一氧化碳和一氧化氮在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病中的变化与神经行为测定的关系

目的　 探讨一氧化碳 (CO)和一氧化氮 (NO)在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病 (HIE)中的作用 ,与新生儿神经行为测定(NBNA)之间的关系及早期评估预后的价值 ,以便及时给予正确治疗。 方法 　对 5 1例新生儿HIE患儿血浆CO和NO水平进行检测 ,并与 2 0例正常新生儿对照组比较 ,同时结合 2 0项新生儿神经行为测定。 结果 　与正常新生儿对照组比较 ,5 1例新生儿HIE患儿血浆CO、NO水平显著增高 ,但轻、中度新生儿HIE两组之间NO水平无显著性差异 ,而重度者血浆CO、NO水平显著增高 ,并且病情程度与NBNA评分呈负相关。 结论 　CO和NO在新生儿HIE的发病过程中具有重要意义 ,而且CO和NO的变化与NBNA之间也具有一定关系。     

哮喘患儿血浆一氧化氮、环磷酸腺苷/环磷酸鸟苷比值变化的临床意义

目的　研究支气管哮喘患儿血浆一氧化氮 (NO)、环磷酸腺苷 (cAMP) /环磷酸鸟苷 (cGMP)比值变化及其临床意义。方法　采用硝酸还原酶法和放射免疫法测定哮喘患儿 4 0例急性期和缓解期血浆NO3 -/NO2 -、cAMP及cGMP水平与cAMP/cGMP比值变化 ,并设 2 3例健康儿童为对照组。结果　 1.哮喘患儿急性期血浆NO3 -/NO2 -水平显著高于缓解期和对照组 (P均 <0 .0 1)。 2 .哮喘患儿急性期血浆cGMP水平明显高于缓解期 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。 3.哮喘患儿急性期血浆cAMP明显低于缓解期和对照组 (P均<0 .0 1)。 4 .哮喘患儿急性期cAMP/cGMP比值显著低于缓解期和对照组 (P均 <0 .0 1)。 5 .缓解期血浆NO3 -/NO2 -和cGMP水平下降 ,cAMP水平上升及其cAMP/cGMP比值与对照组相比 ,差异无显著性 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。6 .哮喘患儿急性期血浆NO3 -/NO2 -与cGMP水平呈正相关 (r =0 .4 0 1　P <0 .0 1)。结论　血浆内源性NO、cAMP、cGMP可能参与哮喘的发病机制 ,血浆NO、cAMP/cGMP比值变化可作为监测和指导哮喘患儿疗效和评价哮喘药物疗效的较好生化指标。     

一氧化碳和一氧化氮在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病中的变化与神经行为测定的关系

目的 探讨一氧化碳(CO)和一氧化氮(NO)在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)中的作用．与新生儿神经行为测定(NBNA)之间的关系及早期评估预后的价值．以便及时给予正确治疗。方法 对51例新生儿HIE患儿血浆CO和NO水平进行检测，并与20例正常新生儿对照组比较，同时结合20项新生几神经行为测定。结果 与正常新生儿对照组比较，51例新生儿HIE患儿血浆CO、NO水平显著增高．但轻、中度新生儿HIE两组之间NO水平无显著性差异．而重度者血浆CO、NO水平显著增高，并且病情程度与NBNA评分呈负相关。结论 CO和NO在新生儿HIE的发病过程中具有重要意义，而且CO和NO的变化与NBNA之间也具有一定关系．     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病与NO、NOS、PRL水平的相关性研究

本文采用放射免疫法和比色法测定 6 8例 HIE及 30例正常新生儿血浆NO、NOS及血清 PRL 活性水平 ,探讨一氧化氮 (NO)、一氧化氮合成酶 (NOS)及催乳素 (PRL)在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病 (HIE)的病机、病情进展、预后中的作用及临床意义。结果显示 :HIE急性期 NO、NOS、PRL水平较正常新生儿明显升高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,中度和重度 HIE三项指标升高更显著 (P均 <0 .0 1 ) ,且 HIE惊厥组急性期血清PRL 水平显著高于非惊厥组 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,且与惊厥发作持续时间呈正相关 (r=0 .485 ,P<0 .0 1 )。提示 :NO、NOS、PRL水平高低与 HIE患儿脑损伤严重程度有关 ,可作为判断病情、预后及惊厥是否发作的指标     

内源性CO和NO与小儿哮喘关系的研究

目的:探讨小儿哮喘时血浆一氧化碳（CO）和一氧化氮（NO）的含量变化及意义。方法哮喘患儿21例，20名健康儿童为对照，分别在急性发作期和缓解期采静脉血测定血浆CO和NO水平。对测定结果进行统计学分析。结果发作期哮喘患儿血浆CO明显高于正常儿童（分别为1．66±035、1．06±0.12mg／L，t=7．26，P＜0.001），缓解期CO降至正常水平（1．13±0．14mg／L，t=1．56，P＞0．05）；发作期哮喘息地血浆NO2／NO3水平亦明显高于正常儿童（分别为32．8±3．9、29．3±0．28μmol／L，t=3．28，P＜0．01），缓解期NO2／NO3水平亦降至正常水平（29．7±3．0μmol／L，t=0．39，P＞0．05）。且哮喘患儿血浆CO和NO水平呈显著正相关（r=0.485，P＜0．05）。结论小儿哮喘发作期血浆CO和NO水平明显高于缓解期患儿及正常儿童。内源性CO和NO在哮喘发病机制中占有重要地位。     

败血症危重患儿与血浆IL-6 TNF-α关系的探讨

目的　败血症危重患儿在病原未明确前临床治疗有一定的盲目性 ,该文探讨败血症危重患儿与血浆IL 6 ,TNF α水平的关系 ,找到一个生化指标来协助败血症危重患儿病原菌未明确前的临床诊断 ,提高抢救成功率。方法　采用酶联免疫法检测 31例败血症危重患儿及 2 3例病毒感染危重患儿 ,2 0例健康体检儿童血浆IL 6 ,TNF α的水平。结果　败血症危重患儿组血浆IL 6 ,TNF α水平高于病毒感染危重患儿组和正常健康组 ,差异均有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ,病毒感染危重患儿组血浆IL 6 ,TNF α水平高于正常健康组 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　血浆IL 6 ,TNF α水平升高提示感染存在 ,当血浆IL 6 ,TNF α水平升高明显时对败血症危重患儿的诊断有一定的临床参考价值。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血浆及脑脊液血小板活化因子的变化

目的　观察新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病 (HIE)血浆及脑脊液 (CSF)血小板活化因子 (PAF)的变化 ,探讨PAF在HIE发病中的作用。方法　于急性期和恢复期分别采集患儿血浆和CSF ,采用生物活性法检测血浆及CSF中PAF水平 ,并分析其与脑损伤和 1minApgar评分的关系。 结果　 1.HIE患儿急性期CSF中PAF水平明显高于对照组患儿 (P <0 .0 1) ,且与病情轻重呈明显正相关 (r =0 .6 5　P <0 .0 1) ;急性期中度与重度HIE患儿血浆PAF水平显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,且与病情轻重呈明显正相关 (r =0 .5 9　P <0 .0 1) ,而轻度患儿与对照组无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;恢复期与对照组比较无显著差异。 2 .血浆PAF水平与CSF中PAF水平呈正相关 ,血浆及CSF中PAF水平与脑损伤程度及 1minApgar评分呈明显正相关。 结论　PAF可能参与新生儿HIE的发病机制 ,CSF中PAF水平可作为判断HIE病情轻重和预后的重要指标     

一氧化碳和一氧化氮在婴幼儿肺炎致急性肺损伤中的作用

目的：探讨一氧化碳（CO）和一氧化氮（NO）在婴幼儿肺炎致急性肺损伤（ALI）中的作用。方法：用分光光度法检测27例婴幼儿肺炎致ALI患儿血浆CO、NO水平，并与18例不伴ALI的婴幼儿肺炎对照组和20例健康组作比较。结果：ALI急性期血浆CO、NO水平明显高于对照组和健康组（P均＜0．01）；与轻度组比较，重度组（ARDS）血浆CO、NO水平显著增高（P均＜0．01）；患儿血浆CO和NO水平呈正相关（P＜0．01）。结论：内源性CO和NO在ALI的发病过程中具有重要意义。     

新生儿HIE血浆ET-1与NO变化及其对脑血流动力学的影响

目的　 研究内皮素 -1(ET -1)、一氧化氮 (NO)等血管活性因子对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病 (HIE)脑血流动力学的影响。 方法 　分别用放射免疫法及硝酸盐还原酶两点法 ,检测了 40例HIE患儿及 40例正常新生儿脐血及生后 1d、3d、7d外周血ET -1及NO的动态变化 ;并于生后 2 4h内外周静脉取血后即刻应用脉冲多谱勒超声检测HIE患儿大脑中动脉的血流动力学参数。 结果 　与正常新生儿相比 ,HIE患儿 :①血浆ET -1水平显著升高、NO显著降低。其中ET -1至生后 1周末可恢复正常 ,而NO则呈逐渐升高趋势 ,生后 3d时达正常对照组水平 ,至生后 7d则超过正常新生儿血浆含量 ;②多谱勒超声显示HIE患儿脑血流阻力增加、血流速度减慢 ;③直线相关分析表明 ,ET与脑血流阻力指数 (RI)呈正相关 (r =0 72 4,P <0 0 0 1) ,NO与RI呈负相关 (r=-0 716 ,P <0 0 0 1)。 结论 　新生儿窒息后 ,ET -1与NO等参与了HIE的病理生理过程 ,其平衡失调是HIE脑血流动力学紊乱的原因之一     

窒息新生儿胃运动及影响因素的研究

目的　研究窒息足月新生儿胃电运动、血浆胃动素及血清一氧化氮 (NO)变化规律 ,对窒息新生儿消化运动功能进行评价 ,为探讨有效的干预对策提供理论依据。方法　对足月窒息新生儿 2 9例餐后体表胃电图、血浆胃动素、血清NO进行检测 ,并以正常新生儿做对照。结果　窒息组正常胃慢波百分比 (PNSW )明显低于对照组 ,分别为 (3 5 .3 5± 2 2 .5 1) %与 (4 9.78±18.80 ) % ,两组比较P <0 .0 5 ,而异常慢波百分比 (PUSW)却明显高于对照组 ,分别为 (5 5 .66± 2 9.3 9) %与 (3 1.99± 13 .79) % ,两组比较P <0 .0 1。PNSW轻度窒息组明显高于重度窒息组 (P <0 .0 5 )。窒息组和对照组餐后血浆胃动素分别为 (3 0 1.47± 73 .3 1)ng/L和 (4 3 6.5 8± 185 .5 7)ng/L ,窒息组明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 0 1)。窒息组餐后血清NO为 (110 .61± 13 .75 ) μmol/L ,对照组为(98.66± 0 .72 ) μmol/L ,窒息组明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。窒息组异常PUSW与血浆胃动素呈显著负相关 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;PUSW与血清NO呈显著正相关 (P <0 .0 1) ;血浆胃动素与血清NO呈显著负相关 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　窒息新生儿存在胃电基本节律紊乱、胃动素水平降低和NO水平升高 ,提示窒息后新生儿的胃肠动力障碍与神经体液调节异常有关。     

Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body. About 98% of potassium is intracellular and that is particularly in the skeletal muscle. Electrical disturbances associated with disorders of potassium homeostasis are a function of both the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations. Clinical disorders of potassium homeostasis occur with some regularity, especially in hospitalized patients receiving many medications. This article will review the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis, symptoms, causes, and treatment of hypo- and hyperkalemia.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. Conclusion In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.