苏黄止咳胶囊对支气管哮喘患者气道炎症及细胞免疫影响研究

<正>支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)的急性发作与多种炎症细胞,尤其是嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞和淋巴细胞等参与的慢性气道炎症有关~([1-2])。近年来发现T淋巴细胞亚型(Th1/Th2)比例及功能失调在哮喘发作机制中亦起着重要作用。除外周血嗜酸性粒细胞等之外,多项研究表明,哮喘患者呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO)与气道高反应性、气道炎症显著相关。IgE在支气管哮喘发病过程中也起着重     

LncRNA与哮喘的相关性研究进展

<正>支气管哮喘即哮喘,是一种气道慢性炎症性异质性呼吸道疾病,多种细胞(嗜酸性粒细胞、气道平滑肌细胞)及细胞组分(细胞因子)均参与哮喘发生及发展过程,其主要与气道高反应性、可逆性气流受限有关~([1])。目前其发病机制尚不明确,从分子水平     

血管参与支气管哮喘发病机制的研究进展

正支气管哮喘是一种常见的气道疾病,气道炎症、肺功能下降和气道重塑是其重要特征。目前全球有3亿患者,生活质量受到了严重影响~([1])。大多数哮喘与过敏相关,表现为Th2型主导的炎症,也见于对寄生虫的免疫反应~([2])。肺血管由于参与肺内气体交换,维持内环境平衡,调节气道气流变化,从而与哮喘发病密切相关。支气管血管在哮喘发作时发生通透性、扩张性和密度的变化,与支气管哮喘发病的严重程度呈正相关,并是导致哮喘持续发病的重要因素之一~([3])。     

金水宝胶囊对支气管哮喘患者几种免疫细胞因子的影响

支气管哮喘是一种慢性炎症性气道疾病,免疫因素在哮喘的发病过程中发挥重要作用。以往认为辅助性T淋巴细胞Th1/Th2比例失衡是哮喘发病的重要机制。近年发现了一种以产生IL-17为主要细胞因子的Th17细胞,在哮喘的发病机制中同样具有重要作用,IL-17对于中性粒细胞参与的支气管哮喘气道炎症、气道高反应、气道重塑均发挥重要作用,有可能成为治疗哮喘的有意义的靶目标[1-3]。对支气管     

影响支气管哮喘Th1/Th2失衡的因素及治疗的新视点

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是由嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞和T细胞等多种炎性细胞参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病,其发病机制极为复杂,近来研究发现Th1/Th2失衡是哮喘免疫学发病机制中的一个重要环节,本文就Th1/Th2失衡与哮喘的关系,Th1/Th2平衡的调节及其在哮喘治疗中的价值作一综述.     

影响支气管哮喘Th1／Th2失衡的因素及治疗的新视点

支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）是由嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞和T细胞等多种炎性细胞参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病，其发病机制极为复杂，近来研究发现Th1／Th2失衡是哮喘免疫学发病机制中的一个重要环节，本文就Th1／Th2失衡与哮喘的关系，Th1／Th2平衡的调节及其在哮喘治疗中的价值作一综述。     

嗜酸性粒细胞胞外陷阱与支气管哮喘

<正>支气管哮喘是一种慢性肺部疾病，由血浆外渗和炎性细胞(如嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和肥大细胞)内流引起的慢性气道炎症所致，支气管哮喘通常被定义为可逆性气道阻塞，但它可以演变为不可逆的肺功能损害^[1-2]。根据涉及的主要免疫-炎症途径，哮喘可分为Th2相关性哮喘、非Th2相关性哮喘和混合型。据报道，嗜酸性粒细胞浸润肺粘膜和间质与2型免疫反应导致的哮喘的严重程度密切相关^[3-4]。     

白细胞介素13在哮喘发病机制中的作用

支气管哮喘 (简称哮喘 )是严重威胁健康的慢性呼吸道疾病 ,是由于Th2 型细胞过度释放的细胞因子诱导IgE产生 ,导致肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞脱颗粒 ,引起气道速发型过敏反应和以嗜酸性粒细胞浸润为主的慢性炎症。白细胞介素 13 (IL 13 )是一个重要的介导变态反应的Th2 型细胞因子     

嗜酸性粒细胞性支气管炎研究进展

嗜酸性粒细胞性支气管炎是慢性咳嗽的常见病因, 其存在与支气管哮喘类似的嗜酸细胞性气道炎症却缺乏气道高反应性与气流阻塞, 机制尚未完全明确, 可能与气道炎症分布的部位、炎症介质、重要代谢通路失衡以及气道重塑等差异有关。嗜酸性粒细胞性支气管炎对吸入性糖皮质激素治疗反应良好, 然而停药后易复发, 较长疗程的吸入性糖皮质激素治疗可降低复发率。现有研究显示, 嗜酸性粒细胞支气管炎是一种独立疾病, 而非支气管哮喘或慢性阻塞性肺疾病的前期状态。     

细胞信号转导在Th细胞分化中的作用

支气管哮喘(哮喘)是由多种细胞(如嗜酸粒细胞、肥大细胞、T细胞、中性粒细胞、气道上皮细胞等)和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾患[1]。气道高反应性和可逆性气流受限是其病理特征。目前研究表明:Th1和Th2之间平衡失调是哮喘发病的重要机制。并认为Th2优势应答是哮喘发病的始动因素和维持因素,而对Th1优势应答在哮喘中的作用意见尚未统一。Kavita[2]研究表明:STAT4介导的细胞信号转导对由变态反应原诱导的气道反应的加重起着重要作用,而且Th1优势应答诱导产生的对嗜酸性粒细胞有趋化功能的趋化因子可引起哮喘患者气道极大的损伤。因此…     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.