青年及中老年脑出血血肿扩大相关危险因素研究

目的分析青年及中老年脑出血患者血肿扩大的相关危险因素。方法回顾性连续纳入2016年5月至2018年8月北京协和医院脑小血管病队列中的数据共502例自发性脑出血患者。比较青年(76例,≤50岁)及中老年(426例, 50岁)脑出血患者血肿扩大与无扩大患者在性别、入院美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分和格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分、首次血压、脑血管病危险因素及影像学等特征,并通过多因素Logisitc回归分析研究青年脑出血血肿扩大的相关危险因素。结果中老年与青年脑出血患者血肿扩大比例差异无统计学意义[34. 7%(148/426)比27. 6%(21/76),P=0. 227]。发生血肿扩大的青年患者中,男性比例显著高于无扩大者[(95. 2%(20/21)比61. 8%(34/55),P=0. 004)],且吸烟患者均为男性。在青年及中老年患者中,发生血肿扩大的患者入院时NIHSS评分[青年:13(5,17)分比7(4,12)分,P 0. 05;中老年:1 3 (8,1 7)分比6 (3,1 1)分,P 0. 0 5]、入院时收缩压[青年:1 9 0 (1 7 0,2 0 4) mmHg比1 6 0 (1 4 0,1 9 0) mmHg,P 0. 05;中老年:180 (164,200) mmHg比160 (143,178) mmHg,P 0. 05]、血肿体积[青年:11. 3(5. 7,24. 6) ml比5. 7(1. 5,14. 7) ml,P 0. 05;中老年:11. 8(6. 3,22. 6) ml比4. 7(1. 6,11. 3) ml,P 0. 05]均显著高于未发生血肿扩大患者,入院时GCS评分[青年:12 (9,15)分比15 (13,15)分,P 0. 05;中老年:13(9,15)分比15(14,15)分,P 0. 05]显著低于未发生血肿扩大患者。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,入院时GCS评分是预测青年脑出血患者血肿扩大的独立危险因素(OR=0. 660,95%CI:0. 517～0. 842,P=0. 001);入院时NIHSS评分(OR=1. 112,95%CI:1. 062～1. 164,P 0. 01)、收缩压(OR=1. 025,95%CI:1. 016～1. 034,P 0. 01)、血肿体积(OR=1. 037,95%CI:1. 011～1. 063,P=0. 005)、使用抗血小板聚集药(OR=1. 847,95%CI:0. 999～3. 415,P=0. 005)及密度不均征(OR=1. 640,95%CI:1. 025～2. 624,P=0. 039)与中老年脑出血血肿扩大相关。结论青年与中老年脑出血患者发生血肿扩大的比例差异无统计学意义。入院时GCS评分是青年患者发生血肿扩大的独立预测因素。入院时NIHSS评分、收缩压、血肿体积、密度不均征是中老年脑出血患者血肿扩大的独立预测因素。     

自发性脑出血后血肿增大的影响因素

目的 探讨自发性脑出血后血肿增大的影响因素.方法 回顾性纳入自发性脑出血患者.收集患者人口统计学、血管危险因素和基线临床资料.血肿增大定义为48 h内复查CT结果 显示血肿体积较基线增大>1/3.对血肿增大组与非血肿增大组人口统计学、血管危险因素和基线临床资料进行比较,采用多变量logistic回归分析确定血肿增大的影响因素.结果 共纳入121例自发性脑出血患者,其中男性69例,女性52例,年龄24~89岁,平均(59.16±12.68)岁.合并高血压45例(37.2%),糖尿病5例(4.1%),高脂血症11例(9.1%).48 h内血肿增大30例(24.79%),发病至首次CT扫描时间(4.21±1.57)h,发病至复查CT扫描时间(34.78±6.90)h.单变量分析显示,血肿增大组饮酒患者的比例(46.7%对26.4%;χ2=4.313,P=0.038)以及收缩压[(174.53±20.02)mmHg对(160.63±19.79)mmHg;t=-3.327,P=0.001;1 mmHg=0.133 kPa]、空腹血糖[7.67(6.70~9.47)mmol/L对6.78(5.81~7.79)mmol/L;Z=-2.266,P=0.023]、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分[10.00(8.00~12.00)分对5.00(3.00~8.00)分;Z=-5.468,P<0.001]显著高于非血肿增大组,而低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[2.60(2.10~2.91)mmol/L对3.00(2.60~3.41)mmol/L;Z=-3.905,P<0.001]显著低于非血肿增大组.多变量logistic回归分析显示,基线收缩压[优势比(odds ratio,OR)1.036,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)1.007~1.065;P=0.014]和NIHSS评分(OR 1.310,95%CI 1.111~1.544;P=0.001)为血肿增大的独立危险因素,而低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(OR 0.279,95%CI 0.105~0.742;P=0.011)为血肿增大的独立保护因素.结论 收缩压和NIHSS评分为自发性脑出血后血肿增大的独立危险因素,而低密度脂蛋白胆固醇为血肿增大的独立保护因素.     

老年幕上高血压脑出血血肿体积影响因素分析

目的分析老年幕上高血压脑出血血肿体积的影响因素。方法选取桐乡市第一人民医院2017年12月至2019年2月收治的老年幕上高血压脑出血患者100例,均接受头颅MRI和CT检查,根据头颅CT血肿体积中位数(28.4 mL)将患者分为体积较大组和体积较小组。体积较大组50例,男28例,女22例,年龄60～79岁,平均(71.4±2.4)岁;体积较小组50例,男30例,女20例,年龄61～78岁,平均(65.4±1.9)岁。收集患者临床病例资料,分析其与血肿体积相关性,并分析血肿体积影响因素。结果血肿体积3.8～142.2 mL,中位数为28.4 mL。血肿体积较大组与体积较小组性别、饮酒史、吸烟史、合并糖尿病、合并冠心病、抗血小板药物治疗、抗凝药物治疗、他汀类药物治疗、出血位置、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、总胆固醇、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖、血肌酐、血尿酸、血清白蛋白、血红蛋白差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。两组患者年龄、合并高脂血症、规律服用降压药物比例、入院时收缩压、入院时舒张压、甘油三酯、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分差异有统计学意义(χ2/t=4.006、7.429、6.857、7.566、4.974、3.176、12.720,均P <0.05)。多因素回归分析结果显示,年龄(OR:2.235,95%CI:1.498～8.351)、规律服用降压药物比例(OR:1.118,95%CI:1.033～2.987)、入院时收缩压(OR:1.185,95%CI:1.067～3.467)、甘油三酯(OR:1.687,95%CI:1.254～4.947)、NIHSS评分(OR:2.434,95%CI:1.654～7.997)是血肿体积大小影响因素(P<0.05)。结论老年幕上高血压脑出血患者血肿体积影响因素较多,高龄、未规律服用降压药物、入院时收缩压较高、甘油三酯水平较高、NIHSS评分较高是血肿体积较大的危险因素。     

内镜辅助微创血肿清除术治疗脑深部功能区自发性脑出血疗效观察

目的 观察内镜辅助微创血肿清除术治疗脑深部功能区自发性脑出血的疗效.方法 采用内镜辅助微创血肿清除术治疗脑深部功能区自发性脑出血患者59例,为观察组;采用常规开颅手术治疗脑深部功能区自发性脑出血患者53例,为对照组.比较两组患者手术时间、血肿清除率、再出血发生率、预后.结果 两组手术均获得成功.观察组手术时间为(69.6±15.1 )min,明显短于对照组的(102.7 ± 29.8) min,P＜0.05.观察组血肿清除率为94.2％±3.4％,明显高于对照组的86.1％±7.9％,P＜0.05.术后72 h复查头颅CT,观察组再出血3例,对照组4例.随访2 a,观察组死亡5例,对照组7例.GCS观察组为(4.7±0.2)分,明显高于对照组的(3.9±0.6)分,P＜0.05.结论 早期内镜辅助下微创血肿清除术治疗脑深部功能区自发性脑出血疗效优于常规开颅手术.     

心源性脑梗死后癫痫发作特点和临床意义

目的 分析心源性脑梗死后癫痫发作特点、预测因素及临床意义。方法 回顾性连续收集2017年1月～2018年12月郑州大学人民医院神经内科住院的老年心源性前循环脑梗死患者341例。随访2年,根据随访脑卒中后有无癫痫分为癫痫组87例和无癫痫组254例,比较2组临床特征、梗死灶位置、面积和癫痫发作特征,分析其预测因素。结果 癫痫组心房颤动比例明显高于无癫痫组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。癫痫组受累脑叶中颞叶、顶叶比例明显高于无癫痫组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。随访显示,癫痫组早发型癫痫发作率为33.3%,晚发型癫痫发作率为66.7%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,心房颤动(OR=0.394,95%CI:0.227～0.683,P=0.001)、累及颞叶(OR=0.353,95%CI:0.198～0.630,P=0.000)、累及顶叶(OR=0.271,95%CI:0.148～0.497,P=0.000)与心源性脑梗死发生脑卒中后癫痫发作相关。结论 心源性脑梗死梗死灶累及颞叶、顶叶时可能增加脑卒中后癫痫发作风险。     

脑出血后迟发性脑水肿与血浆基质金属蛋白酶9等相关因素的分析

目的探讨血浆基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)等因素在脑出血后迟发性脑水肿形成中的临床意义。方法回顾性分析107例接受内科保守治疗的自发性脑出血患者的临床资料,根据临床特点及影像学变化分为迟发性脑水肿组(病例组39例)和非迟发性脑水肿组(对照组68例);于发病24 h内用酶联免疫吸附法测定血浆MMP-9水平,在住院后第1、2周复查头部CT,监测血肿及水肿体积变化。将可能影响脑出血后迟发性脑水肿形成的相关因素先进行单因素分析,单因素分析显示差异有统计学意义的变量纳入多因素Logistic回归分析。结果病例组患者血浆MMP-9水平明显高于对照组[分别为(189±51)和(118±27)mg/L],差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。单因素分析结果显示,两组患者年龄、吸烟史、血糖水平、基线血肿体积、入院时美国国立卫生研究卒中量表(NIHSS)评分差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);Logistic回归分析结果显示,MMP-9水平(OR=9.745,95%CI:6.754~15.466,P0.01)、基线出血体积(OR=2.411,95%CI:1.190~2.728,P=0.018)、入院时血糖水平(OR=1.327,95%CI:1.133~1.850,P=0.004)、NIHSS评分(OR=1.867,95%CI:1.272~2.364,P=0.020)为脑出血后迟发性脑水肿形成的独立危险因素。结论自发性脑出血患者出血量、NIHSS评分、高血糖可能是脑出血后迟发性脑水肿形成的危险因素,而入院时高MMP-9水平提示迟发性脑水肿形成的风险较高。     

CT定位下微创穿刺治疗高血压基底节区脑出血短期疗效分析

目的探讨CT定位下微创穿刺血肿清除术治疗老年高血压基底节区脑出血的短期临床疗效及影响因素。方法回顾性分析82例微创穿刺血肿清除术(微创组)患者和46例常规开颅血肿清除术(常规组)患者术前格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、血肿量、有无脑疝、有无急性脑积水、手术时机和术后1个月GCS和生存情况。比较2组患者病死率和术后1个月GCS及影响微创组患者短期疗效的影响因素。结果微创组与常规组短期病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(26.8%vs 15.2%,P=0.132)。微创组术后GCS改善程度明显高于常规组(P=0.002)。手术时机和术前GCS是影响微创穿刺血肿清除术短期疗效的主要因素(OR=4.140,95%CI:1.153¹4.862,P=0.029;OR=5.199,95%CI:1.10914.862,P=0.029;OR=5.199,95%CI:1.109²4.386,P=0.037)。结论 CT定位下微创穿刺血肿清除术治疗老年高血压基底节区脑出血短期疗效确切,早期行微创穿刺血肿清除术可显著改善患者短期预后。     

微创血肿引流术治疗老年人重型脑出血的效果评价

目的　探讨老年人重型脑出血的有效治疗方法。方法　采用微创引流清除血肿的方法治疗了 35例患者 ,同时选择与之相匹配的、同期住院的、只行内科治疗的老年人重型脑出血患者 4 0例作对照。结果　微创治疗组的总有效率 (77.14 % )及BarthelIndexes(BI) (6 2 .2 1± 2 6 .5 8分 )均明显高于内科治疗组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,并且其脑疝发生率(2 2 .86 % )及消化道出血发生率 (2 2 .86 % )明显低于内科治疗组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　微创引流清除血肿术是一种抢救老年人重型脑出血的有效治疗方法     

幕上高血压脑出血患者神经内镜微创手术与开颅手术的疗效对比研究

目的对比分析幕上高血压脑出血患者采用神经内镜微创手术及开颅手术的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性连续纳入2016年6月至2018年4月南华大学附属第一医院神经外科收治的高血压脑出血患者85例,发病至手术时间3～36 h,平均(14±7) h;均为幕上脑出血,其中基底节区脑出血42例,丘脑出血28例,皮质出血15例;出血位于左侧44例,右侧41例;破入脑室38例;出血量32～82 ml,平均(52±11) ml;术前格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分6～12分,平均(8. 2±1. 5)分。根据治疗方式的不同,将85例患者分为开颅手术组(51例)和内镜治疗组(34例)。记录并对比分析两组患者的基线资料(性别、年龄、高血压病史、出血量、出血部位)、手术及其相关并发症情况(血肿清除率、手术时间、术后再出血率、颅内感染率)。对两组患者术后3个月预后进行评价,以格拉斯哥预后量表评分4～5分为预后良好,以1～3分为预后不良。结果 (1)两组患者男性、高血压病史、年龄、术前GCS评分、出血量和出血部位的差异均无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。(2)内镜治疗组血肿清除率高于开颅手术组[(86. 7±2. 2)%比(70. 4±7. 2)%,t=9. 135],手术时间少于开颅手术组[(72±6) min比(149±21) min,t=-20. 340],组间差异均有统计学意义(均P 0. 01);两组患者术后再出血率及颅内感染发生率的差异均无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。(3)内镜治疗组预后良好率高于开颅手术组,组间差异有统计学意义[82. 4%(28/34)比60. 8%(31/51),χ~2=4. 470,P=0. 034]。结论对于治疗幕上自发性脑出血患者的安全和疗效,与开颅手术相比,神经内镜微创手术下血肿清除是一种可供选择的手术方法。     

水蛭素注射液治疗脑出血的临床疗效观察

目的观察水蛭素注射液对自发性脑出血血肿吸收、血肿周围低密度区改变及对神经功能恢复的影响。方法将465例入选的自发性脑出血患者随机分为治疗组(308例)和对照组(157例)。治疗组给予水蛭素注射液,6ml加入5%葡萄糖液250ml中静脉滴注,1次/d。分别于发病第1、4、10、21天利用CT测量血肿体积及血肿周围低密度区,采用欧洲卒中量表进行神经功能缺损评分。结果治疗组血肿体积第10天为(21±10)ml,第21天为(14±7)ml,对照组第10天为(27±8)ml,第21天为(25±9)ml,两组比较差异有显著意义;治疗组在20d时血肿周围密度区为1·5mm,对照组为3mm,两组比较差异有显著意义;治疗组第10、20天欧洲卒中量表评分分别为62±19、66±24,对照组分别为46±16、51±14,两组比较差异有显著意义,P<0·05。结论水蛭素注射液能促进脑出血血肿的吸收,使血肿周围低密度区缩小和促进神经功能恢复。     

肿瘤病人弓形虫感染分析

在肿瘤的发生和发展进程中 ,多伴有免疫功能低下或缺陷 ,从而极易遭受各种感染。弓形虫是机会感染因子 ,当患者免疫功能受损时 ,易于感染 ,还会使隐性感染激活 ,引起低热不退、淋巴结肿和脑神经系统的反应 ,此现象尚未引起临床医师的重视。近年来 ,我们对 4 0 9例肿瘤病人进行了弓形虫感染及弓形虫病的分析观察 ,报告如下 :1　材料与方法1 1　材料　 30 4例病人血清取自江西省肿瘤医院住院或门诊病人 ,随机抽样后低温保存待检 ,10 5例取自其他医院送检样品 ,有急性症状者随到随检 ,以便及时做病原学检测。1 2　弓形虫病诊断方法1 2 1　免疫…     

A patient with rectal ulcer with severe stenosis presenting with perforated peritonitis

We report a patient with rectal ulcer with severe stenosis, who underwent urgent surgical treatment for perforated peritonitis. The 54-year-old man suddenly developed cramping abdominal pain and fever while hospitalized, with signs of peritoneal irritation. An emergency laparotomy was performed, and severe stenosis of the rectum and a perforated lesion on the oral side approximately 10 cm distant from the stenosis were found, with massive abdominal purulent fluid. He was treated by rectosigmoid colon resection with transverse colon loop colostomy. Histopathologically, the stenosis was caused by ulceration extending to all muscular layers of the rectum, with inflammatory changes. Benign rectal stenosis is so rare that differential diagnosis from malignancy may be difficult when there are inflammatory changes in the surrounding tissues. However, it is necessary to keep in mind the likelihood of this disease in differentiation from rectal cancer. Received: December 21, 1998 / Accepted: May 28, 1999     

Infection with Rhodococcus equi in a patient with sarcoidosis treated with corticosteroids

A 51-year-old female farmer was diagnosed as having sarcoidosis. During 4 years of observation, slow radiological progression was observed. Cough then developed, necessitating treatment with corticosteroids. After 28 months of continuous treatment with prednisolone in low doses (5-7.5 mg daily), she suffered fever episodes, recurrent haemoptyses, general malaise and loss of weight. A chest roentgenogram showed a left upper lobe infiltrate, which progressed and finally cavitated, and rib destruction. Despite efforts, including a thoracotomy, 22 months passed before a diagnosis could be made. Blood and sputum cultures and cultures from the destroyed rib showed growth of Rhodococcus equi, a common soil organism which can cause infections in foals and other animals. Treatment with rifampicin and erythromycin was successful. R. equi has been reported to cause infection in patients with neoplastic disease and/or immunosuppression, but the disease might be more common than is suggested by the sparse case reports in the literature, owing to lack of familiarity with the organism, which will tend to be overlooked as a contaminant.     

Evaluation of atrial vulnerability with transoesophageal stimulation in patients with atrioventricular junctional: Comparison with patients with ventricular pre-excitation and with normal subjects

The aim of our work was to evaluate the inducibility of atrialfibrillation in a group of patients with atrioventricular junctionalreentrant tachycardia and to compare it with that of patientswith a Kent-type ventricular pre-excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-Whitesyndrome) and a control group. One hundred and twenty-five subjects were separated into groups.Group 1 comprised 49 Wolff-Parkinson-White patients, with amean age of 26.4, range 10.66 years; group 2, 51 patients withatrioventricular junctional reentrant tachycardia inducibleby transoesophageal atrial stimulation andlor clinically documented,with a mean age of 43.4, range 16–78 years; group 3, 25control subjects with a mean age of2.64, range 13–76 years. Each subject underwent atrial transoesophageal stimulation withthe following protocol: programmed atrial stimulation with 1and 2 stimuli during atrial pacing of 100. min^–1 and 150.min^–1; atrial stimulation for 10 s at a rate of 200–300–400–500–600.min^–1 with intervals of 10 s between stimulations, fivesuccessive ‘ramp-up’ atrial stimulations for 9 swith the rate increasing from 100 to 800. min^–1 with intervalsof 10 s between stimulations. The end point was the completionof the protocol or induction of sustained atrial fibrillation(>1 min). The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Our resultsshowed that in group 1 atrial fibrillation was induced in 27149patients (55.1%); this was sustained in 13149 (26.5%) and non-sustainedin 14149 (28.5%); in group 2, atrial fibrillation was inducedin 22151 patients (43.0%); it was sustained in 7151 (13.7%)and non-sustained in 15151 (29.4%); in group 3, sustained atrialfibrillation was not induced in any subject and in only onesubject was a non-sustained atrial fibrillation (4 s) induced. The chi-square test showed that group 2 vs group 1 were non-significant,while group 2 vs group 3 and group 1 vs group 3 were significant(P<0.003 and P<0.0007, respectively). Therefore group 2 patients showed a greater atrial vulnerabilityin comparison to the control subjects and a similar vulnerabilityto group 1 patients. It is possible that the greater atrialvulnerability in the patients of group 2 was due to the doublenodal pathway.     

Treating patients with lupus with B-cell depletion

A new era in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus has dawned with the increasing introduction of monoclonal antibodies and other approaches, that target the key molecules involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. At present the ability to block the CD20 molecule on those B cells that carry this marker has proved the most effective way to treat patients resistant to conventional immunosuppressive drugs. However, these studies have all been open label and the results of double blind controlled studies are eagerly awaited.