中国东北地区3～24岁正畸患者的蝶鞍形态

目的观察中国东北地区3~24岁正畸患者的蝶鞍形态,分析不同年龄段的生长变化,为临床诊断及应用提供参考依据。方法选择2008—2015年就诊于中国医科大学附属口腔医院正畸科的患者1 758例,测量每位患者的头颅侧位定位片,分别得出男性和女性蝶鞍的长度、深度、最大直径,观察蝶鞍形态伴随生长发育的变化情况。使用SPSS17.0统计软件对所得数据进行统计学分析。结果在生长发育过程中,蝶鞍的长度、深度、最大直径随着年龄的增加逐渐增大,18岁以后蝶鞍形态趋于稳定。蝶鞍的长度、深度变化均匀而缓慢,蝶鞍的最大直径的变化存在高峰期,即男性12~16岁,女性10~14岁。结论蝶鞍大小随年龄增长而逐渐增大,蝶鞍的最大直径的变化存在高峰期。     

骨性安氏Ⅲ类错牙合畸形与蝶鞍的相关性研究

目的    探讨骨性安氏Ⅲ类错牙合畸形与蝶鞍大小、形态以及鞍桥发生率的相关性,为制定正确的矫治计划提供参考。方法    选取2002—2015年中国医科大学附属口腔医院正畸-正颌联合治疗的骨性安氏Ⅲ类错牙合患者249例为试验组,其中男120例,女性129例;仅接受正畸治疗的安氏Ⅰ类错牙合者患者296例为对照组,其中男150例,女146例;所有患者年龄18 ~ 36岁。Winceph 8.0软件定位蝶鞍相关标记点,测量蝶鞍的长度、深度和直径,记录蝶鞍形态（椭圆形、圆形、扁平状）以及鞍桥类型（无鞍桥、部分鞍桥、完全鞍桥）。采用SPSS 21.0统计软件对所得数据进行统计分析。结果    试验组与对照组蝶鞍长度和深度差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）,而蝶鞍直径差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）;两组男性与女性蝶鞍长度差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）,而蝶鞍深度和直径差异均无统计学差异（均P＞0.05）。试验组蝶鞍各形状所占比例从大至小依次为扁平状、圆形和椭圆形,对照组依次为圆形、扁平状和椭圆形,两组男性与女性蝶鞍形态差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。试验组鞍桥发生率为68.27%,对照组为17.23%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组男性与女性鞍桥类型比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。结论    骨性安氏Ⅲ类错牙合畸形与蝶鞍大小和形态显著相关,骨性安氏Ⅲ类错牙合患者的鞍桥发生率较对照组明显增加。     

A cone beam computed tomographic evaluation of the size of the sella turcica in patients with cleft lip and palate

Objective: Changes in the size of the sella turcica are frequently related to pathologies and syndromes. The aim of this was to compare the sella turcica dimensions in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate and non-cleft subjects.

Methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of three groups consisted of 20 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate; 20 patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate and a control group consisting of 20 non-cleft subjects were the research population in this pilot study. The sella turcica linear dimensions in terms of length, depth and diameter were measured for all subjects. One-way ANOVA test was used to determine any significant differences among the three groups for the measured parameters.

Results: The length, depth and diameter of sella turcica were found to be significantly smaller in the unilateral and bilateral groups compared with the normal age and gender matched group. No significant differences were found in the measured variables between the unilateral and bilateral cleft patients.

Conclusion: CBCT images showed a greater likelihood of abnormal sella turcica dimensions in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate. Therefore, the sella turcica dimensions may have an intrinsic relationship to the cleft condition.     

Post-natal size and morphology of the sella turcica in Williams syndrome

Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare congenital disorder with distinctive craniofacial features, cardiovascular abnormalities, mental retardation, and behaviour characteristics.The purpose of this study was to investigate the size and morphology of the sella turcica on profile cephalograms in a group of individuals with WS. The material consisted of radiographic cephalograms of 62 Norwegian children, adolescents, and adults with an age range of 4.7-44.4 years. The length, depth, and diameter of the sella turcica were measured and the mean values were compared with normal reference material from the Oslo University Craniofacial Growth Archive. In total, the two-dimensional size of the sella turcica in the WS group was smaller in length, depth, and diameter compared with the control group, but only occasionally reached a significance level of 5 per cent (Student's t-test).The morphology of the sella turcica was assessed and five different morphological types were identified; oblique anterior wall, extremely low sella turcica, sella turcica bridging, irregularity (notching) in the posterior part of the dorsum sellae, and pyramidal shape of the dorsum sellae. The occurrence of these morphological types was more frequent in the WS subjects compared with the reference material, except for sella turcica bridging, which was equally frequent. The females with WS had more dysmorphic sella turcicas than males.This study has demonstrated morphological aberrations in the sella turcica in Norwegian individuals with WS, which should be further elucidated in future research and combined with neurological andendocrinological investigations.     

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??Objective    To investigate the relationship between Angle Class?? malocclusion and sella bridge by measuring the size of sella and recording the prevalence of sella bridge to provide the basis for clinical treatment. Methods             Totally 249 cases of Class??malocclusion managed by orthodontic-orthognathic treatment were selected as experimental group??which included 120 males and 129 females. Another 296 cases of Class I malocclusion receiving orthodontic treatment were selected as control group??which included 150 males and 146 females. The ages ranged from 18 to 36 years old. The sella point was located by Winceph 8.0 software to measure the length,depth and diameter of sella. Record the shape of sella??oval??round and flat?? and tpye of sella bridge ??no sella bridge??partial sella bridge??complete sella bridge??. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 21.0. Results    Significant differences were found on the length and depth of sella between two groups??while no significant difference was found on the diameter of sella between two groups.The gender differences on the length of sella in two groups was significant??while no significant differences were found on the depth and diameter of sella. The proportion on the shape of sella from most to least in experimental group was flat??round and oval??while in control group it was round??flat and oval. There were no significant differences on genders in two groups. Besides??the occurrence of sella bridge in experimental group was 68.27% while the incidence of sella bridge in control group was 17.23%. No difference were found on the incidence of sella bridge between genders in two groups. Conclusion    The association between Angle Class?? malocclusion and the size and shape of sella is significant. The prevalence of sella bridge in skeletal crossbite cases significantly increases when compared with the control group.     

Sella turcica morphology in patients with genetic syndromes: A systematic review

The sella turcica is an important anatomical reference used in orthodontics for the evaluation of craniofacial growth. Studies have found variations in the sella turcica morphology in patients with syndromes affecting the craniofacial complex. This review aims to determine whether genetic syndromes involving the craniofacial complex are associated with abnormal radiographic sella turcica morphology and whether there is a pattern of malformation which is consistent within each syndrome. An electronic database search was conducted to identify relevant studies. We included primary studies describing the morphology of the sella turcica on lateral radiographs in human subjects with genetic syndromes involving the craniofacial complex. No restrictions were placed on language or timeframe. PROSPERO registration CRD42019148060. Thirty-eight studies were included in this review. A ‘J’-shaped sella was found in patients with Hutchinson-Gilford-Progeria syndrome and other syndromes. A bulbous dorsum sellae was highly prevalent Cleidocranial dysplasia, and a bulbous dorsum sellae and uneven contours of the clivus was found in Cri du chat syndrome. A steep clivus was described in patients with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. An oblique anterior wall was the most frequent malformation found in Down’s syndrome. Genetic syndromes affecting the craniofacial complex are associated with abnormal morphology of the radiographic sella turcica. Clinicians should be observant of abnormal sella turcica morphology which can be a sign of undiagnosed or subclinical syndromes. More high-quality studies are needed which use standardized and objective methods of determining the morphology of the sella turcica.     

Post-natal size and morphology of the sella turcica. Longitudinal cephalometric standards for Norwegians between 6 and 21 years of age

The purpose of this study was to establish normative longitudinal cephalometric standards of size and to describe the morphology of the sella turcica in Norwegian males and females between 6 and 21 years of age using standardized lateral radiographic cephalograms. The subjects comprised 35 males and 37 females from the Oslo University Craniofacial Growth Archive. All were healthy Caucasians, with an Angle Class I molar and canine relationship with no apparent facial disharmony. None had undergone orthodontic therapy.The length, depth, and diameter of the sella turcica was measured and the mean values were analysed longitudinally. Comparisons between the dimensions of the sella turcica of males and females in each age group were performed using a Student's t-test.The length of the sella turcica was almost constant throughout the observation period and the depth and diameter increased with age. No differences between males and females were detected for the depth and diameter of the sella turcica, but the length was larger in males throughout the observation period.The morphology of the sella turcica was assessed and five different morphological aberration types were identified: oblique anterior wall, sella turcica bridging, double contour of the floor, irregularity (notching) in the posterior part of the dorsum sellae, and pyramidal shape of the dorsum sellae. The female subjects had slightly more sella turcicas with aberrant morphology.These reference standards for the dimensions of the sella turcica can be used in the study of growth and development of individuals with craniofacial aberrations and syndromes.     

第二前磨牙先天缺失与蝶鞍的相关性研究

目的　探索第二前磨牙先天缺失与蝶鞍大小、形态和鞍桥发生率之间是否有相关性。方法　选取2010—2017年中国医科大学附属口腔医院奉天门诊及正畸二科收治的仅第二前磨牙先天缺失（除第三磨牙外）患者80例作为研究组，另选取同期收治的无恒牙先天缺失（除第三磨牙外）且接受正畸治疗的安氏Ⅰ类患者250例作为对照组。收集两组患者头颅侧位片和曲面体层片，使用Winceph 8.0软件定位相关标记点，并测量蝶鞍的长度、深度和直径，同时记录蝶鞍的形态（扁平形、椭圆形、圆形）以及鞍桥的类型（无鞍桥、部分鞍桥、完全鞍桥）。采用SPSS 17.0统计软件对所得数据进行统计学分析。结果　两组患者的蝶鞍大小、形态比较，差异均无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）。研究组患者鞍桥发生率明显高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.001）。两组不同性别患者蝶鞍大小、形态以及鞍桥发生率比较，差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论　研究组患者鞍桥发生率显著增加，提示第二前磨牙的先天缺失可能与鞍桥的发生有关。不同性别患者的蝶鞍大小、形态和鞍桥发生率均无差异。     

腭侧埋伏阻生尖牙与鞍桥的相关性研究

目的:比较腭侧埋伏阻尖牙生和尖牙正常萌出患者的蝶鞍大小,检测鞍桥和腭侧埋伏阻生尖牙之间是否存在关联。方法:选择腭侧埋伏阻生尖牙患者的头颅侧位片作为实验组,共103例,尖牙正常萌出者作为对照组,共103例。测量蝶鞍的长度、深度、直径,依据蝶鞍的钙化程度将其分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型。结果:除蝶鞍深度外,蝶鞍长度、直径两组间比较差异均有统计学意义。实验组男性的蝶鞍深度大于女性,蝶鞍长度及蝶鞍直径男女无统计学差异。而对照组男性与女性间蝶鞍的大小比较均无统计学差异。实验组鞍桥部分和完全钙化的发生率分别为41.75％和15.53％,但性别间比较差异无统计学意义;对照组鞍桥部分和完全钙化的发生率分别为8.73%和4.85％ 。实验组鞍桥发生率是对照组的8.52倍。结论:腭侧埋伏阻生尖牙患者的蝶鞍长度、直径均较对照组大,其鞍桥的发生率显著增加,但无性别差异。     

上颌侧切牙先天性缺失与蝶鞍相关性研究

目的 比较上颌侧切牙先天性缺失患者和牙列完整患者的蝶鞍大小,评估鞍桥和上颌侧切牙先天性缺失之间是否存在联系.方法 以上颌侧切牙先天性缺失患者作为试验组,牙列完整者作为对照组,每组各80例.利用Dolphin软件测量蝶鞍的大小,记录蝶鞍鞍桥的钙化程度.结果 两组间的蝶鞍大小除长度以外差异均无统计学意义.试验组与对照组在鞍...     

恒牙先天缺失患者蝶鞍和颅底的头影测量研究

目的 探究不同程度恒牙先天缺失患者蝶鞍与颅底的大小及形态差异。 方法 选取2020—2021年就诊于四川大学华西口腔医院正畸科的322例患者为研究对象,依据先天缺牙数目将患者分为3组：对照组（无恒牙先天缺失,112例）;试验Ⅰ组（先天缺失1~2颗恒牙,104例）;试验Ⅱ组（先天缺失3颗及以上恒牙,106例）。使用Uceph头影测量软件对每位患者头颅侧位片的蝶鞍的长度、深度和直径以及颅底相关线性和角度参数进行测量。对每位患者的蝶鞍形态进行判定。采用SPSS 21.0软件对数据进行统计学分析。 结果 3组的蝶鞍长度、深度、直径以及颅底相关的线性和角度参数差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。3组的鞍桥发生率的差异有统计学意义（P=0.013）,试验组高于对照组（P<0.05）,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 虽然蝶鞍的线性大小及颅底特征在正常人和先天缺牙患者中未见明显差异,但在先天缺牙患者中鞍桥发生率更高,提示该人群的蝶鞍解剖学形态可能异常。     

A sella turcica bridge in subjects with severe craniofacial deviations

In earlier studies, a sella turcica bridge was stated to occur in 1.75 to 6 per cent of the population. The occurrence of a sella turcica bridge has not previously been studied in a group of patients with craniofacial deviations treated by surgery. Profile radiographs from 177 individuals who had undergone combined orthodontic and surgical treatment at the Copenhagen School of Dentistry were studied. A sella turcica bridge was registered in those subjects where the radiograph revealed a continuous band of bony tissue from the anterior cranial fossa to the posterior cranial fossa across the sella turcica. Two types of sella turcica bridge were identified. A sella turcica bridge occurred in 18.6 per cent of the subjects.     

The shape and size of the sella turcica in skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III Saudi subjects

The purpose of this study was to describe the shape and measure the size of the sella turcica in Saudi subjects with different skeletal types. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 180 individuals (90 males and 90 females) with an age range of 11-26 years were taken and distributed according to skeletal classification; 60 Class I, 60 Class II, and 60 Class III. The sella turcica on each radiograph was analysed and measured to determine the shape of the sella, in addition to the linear dimensions of length, depth, and diameter. A Student's t-test was used to calculate differences in linear dimensions, while a one-way analysis of variance was performed to study the relationship between skeletal type and sella size. The results show that the sella turcica presented with a normal morphology in the majority of subjects (67 per cent). No significant differences in linear dimensions between genders could be found. When age was evaluated, significant differences were found between the older (15 years or more) and the younger (11-14 years) age groups at the 0.01 and 0.001 levels for length, depth, and diameter. Sella size of the older age group was larger than in the younger age group. When skeletal type was compared with sella size, a significant difference was found in the diameter of sella between the Class II and Class III subjects (P < 0.01). Larger diameter values were present in the skeletal Class III subjects, while smaller diameter sizes were apparent in Class II subjects (multiple comparison tests). When gender, age, and skeletal type were all compared with the size of the sella (regression analyses), age was significantly related to a change of length (P < 0.01) and diameter (P < 0.001). Sella shape and dimensions reported in the current study can be used as reference standards for further investigations involving the sella turcica area in Saudi subjects.     

Bridging and dimensions of sella turcica in subjects treated by surgical-orthodontic means or orthodontics only

The aim of the study was to compare the incidence of sella turcica bridging and sella turcica dimensions in 150 Caucasian subjects who had combined surgical-orthodontic correction of their malocclusion with a randomly selected group of 150 Caucasian subjects who were treated contemporaneously by orthodontic means only. Pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were scanned and analyzed. A sella turcica bridge was identified as a continuous band of bony tissue extending from the anterior cranial fossa to the posterior cranial fossa. The dimensions of the sella turcica were measured. In the group treated by combined surgical-orthodontic means, the incidence of bridging was 16.7%, whereas it was 7.3% in the orthodontics-only group (P = .012). Significant increases in the mean surface area (P = .02) and mean perimeter of the sella turcica (P = .01) were found for the combined surgical-orthodontic group compared with the orthodontics-only group. The mean interclinoid distance was significantly smaller in the surgical-orthodontic group (P = .02). These findings appear to indicate the greater likelihood of sella turcica bridging and abnormal sella turcica dimensions in subjects treated by combined surgical-orthodontic means rather than by orthodontics only.     

蝶鞍的类型和鞍桥的发生率

蝶鞍位于颅窝中部,蝶骨体内表面,中部是垂体窝。蝶鞍是脑颅和颅面复合体的X线分析的重要结构,在正畸中,蝶鞍中心点是头影测量片上最常使用的标志点之一,被用来测量上下颌相对于颅骨的位置,以及上下颌之间的相对位置,研究这些结构有助于正畸医生诊断,并且可以通过纵向的结构叠加来研究个体的生长,也用来评估正畸治疗结果。临床医生应熟悉该领域的正常解剖影像学和形态学的变化,以便识别和研究可能反映的病理情况。该文就蝶鞍的类型和鞍桥发生率作一综述。     

A cephalometric morphometric study of the sella turcica

The purpose of this study was to use quantitative methods to measure the size and shape of the sella turcica and thus establish normative reference standards that could assist in a more objective evaluation and detection of pathological conditions. Standardized lateral cephalograms of 184 healthy Greeks (91 males and 93 females) were used. The age range was between 6 and 17 years. Conventional measurements included three different heights of the sella turcica (anterior, posterior, median), its length, and width, measured in relation to the Frankfort reference line. In addition, the area of sella turcica was calculated. Morphometric methods were used to assess shape. The tracings were superimposed using the Procrustes method, and the average shape was computed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess shape variability. The data were correlated with centroid size, age, and gender. Unpaired t-tests were used to determine gender differences. Sella height anteriorly was the only variable found to be significantly different between the genders, being larger in females by 0.5 mm. Linear and area measurements were found to be significantly correlated with age, but all correlations were low (r(2) below 8 per cent). Sella turcica shape, as described by PCA, was different between males and females, mainly at the posterior aspect of the sella outline. However, although there was an extensive overlap between the genders, and differences were minimal. Age was not found to be correlated with the shape coefficients, although, in the female group, the first principal component of shape was marginally not significant. Allometry was observed in both genders, the sella showing a tendency towards a flatter and wider shape with increase in size. The results of this study constitute quantitative reference data that could be used for objective evaluation of sella shape.     

A sella turcica bridge in subjects with dental anomalies

Calcification of the interclinoid ligament (ICL) of the sella turcica, or sella turcica bridging, has been associated with severe craniofacial deviations. Despite no comprehensive study on the sella turcica bridge, a relationship with tooth and eruption disturbances has been reported. In order to investigate whether congenital absence of the second mandibular premolar, or the presence of a palatally displaced canine (PDC), is associated with sella bridging, a retrospective study was performed. Lateral cephalometric radiographs from 20 males and 14 females, aged between 8 and 16 years, with a PDC and second mandibular premolar aplasia were reviewed and compared with a control group. A standardized scoring scale was established to quantify the extent of a sella turcica bridge from each radiograph (no calcification, partially calcified, and completely calcified). The prevalence of complete calcification of the ICL in adolescents with dental anomalies was equal to 17.6 per cent, while an incidence 9.9 per cent was found in the control group. A partially calcified sella turcica was observed in 58.8 per cent of adolescents with dental anomalies compared with 33.7 per cent in the control group. The association between the degree of calcification of the ICL and the presence of dental anomalies in the studied adolescents was statistically significant according to chi-square statistics (P = 0.004). This was confirmed by Fisher's exact test (P = 0.003). According to these findings, the prevalence of a sella turcica bridge in adolescents with dental anomalies is increased, while age and gender do not greatly influence ossification of the ICL. The very early appearance during development of a sella turcica bridge should alert clinicians to possible tooth anomalies in life later.     

Morphology of the sella turcica in Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome with PITX2 mutation

Background:  Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome (ARS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with an incidence of 1:200 000. Genotype and phenotype are heterogeneous and clinical morphology impresses with variable expressivity. Additionally to the typical craniofacial and dental aberrations anomalies in the morphology of sella turcica are discussed.
Method:  In a multidisciplinary genetic and clinical study four patients of a family with ARS were screened by direct DNA sequencing. Radiographic analysis of the patients was performed for evaluating cranial and dental structures. Additionally, a specific analysis of the morphology of the sella turcica was made on the radiographs.
Results:  Screening for PITX2 and FOXC1 mutations revealed a P64L missense mutation in PITX2 in all four patients. The cephalometric analysis showed a midface hypoplasia associated with a skeletal Class III. All patients showed a sella turcica bridge combined with a prominent posterior clinoid process followed by a steep clivus and an elongated sella turcica.
Conclusion:  The incidence of a sella turcica bridge in combination with a PITX2 mutation would suspect that sella turcica anomalies are typical symptoms of the syndrome. Sella turcica anomalies in association with craniofacial and dental aberrations, such as maxillary retrognathia, skeletal Class III relationship and hypoplasia of teeth, might be important indicators for ARS caused by PITX2 mutation.     

Prenatal traces of aberrant neurofacial growth

The interrelation between the development of the brain/peripheral nerves and that of the surrounding bone tissue is termed neuro-osteology. In orthodontic and pediatric practice the development of the hard tissues is evaluated radiographically, but the development of the neural tissue within the bone tissue is not evaluated. In this review the emphasis is placed on two neuro-osteologic interrelations that can be observed on profile radiographs and orthopantomograms, respectively. One is the connection between the pituitary gland of the central nervous system and the sella turcica (profile radiograph), and the other is the association between the peripheral nerves and the development of the dentition (orthopantomogram). Pituitary gland/sella turcica: The correlation between prenatal malformation in the pituitary gland/sella turcica and the postnatal morphology of the sella turcica in holoprosencephaly, spina bifida/myelomeningocele, and cri-du-chat syndrome is demonstrated. Peripheral nerves/dentition: The prenatal innervation of the dentition is presented. Agenesis and tooth malformation occur in constant patterns within the dental arch fields that share the same innervation. The findings demonstrate that in postnatal diagnosis of the cranium and the teeth, traces of prenatal aberrations can be found that are important for neurofacial growth.     

Prenatal traces of aberrant neurofacial growth

The interrelation between the development of the brain/peripheral nerves and that of the surrounding bone tissue is termed neuro-osteology. In orthodontic and pediatric practice the development of the hard tissues is evaluated radiographically, but the development of the neural tissue within the bone tissue is not evaluated. In this review the emphasis is placed on two neuro-osteologic interrelations that can be observed on profile radiographs and orthopantomograms, respectively. One is the connection between the pituitary gland of the central nervous system and the sella turcica (profile radiograph), and the other is the association between the peripheral nerves and the development of the dentition (orthopantomogram). Pituitary gland/sella turcica: The correlation between prenatal malformation in the pituitary gland/sella turcica and the postnatal morphology of the sella turcica in holoprosencephaly, spina bifida/myelomeningocele, and cri-du-chat syndrome is demonstrated. Peripheral nerves/dentition: The prenatal innervation of the dentition is presented. Agenesis and tooth malformation occur in constant patterns within the dental arch fields that share the same innervation. The findings demonstrate that in postnatal diagnosis of the cranium and the teeth, traces of prenatal aberrations can be found that are important for neurofacial growth.