人参皂苷Rg3通过调控E2F1对人胃癌SGC-7901细胞生物行为学的影响

目的 探究人参皂苷Rg3通过调控E2F1对人胃癌SGC-7901细胞生物行为学的影响。方法 MTT测定不同浓度人参皂苷Rg3(0、80、160、320μmol·L^-1)对细胞增殖影响;流式细胞术测定不同浓度人参皂苷Rg3对细胞凋亡的影响;划痕愈合实验和Transwell实验测定不同浓度人参皂苷Rg3对细胞迁移及侵袭的影响;Western blot测定不同浓度人参皂苷Rg3对E2F1、MMP-2、MMP-9、BCL-2、Bax表达的影响。结果 80、160、320μmol·L^-1人参皂苷Rg3组细胞存活率与空白对照组比较明显降低,且呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。80、160、320μmol·L^-1人参皂苷Rg3组细胞凋亡率与空白对照组比较明显增加,且呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。80、160、320μmol·L^-1人参皂苷Rg3组细胞迁移数目与空白对照组比较明显降低,且呈浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。80、160、320μmol·L^-1人参皂苷Rg3组细胞侵袭数目...     

三七总皂苷主要成分对人肝微粒体CYP3A4酶的抑制作用研究

目的：研究三七总皂苷主要成分人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1和三七皂苷R1对人肝微粒体CYP3A4酶的体外抑制作用.方法：采用人肝微粒体体外孵育法,在孵育体系中分别加入不同浓度的人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1和三七皂苷R1与探针底物睾酮共孵育,用LC-MS /MS 法测定代谢产物6β-羟基睾酮的生成量反映CYP3A4酶活性的影响.结果：人参皂苷Rg1在2～1 000 μmol·L-1的测试浓度范围内对CYP3A4未见剂量相关的抑制作用;人参皂苷Rb1在2～200 μmol·L-1的测试浓度范围内对CYP3A4未见剂量相关的抑制作用,在1 000 μmol·L-1的测试浓度下对CYP3A4具有轻微抑制作用;三七皂苷R1在2～1 000 μmol·L-1的测试浓度范围内对CYP3A4的IC50为126 μmol·L-1（＞100 μmol·L-1）.结论：三七总皂苷3个主要有效成分单体对CYP3A4酶的体外抑制作用不同,人参皂苷Rg1无抑制作用,人参皂苷Rb1高浓度下有轻微抑制作用,三七皂苷R1有弱抑制作用,三七总皂苷制剂与CYP3A4酶代谢相关的药物之间产生相互作用的可能性低.     

人参皂苷Rg_l及其代谢产物的药代动力学研究

研究静注和灌胃给予一定量人参皂苷Rg1后,其原形和3种代谢产物的药代动力学。以Wistar大鼠为模型动物,以LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中人参皂苷Rg1及其代谢产物的浓度,并计算药代动力学参数。灌胃给药后,在血浆中检测到人参皂苷Rg1、Rh1、F1和原人参三醇4种物质。其Tmax分别为0.92、3.64、5.17和7.30h,MRT分别为2.68、5.06、6.65和5.33h,AUC0-t为2363.5、4185.5、3774.3和396.2ng·mL-1·h。静注给药后,在血浆中检测到人参皂苷Rg1、Rh1和F13种物质。其T1/2β分别为3.12、5.87和6.87h,MRT分别为1.92、5.99和7.13h,AUC0-t分别为1454.7、597.5和805.6ng·mL-1·h。结果表明灌胃给药后,大鼠体内的人参皂苷Rg1代谢产物的量超过原形药,且代谢产物的吸收和消除速率相对缓慢。静注给药后,大鼠体内的人参皂苷Rg1以原形为主,但仍有少量代谢产物存在,且代谢产物的吸收和消除速率相对缓慢。     

人参皂苷Rg3抑制人膀胱癌细胞增殖作用的研究

目的：探讨人参皂苷R静对人膀胱癌细胞增殖作用的影响及作用机制。方法：采用人膀胱癌T24细胞株进行细胞培养,将人参皂苷Rg3分别以0,5,10,20和40p,mol·L^-1的剂量处理细胞24h后,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）方法检测人参皂苷R邸对人膀胱癌他4细胞增殖的抑制作用,倒置显微镜和流式细胞术观察人参皂苷Rg3对T24细胞凋亡的诱导作用,应用RT-PCR和Westernblot方法检测不同浓度人参皂苷Rg3处理后124细胞中EphB4mRNA及其蛋白的表达情况。结果：人参皂苷Rg3对膀胱癌T24细胞具有较强的抑制作用,且这种抑制作用随浓度和时间增加而增大,呈浓度依赖关系（P〈0．05）。不同浓度人参皂苷Rg3作用下的膀胱癌T24细胞中,EphB4mRNA及其蛋白的表达明显减弱,且呈剂量梯度下降（P〈0．05）。结论：人参皂苷Rg3的抗癌活性与其抑制EphB4表达有关。     

人参皂苷Rg1对脂多糖抑制的U251细胞株脑啡肽酶表达的影响

目的　为寻找治疗阿尔茨海默病的药物及方法 ,探讨人参皂苷Rg1对脂多糖 (LPS)诱导的U2 5 1细胞株脑啡肽酶 (NEP)表达的影响。方法　应用MTT比色法检测一定剂量LPS(10 0mg·L- 1)和不同浓度人参皂苷Rg1(2 .5 ,5和 10 μmol·L- 1)对U2 5 1细胞存活率的影响 ,应用RT PCR观察细胞中NEP表达的变化。结果　LPS 10 0mg·L- 1作用于U2 5 1细胞株 ,U2 5 1细胞存活率降低 ,细胞内NEP的表达下降。人参皂苷Rg1能提高LPS诱导的U2 5 1细胞的存活率 ,使细胞内NEP的表达增高。结论　人参皂苷Rg1对LPS造成的细胞毒性具有一定的保护作用 ,并可减轻LPS对细胞内NEP表达的抑制。     

黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1配伍抗PC12细胞氧糖剥夺/复糖复氧后自噬性损伤相互作用的研究

目的探讨黄芪甲苷和人参皂苷Rg1配伍对PC12细胞氧糖剥夺后再复糖复氧(oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation,OGD/R)诱导的细胞自噬性损伤的影响及其相互作用。方法以PC12细胞建立OGD/R自噬性损伤模型,分别设立黄芪甲苷和人参皂苷Rg1不同剂量,药物干预细胞后,以激光共聚焦显微镜检测自噬体评价药物对细胞自噬性损伤的作用,并计算药物的半数抑制浓度(median inhibitory concentration,IC_(50))。以黄芪甲苷和人参皂苷Rg1的IC_(50)为1个剂量单位,按Isobologram法分别设立黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1不同比例(1∶2、1∶1、2∶1)的配伍,研究药物对细胞自噬的影响,计算各比例配伍的IC_(50),采用Isobologram及95%可信区间和相互作用指数γ分析黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1配伍抑制自噬的相互作用性质。在此基础上,以黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1的IC_(50)剂量进行1∶1配伍,以细胞存活率、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)漏出率、自噬体数量及p62蛋白表达评价药物配伍对细胞损伤和细胞自噬的影响。结果黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1抑制自噬的IC_(50)及其95%可信区间分别为(27.22±0.614)mg·L~(-1)[25.96,29.03]、(13.68±1.334)mg·L~(-1)[10.27,16.95]。黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1在1∶1配伍时呈现协同增效作用,而黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1在1∶2和2∶1配伍时,呈拮抗作用。以黄芪甲苷和人参皂苷Rg1的IC_(50)剂量进行1∶1配伍验证,结果显示单用黄芪甲苷和人参皂苷Rg1以及配伍均能增强细胞存活率,减轻LDH漏出,减少自噬体数量和LC3-Ⅱ蛋白数量,增加p62蛋白表达,且配伍组效应强于黄芪甲苷与人参皂苷Rg1单用组。析因设计实验分析表明,以黄芪甲苷和人参皂苷Rg1的IC_(50)剂量进行1∶1配伍时,对细胞存活、LDH漏出及自噬体形成均存在交互作用。结论在缺糖缺氧2h再复糖复氧24 h,细胞出现过度自噬和细胞损伤,黄芪甲苷和人参皂苷Rg1以IC_(50)剂量进行1∶1配伍时,对细胞自噬性损伤具有协同抑制作用。     

人参皂苷Rg1对人胃癌BGC-823的抑制作用研究

目的:研究人参皂苷Rg1对体外培养的人胃癌细胞株BGC-823活性、增殖、凋亡蛋白Bax-2c、aspase-3及形态学影响,并探讨其可能机制。方法:取对数生长的细胞,加入不同浓度人参皂苷Rg1加以干预,生长曲线法、MTT法、蛋白质含量分别观察人参皂苷Rg1对BGC-823细胞活性、增殖的影响,荧光定量PCR法测定凋亡蛋白Bax-2c、aspase-3 mRNA含量变化,形态学方法观察人参皂苷Rg1促BGC-823细胞凋亡作用。结果:人参皂苷Rg1 40、60、80 mg/L不同剂量均不同程度抑制细胞的增殖,且有明显的量-效、时-效关系;人参皂苷Rg1对BGC-823细胞具有明显的细胞毒作用,其IC50为29.56 mg/L;人参皂苷Rg1可明显减少肿瘤细胞内蛋白含量,提高细胞内Bax-2、caspase-3 mRNA含量,提高经人参皂苷Rg1作用后,凋亡细胞皱缩,胞浆稀少或缺乏,淡红色;染色质凝聚,成深紫色;细胞核固缩碎裂成数个圆形颗粒。结论:人参皂苷Rg1可明显抑制细胞增殖,降低细胞活性,表现出较好的抗肿瘤活性,其作用机制可能与抑制肿瘤细胞蛋白质合成、促进BGC-823细胞凋亡有关。     

人参皂苷Rg1在大鼠体内的代谢与排泄研究

目的 考察静注和口服给予大鼠人参皂苷Rg1溶液后的体内代谢与排泄情况.方法 以Wistar大鼠为模型动物,分别iv和ig给予一定量的人参皂苷Rg1溶液,然后按时收集其排泄物(尿液与粪便),预处理后用HPLC检测.结果 iv给予大鼠人参皂苷Rg1溶液后,有47.46%的原型药和代谢产物通过粪便排出体外;而51.31%的药物以原型或代谢产物的形式通过尿液排出体外;ig给予大鼠人参皂苷Rg1溶液后,绝大部分Rg1都被代谢,排泄物中仅有9.04%的原型药物,且仅有13.6%的人参皂苷Rg1被吸收进入人体再通过尿液排出,还有82.82%的原型药物和代谢产物直接通过粪便排出.结论 人参皂苷Rg1在胆汁中排泄明显,其口服吸收差,生物利用度低,且极易被代谢.     

解毒通络方中三七皂苷类成分脑脊液药代动力学研究

目的建立大鼠脑脊液中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1的HPLC-MS/MS测定方法,以三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1为测定指标,研究三七总皂苷及其复方解毒通络方的大鼠脑脊液药代动力学变化。方法大鼠尾静脉注射三七总皂苷及其复方解毒通络方溶液,采集脑脊液样品,利用HPLCMS/MS测定脑脊液中三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1的含量。色谱柱为Symmetry ShieldTMRP18(5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm);流动相为甲醇-水(梯度洗脱);质谱检测离子为m/z823.5/643.6(人参皂苷Rg1[M+Na]+),m/z 955.3/203.2(三七皂苷R1[M+Na]+)。结果三七皂苷R1在三七总皂苷给药组和解毒通络方给药组的药代动力学参数分别为:C max为(258.17±166.83)、(344.00±195.85)μg·L-1,AUC0-t为(545.13±374.02)、(774.20±301.22)μg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞为(586.21±358.57)、(804.47±306.20)μg·h·L-1,T12为(2.38±1.10)、(1.64±0.11)h,CL为(4.16±3.68)、(2.03±0.79)L·h-1·kg-1。人参皂苷Rg1在三七总皂苷给药组和解毒通络方给药组的药代动力学参数分别为:C max为(610.67±273.96)、(708.00±467.12)μg·L-1,AUC0-t为(1 244.25±443.60)、(1 325.28±918.26)μg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞为(1 400.57±423.68)、(1 355.66±917.74)μg·h·L-1,T12为(1.49±0.07)、(1.72±0.49)h,CL为(3.19±1.02)、(4.62±4.29)L·h-1·kg-1。结论建立的HPLC-MS/MS测定方法能快速灵敏地检测大鼠脑脊液中三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1。三七皂苷R1和人参皂苷Rg1能够透过血脑屏障进入大鼠脑脊液,与三七总皂苷给药组相比较,以其复方解毒通络方给药后三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1的药代动力学参数无明显变化,说明解毒通络方复方配伍对三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1的脑脊液代谢没有明显影响。     

一氧化氮诱导PC12细胞凋亡及人参皂苷Rg1的保护作用

目的　探讨一氧化氮诱导PC12细胞凋亡及人参皂苷Rg1保护作用的可能机制。 方法　DNA凝胶电泳观察DNA的断裂情况 ,流式细胞仪检测线粒体跨膜电位 ,West ernblotting检测胞浆细胞色素C和活化型半胱氨酸蛋白水解酶caspase 3P2 0 水平。结果　一氧化氮供体SNAP(5 0 0μmol·L-1)可诱导PC12细胞凋亡 ,细胞线粒体跨膜电位明显下降、胞浆细胞色素C水平增加及caspase 3得到激活 ;预先经过 5 0、10和 2 0 μmol·L-1等浓度人参皂苷Rg1处理后 ,SNAP诱导的PC12细胞凋亡明显减少 ,同时明显减弱SNAP对细胞线粒体跨膜电位、胞浆细胞色素C水平及cas pase 3激活的影响。 结论　人参皂苷Rg1可抑制一氧化氮诱导PC12细胞凋亡 ,其作用机制可能与其稳定细胞线粒体跨膜电位、减少线粒体细胞色素C向胞浆释放及抑制cas pase 3的激活有关     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.