Long-term in vitro fluoride release and rerelease from orthodontic bonding materials containing fluoride.

The purpose of this study was to compare in vitro long-term (30 month) fluoride release and rerelease rates (after fluoride exposure) from 3 orthodontic bonding materials containing fluoride and 1 without fluoride. Ten samples of each material (Python, TP Orthodontics, LaPorte, Ind; Assure, Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, Ill; Fuji Ortho LC, GC America, Alsip, Ill; and Transbond XT, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) were fabricated and stored in deionized distilled water at 37 degrees C. Five samples had fluoride-release rates measured at days 546, 637, 730, 821, and 913 after initial fabrication, and 5 samples were exposed to fluoride (Nupro 2% NaF gel, Dentsply Canada, Woodbridge, Ontario, Canada) for 4 minutes at day 535 and had measurements taken on days 546, 548, 552, 575, 637, 730, 821, and 913. To prevent cumulative measurements, the storage solutions were changed 24 hours before measurement. Statistically significant differences were found in fluoride-release rates (P <.0001), with Fuji Ortho LC releasing the most fluoride, followed by Python and Assure at all time points in the nonfluoride exposed group. In the fluoride-exposed group, there were significant differences in fluoride release (P <.0001), with Fuji Ortho LC releasing the most fluoride. A "burst-effect" pattern of fluoride release was seen after fluoride exposure for all materials. It was concluded that Fuji Ortho LC, Assure, and Python might have sufficient long-term fluoride-release rates to reduce white spot formation, and all are recommended as suitable fluoride-releasing orthodontic bonding materials.     

Evaluation of fluoride release from an orthodontic bonding system.

Decalcification around brackets is sometimes observed after orthodontic treatment. Fluoride-releasing orthodontic adhesives have been developed in an attempt to reduce the frequency and severity of decalcification. This study evaluated, in vitro, a light-activated, fluoride-releasing composite resin adhesive, FluorEver OBA. The findings indicate that FluorEver OBA released small concentrations of fluoride ions over time. A mean of 2.6 ppm was released on day 1, decreasing to a mean of 0.42 ppm by day 2 and to 0.04 ppm by day 43. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.     

A laboratory evaluation of the tensile bond strength of some orthodontic bonding resins to enamel

In this in vitro study, the tensile bond strengths of three two-paste and four no-mix orthodontic bonding resins applied to etched enamel were determined. One hundred ninety-six extracted human teeth were used to prepare 14 bonded test specimens for each of the seven resin systems evaluated. The tensile bond strengths were expressed in MN.m-2 and the data were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance at the 5% level of significance and with a procedure of multiple comparisons with the best resin. The tensile bond strengths were not significantly different (P = 0.5065).     

Cariostatic effect and fluoride release from a visible light-curing adhesive for bonding of orthodontic brackets.

This study was designed to investigate the cariostatic potential in vivo of a visible light-curing adhesive for the bonding of orthodontic brackets. The fluoride release of the adhesive in water and saliva was also measured. Ten orthodontic patients with premolars to be extracted participated. One bracket with Heliosit-Orthodontic (no fluoride) was positioned on the buccal surface of one premolar (control), and another bracket with Orthodontic cement VP 862 (containing fluoride) was positioned on the experimental contralateral premolar. The adhesives were cured with a Heliolux II lamp, and the teeth were extracted after 4 weeks. The patients used a fluoride toothpaste during the experiment. The mineral content of the enamel adjacent to the brackets was determined by quantitative microradiography. The fluoride release from disk-shaped plates of the fluoride adhesive was measured in water for a 6-month period and in human saliva for 24 hours. The fluoride adhesive reduced lesion depths by about 48% than the nonfluoride adhesive (P less than 0.05, t test). The largest release of fluoride from the plates in water was observable within the first week. However, a significant amount of fluoride was still released after 6 months. The fluoride release in saliva was significantly lower in human saliva at pH 7 than in water (P less than 0.01, t test). When salivary pH was lowered to 4, to mimic a cariogenic challenge, the amount of fluoride released increased up to the value measured in water. It was concluded that the regular use of fluoride toothpastes is insufficient to inhibit lesion development around orthodontic brackets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Topical fluoride in orthodontic bonding

Neutral and acidified sodium fluoride solutions were topically applied to enamel etched in a manner typical for orthodontic bonding procedures. Enamel fluoride levels were greater with the acidified solutions.     

Fluoride release from orthodontic bonding materials. An in vitro study

Decalcification of enamel continues to be a problem with fixed orthodontic appliances. An orthodontic bonding composite is now available which claims to release fluoride, although there are no data to substantiate this claim. Fluoride release from this new material (DIRECT) was measured and compared with two other orthodontic bonding materials. The amount of fluoride released was very small and unlikely to have a therapeutic effect.     

Fluoride release from new light-cured orthodontic bonding agents.

The purpose of this study was to compare the rates of fluoride release with time from 1 nonfluoridated and 3 fluoride-containing orthodontic bonding materials in distilled water and artificial saliva. Materials tested were Assure (Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, Ill), Fuji Ortho LC (GC, Tokyo, Japan), Python (TP Orthodontics, LaPorte, Ind), and Transbond XT (3M Dental Products, Monrovia, Calif). Ten specimens of each material type were stored in distilled water, and 10 of each type were stored in artificial saliva at 37 degrees C. Fluoride release was measured with an ion-specific electrode. Readings were taken periodically for a total time period of 6 months. At day 1, Assure released the most fluoride into distilled water (66.2 microg/cm(2)) and into artificial saliva (65.8 microg/cm(2)), followed by Fuji Ortho LC (25.9 microg/cm(2); 18.8 microg/cm(2)), Python (6.3 microg/cm(2); 4.2 microg/cm(2)), and Transbond (0.1 microg/cm(2); 0.1 microg/cm(2)). The fluoride release rates were highest during the first days of testing, declining to lower but more stable levels. At the end of 6 months, Fuji Ortho LC released the most fluoride (3.8 microg/cm(2); 3.5 microg/cm(2)) followed by Assure (3.1 microg/cm(2); 2.8 microg/cm(2)), Python (2.6 microg/cm(2); 1.7 microg/cm(2)), and Transbond (0.1 microg/cm(2); 0.1 microg/cm(2)). The type of storage medium did not dramatically affect fluoride release. The second part of the study, undertaken after a year of sample storage, tested the 20 samples of Assure for a further 2-week period, after exposure to running and still distilled water. Although fluoride release rates declined with time, they were still higher than the 1.5 microg/cm(2) level that is referenced as inhibiting decalcification of enamel in a clinical environment. Release rates were similar in running and still water at all time points. Throughout the 6-month period, all 3 fluoride-containing materials had rates of fluoride release that could theoretically inhibit decalcification of enamel.     

In vitro cytotoxicity of orthodontic bonding resins on human oral fibroblasts.

Polymerization of bonding resins is compromised by atmospheric oxygen, giving rise to a layer of low molecular weight chemical species commonly known as the oxygen inhibited layer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of this layer on primary cultures of human oral fibroblast. The cytotoxic effect related to the modes of polymerization of seven commercially available orthodontic bonding resins was also evaluated statistically. Each material was polymerized into 12 resin disks of standardized dimensions. Half of them were washed with 99% acetone to remove the oxygen inhibited layer. In duplicates, human oral fibroblasts were exposed to the intact and washed resin disks in tissue culture inserts. Cell viability was assessed by tetrazolium bromide reduction assay (MTT) 1, 3, and 6 days after exposure. Glass disks served as controls. ANOVA was used to test for statistical significance. Overall, the presence of an oxygen inhibited layer renders bonding resins 33% more cytotoxic (P <.01, F = 11.83, DF = 1). Light-cured and chemically cured 2-pastes materials had their mean cytotoxicities approximating their inert controls over 6 days. In chemically cured liquid-paste materials, the viability of human oral fibroblasts was only 37% (P <.001, F = 26.4, DF = 2) comparing to the control, 64% on day 1, 30% on day 3 and 14% on day 6. This suggested that the oxygen inhibited layer formed on the surface of bonding resins is an important cytotoxic source in vitro. Chemically cured liquid-paste materials were more cytotoxic than light-cured and chemically cured 2-paste materials. Further investigation into the influence of the modes of polymerization on materials' toxicodynamic effect is warranted to verify its clinical implication.     

含氟复合树脂释氟量及其对吸水值和溶解值的影响

目的 研究含氟复合树脂释氟及释氟后对材料本身性能的影响。方法 用氟电极法测定释氟量、重量体积法测定吸水值和溶解值。结果 含氟复合树脂累积释氟曲线表现出快速释放期（约７ｄ）和缓慢释放期（７ｄ以后）,复合体累积释氟曲线与时间呈直线关系,含氟材料吸水植（１３．０５～３１．６４μｇ／ｍｍ＾３）和溶解植（５．８８～２４．８０μｇ／ｍｍ＾３）大于对照材料。结论 复合树脂释氟可能会对材料的物理机械性能有一定影响     

含氟正畸陶瓷托槽长期氟释放性能的研究

目的 研发具有氟释放性能的正畸陶瓷托槽,体外条件下验证其长期氟释放的能力.方法 左上颌中切牙陶瓷托槽15个(3M公司美国):在托槽底板的牙侧用牙科高速手机制备一空腔.使用两种材料(磷酸锌水门汀+NaF、磷酸锌水门汀+CaF:)充填于腔内,然后在托槽底板上涂一层粘结剂(Fuji ORTHO LC或TransbondTM XT).利用离子液相色谱检测样本在去离子水中24 h释放出的氟离子浓度.实验第1周每天测试,此后的2个月每周测试一次(于测试前24 h更换去离子水),以后改为每月测试1次,持续9个月共315天.结果 虽然陶瓷托槽底板涂布了粘结剂,无论粘结剂本身是否含氟都没有阻止改良托槽的氟释放,而且起到了缓释的作用.结论 改良陶瓷托槽中以NaF为充填材料以RMGIC为粘接剂组的氟释放量最多;粘结剂的涂布没有阻止所填材料的氟释放,且起到了缓释作用.     

Long-term fluoride release from glass ionomer-lined amalgam restorations.

This in vitro study evaluated the amount of fluoride released from glass ionomer-lined amalgam restorations over a period of 1 year. Class V cavities (2 x 2 x 7 mm) were prepared on the facial and lingual surfaces of 50 extracted human molars randomly distributed into 5 groups: Group 1: No restorations; Group 2: Dispersalloy amalgam alone; Group 3: same as Group 2 except 1 mm of Ketac-Silver was placed on the axial wall before amalgam insertion; Group 4: GC Lining/amalgam; and Group 5: Miracle Mix/amalgam. After restoration, each tooth was thermocycled (100x) at 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C with a dwell time of 30 seconds for baseline fluoride release levels. The teeth were placed in a polyethylene vial containing 4 ml of deionized water. At weekly intervals, each tooth was transferred to a fresh vial. Fluoride release was measured with a fluoride ion specific electrode for 10 consecutive weeks and then again at the end of 1 year. Calibration curves for low level measurements were prepared so the readings could be expressed in micrograms/ml F. At 1 year, fluoride released in micrograms/ml was: Group 1: less than 0.08; Group 2: less than 0.08; Group 3: 0.28; Group 4: 0.68; Group 5: 1.12. An ANOVA was used to evaluate the statistical difference between the groups. At the end of 1 year, measurable amounts of fluoride were recorded for all glass ionomer-lined groups with Miracle Mix and GC Lining releasing significantly more fluoride than Ketac-Silver (P less than 0.002).     

Retrospective study of orthodontic bonding without liquid resin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the retention of fixed orthodontic appliances bonded without liquid resin with the use of a retrospective study design. Patients from each of 2 consultant orthodontists in the same specialty clinic were chosen under strict selection criteria. In the test group (n = 37), composite material (Phase II) without liquid resin was used to bond full arch fixed appliances onto patients' upper teeth. Patients' appliances, which were bonded with Phase II composite and liquid resin, were used as the control group (n = 37). The duration of the appliance survival, from the date of appliance bonding to the date of first accidental bracket loss, was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier product limit method and log-rank test. Our data suggested that supragingival orthodontic metal brackets seemed to bond on healthy enamel surfaces and to work equally well either with or without the use of liquid resin. The total percentages of bond failure, roughly 6%, were similar in both test and control groups. Approximately 73% of all patients in the test group and 57% of the patients in the control group experienced no bond failure at all throughout the entire course of treatment.     

The effect of pretreatment with fluoride on the tensile strength of orthodontic bonding.

White spot decalcifications and caries occurring adjacent to bonded orthodontic brackets have long been a concern to orthodontists. One procedure suggested to overcome this problem is fluoride treatment prior to bonding. The purpose of this study was to compare the tensile bond strength of orthodontic self-cured resin from Concise on teeth rinsed 4 minutes in 1.23% APF with untreated controls. Measurements were made on an Instron machine. Debonding interfaces were observed with a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. Distributions were calculated. The tensile bond strengths of the fluoride-treated teeth and the untreated teeth were not significantly different. The debonding interfaces between resin and bracket base, within the resin itself, and between enamel and resin were similar in the two experimental groups. However, greater enamel detachment was seen within the fluoride pretreatment group. So while fluoride pretreatment does not significantly affect tensile bond strength, it may cause enamel detachment after debonding.     

Direct orthodontic bonding to porcelain: an in vitro study.

The shear/peel and tensile/peel bond strengths of mesh-backed orthodontic brackets bonded to porcelain, using a highly filled composite and four different silane bonding agents were determined. Sites of failure were recorded for each method of testing. A method of debonding ane restoring the porcelain surface to its original state after debonding was also investigated. All silane bonding systems tested provided adequate bond strength for clinical use. Fusion produced significantly higher force values to failure in shear testing. There was no significant difference between the bond strengths obtained in tensile testing. Patterns of failure differed in each mode of testing, suggesting that a shear mode of debonding is more likely to cause porcelain fracture and that the possibility of porcelain fracture during function or debonding cannot be excluded. The use of a Lift-Off plier is recommended in debonding brackets from porcelain where a silane bonding agent has been used. Diamond polishing paste was better at restoring the procelain surface to its original appearance than Shofu polishing stones.     

Fluoride release of polyacid-modified composite resins with and without bonding agents.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the proprietary bonding agents Hytac OSB (OSB) (Espe), Prime&Bond 2.1 (PB) (Dentsply DeTrey) and Syntac Single Component (SSC) (Vivadent) on the fluoride release of the corresponding polyacid-modified composite resins Hytac (HTC), Dyract AP (DAP) and Compoglass F (CGF), respectively. METHODS: Ten cylindrical specimens (6mm diameter and 3mm thick) of each polyacid-modified composite were prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions: five with bonding agent applied and five without bonding agent as a control. The specimens were immersed individually in 10ml ultra-pure water at 37 degrees C immediately after light-curing of the polyacid-modified composite resins. Over 140 days, the water was regularly renewed and the fluoride concentration eluted during each period was determined with a combined fluoride ion selective electrode. RESULTS: The fluoride release decreases according to the sequence: CGF>DAP>HTC. The bonding agent significantly reduces the fluoride released by DAP and CGF, respectively, by a factor 2-3 and +/-1.4. For HTC, the bonding agent reduces the fluoride released initially by a factor of +/-2, but the difference between the fluoride release with and without bonding agent becomes insignificant after approximately 3 weeks. SIGNIFICANCE: It can be concluded that the use of bonding agent can significantly reduce fluoride release of polyacid-modified composite resins in the long-term, and especially in the short-term. The decrease in fluoride release might reduce the material's potential to prevent recurrent caries.     

新型正畸粘接剂氟释放特征的研究

目的研究一种新型正畸粘接剂的氟释放特征。方法将不同比例的甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、氟化钠和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯相混合,构成3个实验组,对照组为玻璃离子水门汀。测量样本24h的氟释放量。在最初7d每天测量一次,此后的一个月每周测量一次,之后为每月测量一次,持续测量4个月,并定期记录样本重量的改变。采用单因素方差分析对数据进行统计分析。结果含有10%氟化钠、90%聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的粉,含有40%甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯和60%甲基丙烯酸甲酯液组成的粘接剂在112天中具有与玻璃离子水门汀相似的氟释放量。甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯含量为40%的粘接剂的重量增加值明显高于其他组。结论含有10%氟化钠、90%聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的粉,含有40%甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯和60%甲基丙烯酸甲酯液组成的粘接剂具有令人满意的氟释放特征。     

Effects of periodic fluoride treatment on fluoride ion release from fresh orthodontic adhesives

Objective

Periodic fluoride treatment may contribute to the ability of fresh orthodontic adhesives to provide long-term F⁻ release. The effects of periodic fluoride treatment on the amount of F⁻ release from fresh orthodontic adhesives was investigated.

Methods

F⁻ release was measured from a nonfluoride-releasing composite, a fluoride-releasing composite, a polyacid-modified composite (compomer), and two resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs) at 1, 2, and 5 days after one of the following treatments: 225 ppm F⁻ solution, 900 ppm F⁻ solution, acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF), fluoridated dentifrice, and deionised water (control). F⁻ release was measured in a 5-day cycle, which was repeated 9 consecutive times. The amount of F⁻ release for each group was analysed using the repeated measures analysis of variance. Statistical significance was set at a level of α = 0.05.

Results

Periodic fluoride treatment temporarily increased F⁻ release in fresh fluoride-releasing orthodontic adhesives, but not in fresh nonfluoride-releasing composite. The order of effective fluoride-release was RMGICs > compomer > fluoride-releasing composite > nonfluoride-releasing composite. The application of APF or 900 ppm F⁻ solution was the most effective way to maintain F⁻ release from fresh orthodontic adhesives. However, the amount of F⁻ release gradually decreased with increasing specimen age.

Conclusion

Given the difficulty of routine use of APF at home, the results of this study show that a combination of RMGICs and high-dose fluoride mouth rinse is the most effective protocol to maintain F⁻ release from fresh orthodontic adhesives.

Clinical significance

Most studies have investigated fluoride-uptake abilities using aged materials in which fluoride had been lost for at least 1 month. This study has found that periodic fluoride treatment altered the conventional F⁻ release pattern of fresh fluoride-releasing materials and type of fluoride-containing medium plays a more critical role in fluoride recharging of the materials than fluoride concentration. This study will help clinicians to find the most effective fluoride treatment protocol of fresh materials.