黄芪诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经类细胞分化

BACKGROUND： Chemical induction has been shown to be effective at promoting the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs）. However, these inductors have cytotoxicity side effects that may damage cells over time. Traditional Chinese medicines avoid this disadvantage while still producing effective induction.
OBJECTIVE： To investigate the influence of RadixAstragafi （Huangql） on the differentiation of MSCs.
DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： In vitro study of traditional Chinese medicine in neural stem cell differentiation. The experiment was performed at the Central Laboratory of Hebei North University between April and June 2007.
MATERIALS： Radix Astragafi solution （lot No. 060105; license No. Z53021585） was purchased from Dali Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China; rabbit anti-rat nestin, rabbit anti-rat neuron-specific enolase （NSE）, mouse anti-rat microtubule-associated protein 2, and rabbit anti-rat glial fibrillary acidic protein were purchased from Wuhan Boster, China.
METHODS： Whole bone marrow was isolated from the femur and tibia of 6-week-old male Wistar rats and subcultured. The fourth passage of MSCs were harvested and induced by different concentrations （50, 100, 200, 400 g/L） of Radix Astragali.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe MSC morphology after 24 hours of induction. Immunocytochemistry was employed to observe the expression of NSE （specific neuronal marker）, nestin （marker of neural stem cell）, glial fibrillary acidic protein and microtubule-associated protein 2 （markers of astrocytes）.
RESULTS： Following Radix Astragali treatment, changes occurred in cell morphology including： cell body pyknosis; thin and long processes formed in some cells, with growth corresponding to drug concentration and induction time; and the formation of network-like connections between some cells. With increasing drug concentration and induction time, nestin expression was upregulated, and the number of positive cells increased; cells produced NSE, glial fibrillary acidic protein and microtubule-associated protein 2; nestin was expressed earlier than glial fibrillary acidic protein and microtubule-associated protein 2 expression. In addition, the number of NSE-positive cells was increased significantly more than glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells.
CONCLUSION： Radix Astragafi promoted process formation in stem cells. It may induce the differentiation of MSCs into neural stem cells, and subsequently into neuronal- and glial-like cells. Radix Astragafi exhibits stronger inductive effect on neuronal differentiation than glial differentiation of MSCs.     

Neuronal-like differentiation of single versus multiple treatments with human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced by basic fibroblast growth factor

BACKGROUND： Cultures from multiple portions of umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to undergo more rapid proliferation and attachment than single portions. OBJECTIVE： To observe growth of basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF）-induced cultures of human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells （AMSCs） and differentiation into neuronal-like cells. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Comparative observation. The study was performed at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Basic Medical School of Zhengzhou University from January to May 2008. METHODS： Amnia from full-term, uterine-incision delivery were donated by 12 healthy women. AMSCs were obtained by cell separation and culture techniques, and were passaged and induced by bFGF. From the third passage, a total of 1 mLAMSCs, at a density of 1.0 × 10^4/mL, was separately harvested from six samples, which served as group A. A total of 1 mL AMSCs, at a density of 1.0 × 10^4/mL, was harvested separately from the remaining six samples, which served a group B. A total of 0.5 mL from the six samples of group A and 0.5 mL from the six samples of grot, B were combined to form group C. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Differences in cell quantity among the three groups were compare by cell quantification and 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） analysis. Expression of a glial cell marker, neuron-specific enolase, and nestin was detected in the three groups by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS： Cell quantification and MTT analysis of live cells, as well as AMSC absorbance, were significantly greater in group C compared with groups A and B at 18 days of culture （P 〈 0.05）, anc no significant difference was observed between groups A and B. Glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron-specific enolase, and nestin were expressed in all groups following bFGF induction. CONCLUSION： Mixed AMSC cultures promoted proliferation, and bFGF-induced AMSCs differentiated into neuronal-like cells.     

Differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into neuron-like cells by Radix Angelicae Sinensis

Human adipose tissues are an ideal source of stem cells. It is important to find inducers that can safely and effectively differentiate stem cells into functional neurons for clinical use. In this study, we investigate the use of Radix Angelicae Sinensis as an inducer of neuronal differentiation. Primary human adipose-derived stem cells were obtained from adult subcutaneous fatty tissue, then pre-induced with 10% Radix Angelicae Sinensis injection for 24 hours, and incubated in serum-free Dulbecco＇s modified Eagle＇s medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 containing 40% Radix Angelicae Sinensis to induce its differentiation into neuron-like cells. Butylated hydroxyanisole, a common in- ducer for neuronal differentiation, was used as the control. After human adipose-derived stem cells differentiated into neuron-like cells under the induction of Radix Angelicae Sinensis for 24 hours, the positive expression of neuron-specific enolase was lower than that of the butylated hydroxyani- sole-induced group, and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein was negative. Alter they were induced for 48 hours, the positive expression of neuron specific enolase in human adipose-derived stem cells was significantly higher than that of the butylated hydroxyanisole-induced group. Our experimental findings indicate that Radix Angelicae Sinensis can induce human adipose-derived stem cell differentiation into neuron-like cells and produce less cytotoxicity.     

Differentiation of endogenous neural precursors following spinal cord injury in adult rats☆

BACKGROUND： Studies have shown that cell death can activate proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells and promote newly generated cells to migrate to a lesion site.
OBJECTIVE： To observe regeneration and differentiation of neural cells following spinal cord injury in adult rats and to quantitatively analyze the newly differentiated cells.
DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A cell biology experiment was performed at the Institute of Orthopedics and Medical Experimental Center, Lanzhou University, between August 2005 and October 2007.
MATERIALS： Fifty adult, Wistar rats of both sexes; 5-bromodeoxyuridine （BrdU, Sigma, USA）; antibodies against neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and myelin basic protein （Chemicon, USA）.
METHODS： Twenty-five rats were assigned to the spinal cord injury group and received a spinal cord contusion injury. Materials were obtained at day 1, 3, 7, 15, and 29 after injury, with 5 rats for each time point. Twenty-five rats were sham-treated by removing the lamina of the vertebral arch without performing a contusion.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The phenotype of BrdU-labeled cells, i.e., expression and distribution of surface markers for neurons （neuron-specific enolase）, astrocytes （glial fibrillary acidic protein）, and oligodendrocytes （myelin basic protein）, were identified with immunofluorescence double-labeling. Confocal microscopy was used to detect double-labeled cells by immunofluorescence. Quantitative analysis of newly generated cells was performed with stereological counting methods.
RESULTS： There was significant cell production and differentiation after adult rat spinal cord injury. The quantity of newly-generated BrdU-labeled cells in the spinal cord lesion was 75-fold greater than in the corresponding area of control animals. Endogenous neural precursor cells differentiated into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, however spontaneous neuronal differentiation was not detected. Between 7 and 29 d after spinal cord injury, newl     

转化生长因子β和脑源性神经营养因子联合诱导成年大鼠骨髓基质细胞向神经元样细胞的分化

BACKGROUND： It has been demonstrated that transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） and brain- derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） can induce stem cell differentiation into neuron-like cells. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the efficacy of TGF-β and BDNF at inducing the differentiation of adult rat bone marrow stromal cells （BMSCs） into neuron-like cells, both in combination or alone. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A comparative observation experiment was performed at the Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University between October 2007 and January 2008. MATERIALS： TGF-~ and BDNF were purchased from Sigma, USA; mouse anti-rat neuron specific enolase, neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic protein were purchased from Beijing HMHL Biochem Ltd., China. METHODS： BMSCs were isolated from rats aged 4 weeks and incubated with TGF-β（1μ g/L） and/or BDNF （50 μ g/mL）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Expression of neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic protein were determined by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS： BMSCs differentiated into neuron-like cells following induction of TGF-β and BDNF, and expressed both neuron-specific enolase and neurofilament. The percent of positive cells was significantly greater in the combination group than those induced with TGF-β or BDNF alone （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Treatment of BMSCs with a combination of TGF-β and BDNF induced differentiation into neuron-like cells, with the induction being significantly greater than with TGF-β or BDNF alone.     

Scorpion ethanol extract and valproic acid effects on hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in a rat model of chronic-kindling epilepsy induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine

The present study analyzed the effects of ethanol extracts of scorpion on epilepsy prevention and hippocampal expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in a lithium chloride-pilocarpine epileptic rat model. Results were subsequently compared with valproic acid. Results showed gradually- increased hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression following model establishment; glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA expression was significantly increased at 3 days, reached a peak at 7 days, and then gradually decreased thereafter. Ethanol extracts of scorpion doses of 580 and 1 160 mg/kg, as well as 120 mg/kg valproic acid, led to a decreased number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA expression, as well as decreased seizure grades and frequency of spontaneously recurrent seizures. The effects of 1 160 mg/kg ethanol extracts of scorpion were equal to those of 120 mg/kg valproic acid. These results suggested that the anti-epileptic effect of ethanol extracts of scorpion were associated with decreased hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in a rat model of lithium chloride-pilocarpine induced epilepsy.     

戊四氮点燃慢性癫痫大鼠海马及颞叶皮质γ-氨基丁酸转运体1及胶质纤维酸性蛋白的表达

BACKGROUND： Gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter plays an important role in gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism, and is highly associated with epilepsy seizures. Pathologically, astrocytes release active substances that alter neuronal excitability, and it has been demonstrated that astrocytes play a role in epileptic seizures. OBJECTIVE： To observe changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the hippocampus and cortex of the temporal lobe in rats with pentylenetetrazol-induced chronic epilepsy. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Department of Neurobiology, Third Military University of Chinese PLA between January 2006 and December 2007. MATERIALS： Pentylenetetrazol was purchased from Sigma, USA; rabbit anti-rat gammaaminobutyric acid transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were from Chemicon, USA. METHODS： A total of 40 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into model and control groups. Rat models of chronic epilepsy were created by pentylenetetrazol kindling, and were subdivided into 3-, 7-, and 14-day kindling subgroups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, as well as the number of positive cells in the hippocampus and cortex of temporal lobe of rats, were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. RESULTS： Compared with the control group, the number of gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein -positive cells in the hippocampus and cortex of rats with pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy significantly increased, gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression increased after 3 days of kindling, reached a peak on day 7, and remained at elevated levels at day 14 （P〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Astrocytic activation and gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 overexpression may contribute to pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy.     

Neuronal-like differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced by striatal extracts from a rat model of Parkinson’s disease

A rat model of Parkinson’s disease was established by 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the medial forebrain bundle. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated from the femur and tibia, and were co-cultured with 10% and 60% lesioned or intact striatal extracts. The results showed that when exposed to lesioned striatal extracts, BMSCs developed bipolar or multi-polar morphologies, and there was an increase in the percentage of cells that expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nestin and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Moreover, the percentage of NSE-positive cells increased with increasing concentrations of lesioned striatal extracts. However, intact striatal extracts only increased the percentage of GFAP-positive cells. The findings suggest that striatal extracts from Parkinson’s disease rats induce BMSCs to differentiate into neuronal-like cells in vitro.     

骨髓神经组织定向干细胞化组织工程神经桥接坐骨神经缺损

BACKGROUND： Schwann cells are the most commonly used cells for tissue-engineered nerves. However, autologous Schwann cells are of limited use in a clinical context, and allogeneic Schwann cells induce immunological rejections. Cells that do not induce immunological rejections and that are relatively easy to acquire are urgently needed for transplantation. OBJECTIVE： To bridge sciatic nerve defects using tissue engineered nerves constructed with neural tissue-committed stem cells （NTCSCs） derived from bone marrow; to observe morphology and function of rat nerves following bridging; to determine the effect of autologous nerve transplantation, which serves as the gold standard for evaluating efficacy of tissue-engineered nerves. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed in the Anatomical Laboratory and Biomedical Institute of the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA between September 2004 and April 2006. MATERIALS： Five Sprague Dawley rats, aged 1 month and weighing 100-150 g, were used for cell culture. Sixty Sprague Dawley rats aged 3 months and weighing 220-250 g, were used to establish neurological defect models. Nestin, neuron-specific enolase （NSE）, glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP）, and S-100 antibodies were provided by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., USA. Acellular nerve grafts were derived from dogs. METHODS： All rats, each with 1-cm gap created in the right sciatic nerve, were randomly assigned to three groups. Each group comprised 20 rats. Autograft nerve transplantation group： the severed 1-cm length nerve segment was reverted, but with the two ends exchanged; the proximal segment was sutured to the distal sciatic nerve stump and the distal segment to the proximal stump. Blank nerve scaffold transplantation group： a 1-cm length acellular nerve graft was used to bridge the sciatic nerve gap. NTCSC engineered nerve transplantation group： a 1-cm length acellular nerve graft, in which NTCSCs were inoculated, was used to bridge the sciatic nerve gap. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Following surgery, sciatic nerve functional index and electrophysiology functions were evaluated for nerve conduction function, including conduction latency, conduction velocity, and action potential peak. Horseradish peroxidase （HRP, 20%） was injected into the gastrocnemius muscle to retrogradely label the 1-4 and L5 nerve ganglions, as well as neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, in the three groups. Positive expression of nestin, NSE, GFAP, and S-100 were determined using an immunofluorescence double-labeling method. RESULTS： NTCSCs differentiated into neuronal-like cells and glial-like cells within 12 weeks after NTCSC engineered nerve transplantation. HRP retrograde tracing displayed a large amount of HRP-labeled neurons in I-45 nerve ganglions, as well as the anterior horn of the spinal cord, in both the autograft nerve transplantation and the NTCSC engineered nerve transplantation groups. However, few HRP-labeled neurons were detected in the blank nerve scaffold transplantation group. Nerve bridges in the autograft nerve transplantation and NTCSC engineered nerve transplantation groups exhibited similar morphology to normal nerves. Neither fractures or broken nerve bridges nor neuromas were found after bridging the sciatic nerve gap with NTCSCs-inoculated acellular nerve graft, indicating repair. Conduction latency, action potential, and conduction velocity in the NTCSC engineered nerve transplantation group were identical to the autograft nerve transplantation group （P 〉 0.05）, but significantly different from the blank nerve scaffold transplantation group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION＂ NTCSC tissue-engineered nerves were able to repair injured nerves and facilitated restoration of nerve conduction function, similar to autograft nerve transplantation. ＂     

细胞密度与骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞的分化

景：细胞种植密度是影响干细胞分化的因素之一,对于细胞种植密度在骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化过程中的作用尚缺乏深入研究。 目的：观察细胞种植密度对骨髓间充质干细胞诱导向神经元样细胞分化的影响。 方法：采用贴壁培养法分离大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第4代后将其按2×102,2×103,4×103,8×103,2×104,4×104/cm2种植于六孔板,每组均加入碱性成纤维细胞生长因子+表皮生长因子+维甲酸诱导向神经元样细胞分化,并通过免疫组织化学染色鉴定,计算每组细胞出现神经元样细胞的比例,比较各组的分化率。 结果与结论：各组骨髓间充质干细胞加入诱导剂后均出现神经元样细胞,Nestin、NSE、GFAP细胞化学染色呈阳性。不同种植密度组出现神经元样细胞比例不同,以8×103/cm2组神经元样细胞比例最高,且神经元样存活时间最长,达7 d。结果说明骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化与细胞接种密度有关,过高或过低细胞密度均不利分化。     

Wnt3a促进大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞的分化

背景：Wnt信号通路是细胞增殖分化的关键调控环节,但与骨髓间充质干细胞神经分化的联系并不十分明确。 目的：寻找促进骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化的Wnt信号分子。 方法：首先体外分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞并传代,行形态学观察,并以流式细胞学方法检测细胞表型CD44,CD9,CD34和CD45。采用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子分别联合Wnt3a或Wnt5a的方案诱导分化,应用免疫组化和反转录-聚合酶链反应方法比较Wnt3a和Wnt5a对骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化的影响。 结果与结论：骨髓间充质干细胞为长梭形,CD9,CD44高表达,CD34,CD45低表达。Wnt3a诱导组的巢蛋白和神经元特异烯醇化酶呈阳性,而胶质纤维酸性蛋白无明显表达,诱导后细胞的活力良好。Wnt5a诱导组巢蛋白呈弱阳性表达,而神经元特异烯醇化酶及胶质纤维酸性蛋白阴性。反转录-聚合酶链反应结果显示,Wnt3a诱导组巢蛋白在诱导前后均有表达,神经元特异烯醇化酶在诱导后5 d可见明显的扩增条带,10 d后更加明显。胶质纤维酸性蛋白在诱导10 d后出现较弱的扩增条带。Wnt5a组、对照组骨髓间充质干细胞在诱导后10 d巢蛋白有微弱表达,神经元特异烯醇化酶和胶质纤维酸性蛋白几乎无表达。提示Wnt3a分子能够促进体外培养的骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化。     

川芎嗪联合创伤性脑组织匀浆液诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向神经样细胞分化

背景：川芎嗪和创伤性脑组织匀浆液均可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向神经样细胞分化。 目的：探讨川芎嗪与创伤性脑组织匀浆液诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向神经样细胞分化的联合效应。 方法：分离培养Wistar大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞后分为4组,加入不同的诱导培养基分别干预：空白对照组、川芎嗪诱导组、创伤性脑匀浆液诱导组和川芎嗪联合创伤性脑匀浆液诱导组。诱导后采用倒差显微镜观察细胞形态变化,并统计不同时段四组细胞分化率。分别取部分细胞进行神经元特异性烯醇化酶染色,胶质纤维酸性蛋白免疫细胞化学与免疫荧光细胞化学双标检测。 结果与结论：川芎嗪及受损大鼠脑匀浆液上清液可诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化,随诱导时间的延长,诱导分化率越高,具有较重要的应用价值,而神经元特异性烯醇化酶与胶质纤维酸性蛋白在其分化信号中起重要作用。     

体外培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化：Wnt3a信号分子的诱导作用**★

背景：Wnt信号通路是细胞增殖分化的关键调控环节。已有证据显示此通路参与了对神经前体细胞增殖、分化以及决定细胞命运的调控。目前有关Wnt信号通路对间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化的作用还少见报道。 目的：寻找促进间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化的Wnt信号分子。 方法：采用密度梯度离心法在体外分离培养SD大鼠股骨间充质干细胞并培养。传代后通过形态学和流式细胞学检测细胞表面标志物CD29、CD44、CD34、CD45,筛选并鉴定培养细胞。采用神经营养因子碱性成纤维细胞生长因子分别联合Wnt3a和Wnt5a诱导方案，通过免疫组化和RT-PCR的方法比较Wnt3a、Wnt5a在间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化过程中的作用，以碱性成纤维细胞生长因子单独培养为对照。 结果与结论：间充质干细胞经培养、传代后，细胞贴壁生长，形态均一，呈长梭形，流式细胞学检测细胞表面标志物CD29、CD44高表达, CD34、CD45低表达。Wnt3a诱导后细胞巢蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶呈阳性，胶质纤维酸性蛋白无明显表达，诱导后细胞的活力良好；Wnt5a诱导组及对照组巢蛋白呈弱阳性表达，神经元特异性烯醇化酶及胶质纤维酸性蛋白阴性。RT-PCR结果显示，Wnt3a诱导组巢蛋白在诱导前后均有表达，神经元特异性烯醇化酶在诱导后5 d可见明显的扩增条带，10 d后更加明显；胶质纤维酸性蛋白在诱导10 d后有比较弱的扩增条带出现。结果说明Wnt3a分子能够促进体外培养的间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化。     

依达拉奉体外定向诱导人间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞的分化

背景：依达拉奉作为新型氧自由基清除剂,一般用于抑制脂质过氧化反应,减轻脑水肿,保护神经细胞。 目的：观察依达拉奉体外定向诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化的可行性。 设计、时间及地点：细胞学体外观察,于2007-12/2008-09广东医学院附属医院中心实验室完成。 材料：骨髓来源于创伤所致闭合性股骨骨折的成年患者,由广东医学院附属医院骨科提供。依达拉奉由南京先声药业生产,批号P2007123144254453。 方法：无菌抽取的骨髓经肝素化后,采用密度梯度离心法及贴壁筛选法分离获得人骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第5代按1× 108 L-1接种于6孔板内,设立2组,依达拉奉组细胞达50%融合时用含碱性成纤维生长因子、胎牛血清的L-DMEM预诱导24 h,PBS洗涤后再用20 mg/L依达拉奉无血清L-DMEM诱导24 h;空白对照组始终用含体积分数为10%胎牛血清的L-DMEM培养,不加任何预诱导剂和诱导剂。 主要观察指标：诱导分化后细胞形态变化,SP法免疫细胞化学鉴定神经元烯醇化酶、巢蛋白、胶质纤维酸性蛋白及微管相关蛋白2的表达。 结果：体外诱导1 h后,依达拉奉组胞体收缩,2 h后形成较长突起,5 h后呈典型神经元样细胞;空白对照组细胞仍呈对称的梭形,无突起形成。免疫组化结果显示,诱导6 h后依达拉奉组神经元样细胞的胞体及部分突起呈棕黄色,强表达神经元烯醇化酶,弱表达胶质纤维酸性蛋白和巢蛋白,不表达微管相关蛋白2;空白对照组上述4种特异性抗原均呈阴性表达。 结论：人骨髓间充质干细胞经依达拉奉体外诱导后,所分化的细胞具有神经元表型,但还不够成熟,处于向成熟神经元分化的中间阶段。     

Differentiation of endogenous neural precursors following spinal cord injury in adult rats

BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that cell death can activate proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells and promote newly generated cells to migrate to a lesion site.OBJECTIVE:To observe regeneration and differentiation of neural cells following spinal cord injury in adult rats and to quantitatively analyze the newly differentiated cells.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A cell biology experiment was performed at the Institute of Orthopedics and Medical Experimental Center,Lanzhou University.between August 2005 and October 2007.MATERIALS:Fifty adult,Wistar rats of both sexes;5-bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU,Sigma,USA);antibodies against neuron-specific enolase,glial fibrillary acidic protein,and myelin basic protein(Chemicon,USA).METHODS:Twenty-five rats were assigned to the spinal cord injury group and received a spinal cord contusion injury.Materials were obtained at day 1,3,7,15,and 29 after injury,with 5 rats for each time point.Twenty-five rats were sham-treated by removing the lamina of the vertebral arch without performing a contusion.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The phenotype of BrdU-labeled cells,i.e.,expression and distribution of surface markers for neurons(neuron-specific enolase),astrocytes(glial fibrillary acidic protein),and oligodendrocytes(myelin basic protein),were identified with immunofluorescence double-labeling.Confocal microscopy was used to detect double-labeled cells by immunofluorescence.Quantitative analysis of newly generated cells was performed with stereological counting methods.RESULTS:There was significant cell production and differentiation after adult rat spinal cord injury.The quantity of newly-generated BrdU-labeled cells in the spinal cord lesion was 75-fold greater than in the corresponding area of control animals.Endogenous neural precursor cells differentiated into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes,however spontaneous neuronal difierentiation was not detected.Between 7 and 29 d after spinal cord injury,newly generated cells expressed increasingly more mature oligodendrocyte and astrocyte markers.CONCLUSION:Spinal cord injury is a direct inducer of regeneration and differentiation of neural cells.Endogenous neural precursor cells Can difierentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes following adult rat spinal cord injury.     

Adult Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Differentiate into Neural Cells in Vitro

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) normally give rise to bone, cartilage, and mesenchymal cells. Recently, bone marrow cells have been shown to have the capacity to differentiate into myocytes, hepatocytes, and glial cells. We now demonstrate that human and mouse BMSC can be induced to differentiate into neural cells under experimental cell culture conditions. BMSC cultured in the presence of EGF or BDNF expressed the protein and mRNA for nestin, a marker of neural precursors. These cultures also expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN). When labeled human or mouse BMSC were cultured with rat fetal mesencephalic or striatal cells, a small proportion of BMSC-derived cells differentiated into neuron-like cells expressing NeuN and glial cells expressing GFAP.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子等体外诱导成人骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的研究

目的 成人骨髓间充质干细胞(hMSCs)体外定向诱导分化为神经元样细胞。方法 采用Percoll分离液离心分离hMSCs，体外扩增，分别采用含碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和2-巯基乙醇(2-ME)等无血清DMEM诱导hMSCs分化为神经元。免疫组化鉴定神经元烯醇化酶(NSE)、神经丝蛋白(NF)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)。结果 hMSCs在体外扩增传至5代后，流式细胞仪显示99．5％，97．8％，98．8％hMSCs表面抗原CD29、CD44、CD90表达阳性。接种到12孔板，3d后加入bFGF和2-ME联合或2-ME单种诱导剂诱导后，hMSCs胞体收缩，突起伸出；免疫组化显示诱导出的神经元样细胞NSE、NF表达阳性，GFAP阴性。结论 成人骨髓间干细胞在体外可以分化为神经元样细胞。