改良式体位结合氯己定口腔清洁在呼吸机相关性肺炎预防中的效果

目的 探讨改良式体位结合0.02％氯己定口腔清洁对于防治呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果,以期为临床实践有所裨益.方法 选择600例ICU患者纳入研究,其中300例行改良式体位结合0.02％氯己定溶液口腔清洁为试验组,300例行生理盐水口腔清洁者为对照组,观察两组呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率、机械通气时间、住ICU时间、疾病转归、口腔炎症发生率、肺部感染评分及脱机成功率.结果 经过不同的预防治疗措施后,试验组口腔炎症64例,发生率21.33％,呼吸机相关性肺炎21例,发生率7.00％,机械通气时间(5.4±1.6)d,住ICU时间(6.3±1.9)d,死亡5例,病死率1.67％;对照组口腔炎症124例,发生率41.33％,呼吸机相关性肺炎80例,发生率为26.67％,机械通气时间(6.7±1.9)d,住ICU时间(8.9±1.6)d,死亡32例,病死率10.67％,试验组各项指标均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);同时,试验组肺部感染评分及脱机成功率均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 改良式体位结合氯己定口腔清洁可有效降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率,缩短机械通气时间及ICU的住院时间,从而降低患者死亡率,提高其治愈率.     

间歇声门下吸引对机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率的影响

目的探讨可冲洗式导管间歇声门下吸引对机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率的影响。方法选取2010年7月-2011年8月行机械通气的患者246例作为研究对象;将其随机分为观察组和对照组,对照组采用常规气管导管进行机械通气,观察组采用间歇声门下吸引方法。结果常规气管导管行机械通气的患者VAP的发生率为45.8%,而采用可冲洗导管间歇吸引行机械通气的患者VAP的发生率为23.8%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论可冲洗导管间歇吸引声门下滞留物能明显降低机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率,值得临床推广应用。     

鼻饲体位对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果观察

[目的]观察鼻饲体位对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果,为减少机械通气鼻饲患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生提供依据.[方法]采用临床试验,选择120例机械通气的鼻饲患者,随机分为观察组和对照组.对照组患者鼻饲时床头角度<30°,观察组患者鼻饲时床头角度30°～45°.[结果]呛咳阳性率对照组为15%,观察组为3.3%(P<0.05). VAP发生率对照组25%,观察组10%(P<0.001).[结论]机械通气患者鼻饲时抬高床头30°～45°有助于减少VAP的发生.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎临床及其对机械通气预后的影响

目的 研究呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)临床及其对机械通气患者预后的影响.方法 本院2003年1月至2006年12月行有创机械通气154例患者为研究对象,按照VAP 临床诊断标准筛选出VAP组和非VAP组.比较两组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率及预后情况.结果 VAP发病率34.4%,病死率49.1%,病死率明显高于非VAP组(29.7%).结论 VAP发病率、病死率高,能明显增加机械通气患者的病死率.     

改良集束化策略预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床研究

目的 研究改良的集束化策略预防呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的效果,探讨预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的方法.方法 2009年1-12月(第1阶段)机械通气≥5d的患者94例,采用传统机械通气管理方法为对照组;2010年1-12月(第2阶段)115例机械通气患者为改良的集束化策略组,改良的集束化策略包括:每日唤醒计划,持续声门下吸引,早期肠内营养结合胃残留物容量测定,预防深静脉血栓形成;比较两组VAP发生率、机械通气时间及ICU住院时间及痰病原学检查结果.结果 与对照组相比,采用改良的集束化策略后呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率由35.1％降至16.5％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),机械通气时间由(15.4±7.2)d缩短至(12.0±6.1)d,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),ICU住院时间由(17.6±7.4)d缩短至(13.7±6.6)d,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 改良的集束化策略能有效预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生.     

集束化护理在控制机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎中的应用

目的探讨集束化护理在控制慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)中的应用效果。方法对2009年10月—2010年12月156例慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者,采用集束化护理方案。结果集束化组患者VAP的发生率为13.5%,对照组VAP的发生率为25.4%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 COPD行机械通气患者采用集束化综合护理措施能有效地降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率。     

NICU新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎护理相关影响因素

目的探讨新生儿重症监护室(Newborn Intensive-care Unit,NICU)内新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(Ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)的感染因素,观察综合护理措施对呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床干预效果。方法选取2018年2月—2019年6月锦州市妇婴医院NICU接受呼吸机辅助通气治疗的100例患儿,根据数字表随机分组原则,分为试验组和对照组,各50例,试验组应用综合护理措施,对照组应用护理常规措施。探讨新生儿VAP的感染因素,比较两组VAP的发生率。结果试验组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率为14%,低于对照组32%,试验组机械通气时间、住院天数短于对照组(P0.05)。病室环境、管道更换、床头抬高、口腔护理、上机时间、吸痰方式、营养支持均为VAP感染的影响因素(P0.05)。结论胎龄小、通气时间长和出生体质量低是VAP的主要因素。综合护理措施可以明显干预新生儿VAP。     

人工气道不同湿化方法对呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率的研究

目的：比较人工气道不同湿化方法对机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生率影响的研究。方法：将112例行气管插管机械通气48h以上患者随机分为实验组59例和对照组53例,对照组采用注射器气管滴入湿化法进行气道湿化,实验组采用加热湿化器进行气道湿化,观察两组机械通气3周后VAP发生率。结果：机械通气3周后实验组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率低于对照组(P<0．05)。结论：人工气道患者采用加热湿化器气道湿化可有效降低呼吸机相关肺炎的发生率。     

改良式吸唾管的设计与临床应用

目的探讨改良式吸唾管干预机械通气患者口腔分泌物的护理方法与临床效果。方法选取ICU 118例机械通气患者分为两组,实验组50例,对照组68例。实验组采用改良式吸唾管持续低负压吸引,对照组采用常规吸痰管吸引,两组患进行比较。结果实验组并发呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)例数、口腔粘膜损伤及护理工作量明显少于对照组,差异显著有统计学意义(p<0.01)。结论改良式吸唾管持续低负压吸引,能彻底清除机械通气患者的口腔分泌物,保持口腔清洁,有效预防VAP的发生,避免损伤口腔粘膜及减轻护理工作量。     

呼吸机相关肺炎相关因素分析及综合干预措施的预防效果

目的探讨呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)的相关因素及综合干预措施对其预防效果。方法回顾性分析2015年12月-2016年12月本院重症监护室(ICU)内进行机械通气超过48h的患者132例为研究对象,分为试验组和对照组,各66例,对照组患者进行常规治疗,试验组患者在常规治疗的基础上给予综合干预措施,观察两组患者的VAP发生率、机械通气时间及住ICU时间,归纳患者发生VAP的相关因素。结果 132例患者VAP发生率为42.42%(56/132),试验组发生VAP 12例少于对照组((P0.001)),同时试验组患者机械通气时间及住ICU时间分别为(6.32±2.15)天及(10.23±2.13)天均低于对照组(P0.05);意识障碍、低蛋白血症、使用糖皮质激素、脱机失败再次插管、机械通气时间、急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)是患者VAP发生的相关因素(P0.05)。结论 VAP的发生率较高,影响ICU患者VAP发生的因素较多,对机械通气患者给予综合干预措施能有效降低VAP发生率,减少患者机械通气时间及住ICU时间,具有一定临床价值。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.