had the highest level of lipid peroxides and TXA2 while PGI2 production was the least, as compared with nonplaque tissue of the same artery and the normal arteries. The condition of normal arteries was just the reverse. There was a negative correlation between lipid peroxides and prostacyclin production, and a positive correlation between lipid peroxides and TXA2, in both plasma and aorta of rabbits. These results suggest that there is a close correlation between atherosclerosis, elevated lipid peroxides, and disturbances in PGI2/TXA2 balances.     

银杏叶片联合常规疗法对激素依赖型哮喘患者HPA 轴的影响

目的:观察银杏叶片联合常规疗法对激素依赖型哮喘患者HPA轴的影响。方法:80例激素依赖型哮喘患者随机分成治疗组及对照组每组40例。在逐渐撤减激素量的过程中,对照组每日给予吸入2次普米克令舒,每日剂量为1mg;治疗组在此基础上加服银杏叶片40 mg每日3次,两组疗程均为12周。观察两组撤减激素有效率及治疗前后肺功能、血浆皮质醇(Cortisol,COR)、促肾上腺皮质激素(Adrenocor ticotropic hormone,ACTH)浓度、外周血单个核细胞(Peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC)糖皮质激素受体(Glucocorticoid receptor,GCR)水平变化。结果:治疗组撤减激素有效率为89.47%,对照组有效率为66.67%,两组有显著性差异(P0.01)。治疗前,两组患者肺功能指标(FEV_1、FVC、FEV_1占预计值%、FEV_1/FVC%)、血浆COR、ACTH水平及PBMC GCR水平均无显著统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,治疗组四项肺功能指标、血浆COR及PBMC GCR水平较对照组明显升高(P0.01,P0.05),而血浆ACTH水平较对照组显著下降(P0.01)。相关性分析表明,血浆COR水平及PBMC GCR水平与FEV1/FVC(%)值呈明显正相关(r分别为0.724、0.632,P0.01),血浆ACTH水平与FEV1/FVC(%)值明显负相关(r为-0.668,P0.01)。结论:银杏叶片联合常规疗法可提高激素依赖型哮喘患者撤减激素成功率,改善肺功能萁可能通过调控HPA轴,上调PBMC GCR水平发挥作用。     

Effects of SREBF-1a and SCAP polymorphisms on plasma levels of lipids,severity, progression and regression of coronary atherosclerosis and response to therapy with fluvastatin

Sterol regulatory elements binding factor-1a (SREBF-1a) and SREBF cleavage activating protein (SCAP) regulate lipids homeostasis. Polymorphisms in SREBF-1a and SCAP could affect plasma levels of lipids and risk of atherosclerosis. We determined association of SREBF-1a -36del/G and SCAP 2386A/G genotypes with plasma levels of lipids, severity and progression/regression of coronary atherosclerosis, and response to treatment with fluvastatin in a well-characterized Lipoprotein Coronary Atherosclerosis Study population. Plasma lipids and quantitative indices of coronary atherosclerosis were obtained at baseline and 2.5 years following randomization to fluvastatin or placebo in 372 subjects. Fluvastatin reduced plasma levels of total cholesterol by 16%, LDL-C by 25%, and ApoB by 16% and increased plasma levels of HDL-C by 9% and apoA-1 by 7%. Distributions of SREBF-1a SCAP genotypes were 60 GG, 172 del-G and 140 del-del and 88 GG, 188 GA and 96 AA, respectively. There were no significant differences in baseline plasma levels of lipids or indices of severity of atherosclerosis among the genotypes of each gene. There was a strong graded genotype-treatment interaction between SREBF-1a genotypes and change in apoA-I levels in response to fluvastatin (16.5% increase in GG, 10.5% in del/G, and 0.4% in del/del groups). Modest interactions between SREBF-1a genotypes and changes in HDL-C, and apoC-III levels in response to fluvastatin were also present. No genotype-treatment interaction for progression or regression of coronary atherosclerosis was detected. There were no significant interactions between SCAP genotypes and response to therapy. Thus we detected a strong graded interaction between SREBF-1a -36del/G genotypes and response of plasma apoA-I to treatment with fluvastatin.     

氟伐他汀对哮喘气道重塑的抑制作用及机制研究

目的:探讨氟伐他汀对哮喘气道重塑过程的影响及分子机制。方法:以卵蛋白致敏的豚鼠哮喘模型为对象,观察正常对照组、哮喘组及氟伐他汀+哮喘组之间气道平滑肌肌层厚度的差异。氟伐他汀+哮喘组即每次激发哮喘前30min吸入浓度为05g/L的氟伐他汀2mL。同时采用Dot-blot分子杂交法、免疫组化SABC法检测各组气道ras基因的mRNA和蛋白水平变化。结果:哮喘组气道平滑肌层平均厚度为(7427±330)μm,显著高于正常对照组(3857±337)μm(P<001);氟伐他汀+哮喘组的平滑肌层厚度为(5170±413)μm,明显低于哮喘组(P<005)。哮喘组平滑肌细胞的ras基因表达水平明显高于正常对照组,但氟伐他汀+哮喘组未出现该基因的高表达。结论:氟伐他汀在一定程度上能抑制哮喘气道重塑的病理过程,其发挥效应的机制之一是阻断平滑肌细胞rasp21信号转导途径。     

白藜芦醇对小鼠原代肝细胞脂滴形态和脂滴表面蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨不同浓度白藜芦醇(Res)对小鼠原代肝细胞脂滴形态以及脂滴表面蛋白分子表达水平的影响。方法:采用胶原酶灌注方法,分离培养小鼠原代肝细胞;利用200μmol/L油酸(OA)刺激小鼠原代肝细胞12 h后,加入0、20、50、100μmol/L白藜芦醇,培养12 h后,采用Bodipy493/503染色,荧光显微镜观察肝细胞内脂滴的形态和数量;采用Folch法抽提细胞内脂类,采用定量试剂盒测定甘油三酯(TG)的含量;采用Western blot法分析脂滴表面蛋白perili-pin、adipophilin、TIP-47的表达水平。结果:与空白对照相比,采用20、50、100μmol/L白藜芦醇处理后均能够降低原代肝细胞内的脂滴大小和数量,定量分析显示细胞内TG含量明显降低,并存在剂量依赖关系,但以50μmol/L浓度效果最为显著。Western blot结果显示,白藜芦醇能够降低原代肝细胞中perilipin、adipophilin和TIP-47的表达水平,其中以perilipin下降最为明显。结论:白藜芦醇能够抑制肝细胞内中性脂肪的储积,以50μmol/L浓度效果最为显著。可能通过调节细胞内脂滴表面蛋白的表达水平,从而影响脂滴的储积。     

Influence of Tribulus terrestris extract on lipid profile and endothelial structure in developing atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta of rabbits on a high-cholesterol diet

The aim of this study was to investigate the pleotropic effects of an extract of a traditional herb, Tribulus terrestris (TT), on the lipid profile and vascular endothelium of the abdominal aorta in New Zealand rabbits fed a cholesterol-rich diet. Eighteen rabbits were randomly divided into three groups (n=6 for each). One experimental group (EG-I) was given a cholesterol-rich diet, a second experimental group (EG-II) was treated with TT following a cholesterol-rich diet, and a control group (CG) was fed a standard diet. Blood samples were collected on day 0 and then at weeks 4 and 12 to determine total serum cholesterol (TC), high density lipid-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipid-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels. Tissues were collected from the abdominal aorta for immunohistochemistry and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In EG-II, the serum lipid profile was significantly lower than that of EG-I at week 12 with a reduction of TC: 65%; LDL-C: 66%; HDL-C: 64%; TG: 55%. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that endothelial damage was more prominent in EG-I compared to EG-II. The ruptured endothelial linings and damaged cellular surfaces increased in EG-I compared to EG-II. Our data indicate that dietary intake of TT can significantly lower serum lipid profiles, decrease endothelial cellular surface damage and rupture and may partially repair the endothelial dysfunction resulting from hyperlipidemia.     

舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔和硬膜外联合麻醉分娩镇痛对新生儿的影响

目的 观察舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔和硬膜外联合麻醉分娩镇痛对新生儿的影响.方法 选择产科无椎管内麻醉及无阴道试产禁忌证的足月单胎头位初产妇100例,随机分为两组.Ⅰ组(n=50)产妇给予0.5 mg/L舒芬太尼联合0.1％罗哌卡因,蛛网膜下腔麻醉单次用药1.5 ml,硬膜外自控镇痛持续剂量5 ml/h,锁定时间15 min.Ⅱ组(n=50)产妇给予0.1％罗哌卡因,蛛网膜下腔麻醉单次用药1.5 ml,硬膜外自控镇痛持续剂量5 ml/h,锁定时间15 min.观察分娩镇痛效果,于分娩镇痛开始后10(T1)、30(T2)、60 min(T3)及120 min(T4)记录产妇镇痛评分(VAS评分),记录镇痛泵的进药容量、总按压次数(D1)/实际有效进药次数(D2)值.两组新生儿出生后即行血气分析,记录新生儿阿氏评分(Apgar),新生儿出生后连续5d进行新生儿神经行为评分(NBNA)及测定新生儿黄疸指数、体质量及血糖.结果 两组产妇T1～T4时点VAS评分的差异无统计学意义.D1/D2比值在T1、T2时点差异无统计学意义,而在T3、T4时点Ⅱ组高于Ⅰ组(2.5±1.0比1.5±0.9,2.8±1.2比2.1±0.6,均P＜0.05).镇痛泵的进药总量Ⅱ组也高于Ⅰ组[ (21.2±3.1) ml比(12±4.5) ml,P＜0.05].两组新生儿出生后5d内的NBNA、黄疸指数、生理性体质量下降幅度及血糖之间差异均无统计学意义.结论 0.5 mg/L舒芬太尼联合0.1％罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔和硬膜外联合麻醉分娩镇痛可提供良好的镇痛效果,对新生儿具有良好的安全性.     

Characterization of the pharmacologic profile of a standardized soy extract in the ovariectomized rat model of menopause: effects on bone, uterus, and lipid profile

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to assess the effect of a standardized soy extract (SSE, Soyselect) in the ovariectomized rat model of menopause. DESIGN: Ovariectomized rats were treated for 6 weeks with the soy extract (50 or 100 mg/kg/day - PO), vehicle (distilled water), or 17beta-estradiol (0.5 mg/kg/day - PO). Tissue-specific estrogen agonist effects were examined using the endpoints bone mineral density, biochemical parameters of bone turnover, modulation of cytokines involved in the bone remodeling, uterine weight, uterine histology, uterine hormone receptor status, and serum lipid level. RESULTS: The SSE produced a bone-sparing effect associated with a slowing down in the increased bone turnover observed after ovariectomy (as indicated by measurements of serum osteocalcin levels and excretion ratio of deoxypyridinoline); changes in serum interleukin-6 levels observed after SSE suggested that this bone-sparing effect could be partly attributed to the modulation of osteoclastogenesis induced by interleukin-6. Remarkably, organ weight data and histopathologic analysis did not show any stimulatory activity of the SSE on the uterus. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant down-regulation of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) in uterine epithelium after 17beta-estradiol treatment, but not after treatment with the SSE; no significant differences among groups were observed in ER-alpha uterine stromal levels. After treatment with 17beta-estradiol, estrogen receptor-beta (ER-beta) expression was not modulated in the stroma or epithelium, whereas the SSE induced an up-regulation of ER-beta stromal expression. Collectively, these results suggest that the lack of stimulatory activity on the uterine epithelium using soy treatment could be due to a negligible stimulatory activity on estrogen receptor-alpha and/or to the enhanced expression observed in stromal ER-beta, the latter being considered as a negative modulator of ERalpha-mediated uterine proliferation. 17beta-estradiol, but not the SSE, down-regulated uterine epithelial progesterone receptor (PR), compared with ovariectomized rats. In the stromal compartment, progesterone receptor expression was fully up-regulated by 17beta-estradiol treatment and, to a lesser extent, by SSE treatment. The minor increase in lipid levels induced by ovariectomy was not affected by SSE administration. Finally, the lack of stimulatory activity on uterus was also confirmed in an immature female rat model. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that the tested extract has an interesting profile of tissue-specific response, in that it is efficacious in preventing experimental osteoporosis without causing stimulation in uterus at doses that are effective in bone.     

二甲双胍对糖尿病患者BG、Ins、PAI-1及血脂水平变化的影响分析

目的：研究二甲双胍对糖尿病患者血糖（BG）、胰岛素（Ins）、血清纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子-1（PAI-1）及血脂水平变化的影响分析。方法选取2010年1月至2012年12月于本院就诊治疗的糖尿病患者124例,以数字法随机分为对照组（62例）和观察组（62例）。对照组患者行格列齐特缓释片治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用二甲双胍进行治疗。观察2组患者BG、Ins、PAI-1及血脂水平变化,并对其进行对比分析。结果观察组患者治疗后BG、Ins及PAI-1值分别为（7.6±4.7）、（9.2±2.8）、（60.2±17.9）μg/L,均显著低于对照组的（10.4±3.6）、（12.5±4.7）、（69.6±22.3）μg/L,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组患者胆固醇、三酰甘油以及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平分别为（2.09±0.58）、（4.48±0.51）、（2.14±0.59） mmol/L,均显著低于对照组的（2.41±0.47）、（5.17±0.63）、（3.07±0.62） mmol/L,差异亦均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组患者正常R-R间期标准差（SDNN）、相邻正常的R-R间期差值均方的平方根（RMSSD）与相邻R-R间期差值大于50 ms心搏数所占百分比（PNN50）分别为（48.4±8.5） ms、（23.7±5.4） ms、12.1%±0.6%,均显著高于对照组的（35.6±7.8） ms、（16.6±5.1）ms、8.7%±0.9%,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论二甲双胍对糖尿病患者BG、Ins、PAI-1及血脂水平均能进行有效控制及改善,对患者而言十分有利,且其安全性好,值得临床推荐。