深圳市4～10岁儿童气质特征及类型分布研究

【目的】探讨深圳市盐田区4～10岁儿童气质特点和类型分布,为改善儿童心理行为问题提供理论依据。【方法】采用随机整群抽样的方法,抽取深圳市盐田区1139名4～10岁儿童为研究对象,应用中国3～7岁儿童气质量表(Chinese Preschool Children Temperament Scale,CPTS)、中国8～12岁儿童气质量表(Chinese School Children Tem-perament Scale,CSTS)以及自制的儿童基本情况调查表,进行气质测查和基本情况调查。【结果】①1139例4～10岁儿童的气质类型为平易型占45.7%,中间偏易型占27.1%,麻烦型占5.4%,中间偏烦型占12.6%,发动缓慢型占9.2%。②男童与女童相比平易型的比例明显降低(P<0.01),而麻烦型的比例则明显增高(P<0.05);低年龄组儿童麻烦型的比例明显高于高年龄组(P<0.01);常住户籍儿童中平易型的比例高于流动儿童(P<0.05)。③男女童在活动水平、适应性和节律性三个气质维度上差异有显著性(P<0.01或<0.05)。④不同年龄组儿童在活动水平、节律性、趋避性和注意分散度上差异有显著性(P<0.01或<0.05)。结论深圳市盐田区4～10岁儿童的主要气质类型是平易型;部分气质维度在不同性别和年龄间存在差异。     

儿童感觉统合失调和气质特点关系的研究

【目的】　探讨儿童感觉统合失调和其气质特征之间的关系。　【方法】　采用中国学龄前儿童气质量表(CPTS)和中国学龄儿童气质量表 (CSTS)对 1 2 2名 6～ 1 1岁儿童进行测查 ,对感觉统合失调儿童和正常儿童的气质特征进行了比较。　【结果】　感觉统合失调组儿童与正常儿童气质类型分布差异有高度显著性 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,感觉统合失调组儿童中以麻烦型及中间近麻烦型为多。感觉统合失调组儿童在活动水平、节律性、适应性、心境、持久性 5个气质维度的得分与正常组比较差异有显著性。　【结论】　感觉统合失调与气质特征有密切关系 ,临床进行治疗和干预时应注意儿童气质特征对感觉统合能力的影响     

儿童哮喘与气质的关系研究

【目的】探讨儿童哮喘与气质之间的关系。【方法】采用Carry气质量表,通过1∶1配对病例-对照研究方法,调查了南京地区106例哮喘儿童和106例正常儿童的气质维度和气质类型,并与常模对比。【结果】哮喘组儿童与对照组、常模组儿童相比,气质维度中的适应性、心境、反应强度、注意分散度得分较高,而活动水平和持久性比较低。哮喘儿童中麻烦型、中间偏烦型、发动缓慢型气质类型较多。【结论】哮喘儿童少活动,对外界事物往往反应比较强烈,但关注的时间比较短暂,注意力易分散。建议对哮喘儿童的教育应该根据以上特点,因势利导。应该把中间偏烦型、麻烦型气质的儿童作为重点对象,对哮喘儿童进行早期干预和管理,以利于哮喘的防治。     

乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性儿童心理行为特征及影响因素研究

[目的]探讨乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性儿童的心理行为特征及影响因素,为制定干预措施提供依据.[方法]采用中国3～7岁儿童气质量表(Chinese Preschool Children Temperament Scale,CPTS)、中国8～12岁儿童气质量表(Chinese School Children Temperament Scale,CSTS)和Achenbach儿童行为量表(Child Behavior Checklist,CBCL)以及自制的儿童基本情况调查表,对206例HBsAg阳性儿童和216例正常健康儿童进行测试和比较,并收集患儿个人及父母的健康状况等信息,进行多元逐步回归分析.[结果]①HBsAg阳性儿童与正常儿童在低年龄组各气质维度上差异无显著性(P>O.05);在高年龄组两组儿童在节律性、趋避性和心境三个气质维度上差异存在显著性(P<0.01);②HBsAg阳性儿童在退缩、躯体主诉、焦虑/抑郁、社交问题、攻击性行为、内向问题以及行为问题总分等因子得分明显高于正常儿童,差异有非常显著性(P＜O.01);③HBsAg阳性儿童行为问题的主要影响因素有:户籍类型、家庭类型、家庭经济收入、父亲职业稳定状况、父母婚姻关系、父母的管教方法、父母对患儿的态度以及父母亲是否为HBsAg携带者.[结论]HBsAg阳性儿童有更多的心理行为问题,在治疗躯体疾病的同时,对HBsAg阳性儿童及家庭进行社会心理干预非常必要.     

学龄期单纯性肥胖儿童气质特征及心理行为问题探讨

【目的】探讨学龄期单纯性肥胖儿童气质及心理行为问题,为制定心理干预措施提供理论依据。【方法】采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)父母问卷及3~7岁和8~12岁儿童气质问卷分别对单纯性肥胖儿童及正常儿童进行测查,并进行比较。【结果】单纯性肥胖症儿童与正常儿童相比,气质类型、气质维度、不同气质类型行为因子异常差异有显著性(P<0.05)。【结论】单纯肥胖儿童存在明显的心理问题,肥胖儿童的干预措施应根据不同的气质类型及心理特点制定。     

母亲孕期抑郁情绪对儿童早期气质影响的研究

【目的】 探讨母亲孕期抑郁情绪对儿童早期气质的影响,为完善孕期保健服务项目提供理论依据。 【方法】 采用自评抑郁量表(Self-rating Depression Scale,SDS)对孕妇在孕32~34周时进行测试,采用中国4~8月婴儿气质量表(Chinese Infant Temperament Scale,CITS)以及自制的婴儿基本情况调查表,对孕妇所生的婴儿在6个月时进行气质评定和基本情况调查。按照母亲孕期是否存在抑郁情绪及程度将婴儿分组,比较不同组别婴儿在气质类型和气质维度方面的差异。 【结果】 母亲孕期有抑郁情绪组的婴儿中,麻烦型和发动缓慢型的比例明显偏高,且抑郁情绪程度越重比例越高(χ²=13.99、21.36,P均＜0.01),而无抑郁情绪组的婴儿中平易型的比例偏高(χ²=11.89,P＜0.01)。母亲孕期抑郁情绪对婴儿气质因子中的活动水平、趋避性、适应性、反应强度、心境和注意分散度的得分有影响,且与抑郁程度有关(P＜0.01或＜0.05)。 【结论】 母亲孕期抑郁情绪对儿童早期的气质类型和气质维度产生负面影响。     

学龄前儿童情绪问题气质特征的研究

【目的】 了解学龄前儿童不同情绪问题的气质特征。 【方法】 采用儿童气质量表对116名情绪问题儿童(包括特殊恐怖,社交退缩,分离焦虑)与116名正常对照儿童进行测查。 【结果】 情绪问题组与对照组气质类型分布差异有统计学意义,情绪问题组中麻烦型和缓慢型的比例明显比正常对照组的高(P<0.01)。情绪问题组在趋避性和情绪本质两个维度的得分与对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。特殊恐惧、社交退缩和分离焦虑三种情绪问题在趋避性这一个维度评分与对照组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。 【结论】 情绪问题儿童气质有其独特性。趋避性因子能够较好的反应行为抑制的气质特征,对情绪问题发生的有预测作用。     

早期干预对早产儿气质特征的影响研究

【目的】 对无脑损伤的早产儿按照不同的气质类型进行早期干预,探讨其效果,以促进儿童身心健康发展。 【方法】 选择无异常分娩史、头颅检查除外脑损伤的早产儿49例(早产儿组),设正常足月儿48例为对照组。应用小婴儿气质问卷和幼儿气质评估表对早产儿组和对照组进行气质测评。早产儿组儿童进行早期教育和气质干预,干预1年后与对照组儿童进行气质比较。 【结果】 干预前两组气质分类结构比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。早产儿组干预后E及I-E型气质儿童增多,干预前后气质类型比较差异有统计学意义(χ²=3.88,P<0.05)。 【结论】 早期教育和气质干预可以促进早产儿气质良好发展,不同气质特点婴幼儿应采取不同的教养方式。     

学龄前儿童气质与行为问题的关系探讨

【目的】探讨学龄前儿童气质与行为问题的关系，分析气质特征及其在儿童行为问题发生中的作用。【方法】采用《NYLS3～7岁儿童气质问卷》及《Conners’儿童行为家长问卷》对长春市四所幼儿园737名学龄前儿童进行测查。【结果】行为问题儿童与对照组儿章气质类型分布差异有显著性（P〈0．05），在行为问题组中难养型的比例明显增多且在活动水平、规律性、趋避性、反应强度、情绪本质、注意分散度这六个维度的得分与对照组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。不同气质类型儿童在品行问题、心身障碍、冲动多动、焦虑和学习问题这五个因子的得分比较差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。【结论】行为问题儿童的气质类型以难养型居多并存其独特性．应根据其气质特点，采取相应的教育措施。     

学龄前先天性甲状腺功能减低症儿童的气质特征及其早期干预因素分析

【目的】分析经过早期干预的先天性甲状腺功能减低症(congenital hypothyroidism,CH)患儿在学龄前期的气质特征及其影响因素,为改善这些患儿的气质发育提供依据。【方法】选取永久性CH的患儿(简称病例组)47名,确诊后立即给予甲状腺激素替代治疗。随机选取正常同龄儿童58名作为对照组(简称对照组)。对所有入选研究对象进行自制的一般情况调查问卷和3~7岁儿童气质量表调查。【结果】1)两组儿童的家庭背景差异无统计学意义;2)两组儿童年龄、年龄构成和性别构成差异无统计学意义;3)两组儿童在情绪本质、坚持度、注意分散度三个维度的比较上差异有统计学意义。病例组儿童麻烦型或中间近麻烦型气质类型比正常对照组多,差异有统计学意义;4)目前的甲状腺功能、家庭环境、父母的一般情况和家庭教育等影响CH患儿的气质类型和发育。【结论】尽管得到早期诊断和干预,但CH患儿在学龄前期,气质类型仍以中间偏麻烦型的居多;患儿气质受社会环境、生活以及家庭的影响,及时调整和解决其成长中出现的问题,是保证患儿心理行为健康发展的关键。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.