通心络对实验性大脑中动脉闭塞大鼠脑缺血微血管的保护作用

目的 观察通心络胶囊对大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型大鼠脑缺血后微血管的保护作用.方法 清洁级雄性SD大鼠200只随机分为5组:假手术组只做颈总和颈内动脉分离和生理盐水灌胃;其余4组制备MCAO模型,其中MK-801组在造模成功后腹腔注射MK-801;通心络大、小剂量组均在造模成功后分别给予1.0 g·kg-1·d-1和0.5 g·kg-1·d-1通心络原粉水溶液灌胃;模型组给予等体积生理盐水灌胃.各组动物分别于术后6、12、24、48和72 h电镜观察皮质微血管超微结构改变、检测缺血脑皮质毛细血管通透性、免疫组化法测定大脑皮质Ⅷ因子和脑微血管周围IL-6、IL-1β蛋白表达.结果 电镜下观察,治疗组均能显著改善缺血后脑皮质微血管超微结构;模型组脑内伊文蓝含量明显增加(P＜0.01),通心络大剂量组在脑缺血12 h能显著降低其含量(P＜0.01),并且在24 h后较小剂量组、MK-801组降低明显(P＜0.01);模型组皮质中微血管数急剧减少(P＜0.01),治疗组各时间皮质中血管数均明显多于模型组(P＜0.01),其中通心络大剂量组的微血管数多于其他治疗组(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);模型组脑皮质微血管周围IL-6及IL-1β表达升高(P＜0.01),分别于缺血后24和12 h达到高峰,各治疗组与模型组相比,IL-6表达明显升高(P＜0.01),而IL-1β表达明显降低(P＜0.01),其中通心络大剂量组最为明显(P＜0.01).结论 通心络胶囊可从多角度对大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型大鼠脑缺血微血管损伤进行保护.     

亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后HSP70 mRNA表达及损伤神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后HSP70 mRNA、HSP70(热休克蛋白70)表达及损伤神经细胞凋亡的影响.方法采用大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,大脑中动脉阻塞2小时,再灌注损伤10小时,用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术、免疫组织化学法和原位缺口末端标记(TUNEL)法分别检测假手术组、对照组和亚低温组HSP70 mRNA、HSP70表达水平和凋亡细胞百分率.结果亚低温组HSP70mRNA、HSP70表达水平较对照组显著升高(P＜0.05),而凋亡细胞百分率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论亚低温上调大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后HSP70 mRNA、HSP70表达水平可能与其抗损伤神经细胞凋亡作用有关.     

地塞米松对大鼠脑出血后血肿周围细胞凋亡及半胱氨酸蛋白酶mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨地塞米松对大鼠脑出血(ICH)后血肿周围细胞凋亡及半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase-3)mRNA表达的影响.方法 采用自体血注入法制作大鼠ICH模型;将制模成功的大鼠分为ICH组和地塞米松治疗组(治疗组),另设假手术组,每组40只;各组大鼠分别在造模后6 h、12 h、24 h、72 h断头取脑组织行TUNEL染色及RT-PCR法检测caspase-3 mRNA的表达.结果 与假手术组相比, ICH组和治疗组从6 h开始出现凋亡细胞,12～72 h逐渐增加(均P<0.01);与ICH组比较,治疗组12～72 h细胞凋亡数明显增多(均P<0.01),各时间点caspase-3 mRNA的表达均明显高于ICH组(均P<0.01). 结论 地塞米松可加重ICH后血肿周围细胞凋亡,应用地塞米松治疗ICH应慎重.     

亚低温对大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后海马CA3区HSP70表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察亚低温对大鼠弥漫性脑损伤(DBI)后海马CA3区HSP70在蛋白质和mRNA水平的表达及细胞凋亡上的影响,探讨亚低温脑保护分子生物机制。方法 将大鼠随机分成空白对照、假手术、单纯DBI和DBI后亚低温治疗四组,按Marmarou氏方法制作大鼠DBI模型,采用免疫组化法、逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)及流式细胞仪(FCM),分别观察各组动物脑海马CA3区HSP70在蛋白质和mRNA水平的表达及细胞凋亡率。结果 与对照组相比,大鼠DBI后海马CA3区HSP70表达水平及细胞凋亡率均升高(P<0.05);亚低温治疗后,大鼠脑海马CA3区HSP70表达水平较单纯DBI组显著增高(P<0.01),而细胞凋亡率则明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 亚低温对创伤性脑损伤的脑保护机制可能与促进HSP70表达,并减少神经细胞凋亡有关。     

亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后HSP70mRNA表达及损伤神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再注损伤后HSP70mRNA、HSP70（热休克蛋白70）表达及损伤神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法 采用大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,大脑中动脉阻塞2小时,再灌注损伤10小时,用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）技术、免疫组织化学法和原位缺口末端标记（TUNEL）法分别检测假手术组、对照组和亚低温组HSP70mRNA、HSP70表达水平和凋亡细胞百分率。结果 亚低温组HSP70mRNA、HSP70表达水平较对照组显著升高（P＜0．05）,而凋亡细胞百分率明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论 亚低温上调大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后HSP70mRNA、HSP70表达水平可能与其抗损伤神经细胞凋亡作用有关。     

替普瑞酮诱导阿尔茨海默病大鼠海马热休克蛋白70表达及抗凋亡机制

目的研究替普瑞酮(Geranylgeranylacetone,GGA)诱导阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)模型大鼠海马热休克蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,HSP70)的表达及其抗细胞凋亡机制。方法 36只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组与GGA组(n=12)。双侧海马注射β淀粉样蛋白1-42(β-amyloid1-42,Aβ1-42)建立AD大鼠模型。GGA组大鼠予GGA800mg/(kg·d)灌胃,持续21d。Y迷宫测试大鼠行为学变化;HSP70-TUNEL免疫荧光双标染色观察大鼠海马细胞凋亡与HSP70表达变化、分布情况;Western-blot测定大鼠海马HSP70及凋亡相关因子caspase-9、cytochrome C、FADD、caspase-8蛋白表达。结果术后模型组大鼠获得记忆所需电击次数(14d:21.1±5.6;21d:27.4±5.2),对照组(14d:15.9±3.8;21d:14.7±3.9),GGA组(14d:17.3±2.7;21d:20.8±4.6)。术后21d海马HSP70表达:模型组(0.22±0.04),对照组(0.43±0.07),GGA组:(0.71±0.15);凋亡细胞:模型组(38.4±6.8),对照组(9.7±3.8);GGA组(16.7±4.3);caspase-9表达:模型组(0.69±0.09),对照组(0.14±0.04),GGA组(0.23±0.06)。FADD表达GGA组与模型组无统计学差异。结论 GGA诱导AD大鼠海马HSP70表达上调,可能通过抑制线粒体凋亡途径的激活及部分死亡受体凋亡途径的激活而发挥抗凋亡作用,减轻神经元损伤,从而改善AD大鼠的学习记忆能力。     

小剂量3-NPA对KA致痫大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡和p53蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨小剂量线粒体毒素3-硝基丙酸（3-NPA）预处理对红藻氨酸（KA）致痫大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡和p53蛋白表达的影响.方法大鼠腹腔注射20 mg/kg 3-NPA（4 mg/mL）或生理盐水后24 h制作大鼠癫痫模型及对照模型,7 d后分别用原位末端标记（TUNEL）法、免疫组织化学方法观察小剂量3-NPA预处理对KA致痫大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡和P53蛋白表达的影响. 结果3-NPA预处理组较对照组CA1区神经细胞凋亡减少,p53蛋白表达减弱. 结论小剂量3-NPA预处理可以对KA致痫大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡和p53蛋白表达有抑制作用,3-NPA预处理可能对KA致痫大鼠海马细胞凋亡具有一定保护作用.     

腺病毒介导kallikrein基因过度表达对脑梗死周边区细胞凋亡的作用

目的 探讨激肽释放酶(kallikrein)对脑梗死周边区域缺血神经细胞凋亡的作用.方法 建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型,将造模成功的30只大鼠采用随机数字表法分为以下几组:A组,空白对照组;B组,注射生理盐水;C组,注射pAdCMV-人类组织激肽释放酶(HTK):每组10只.观察每组大鼠处理前后神经功能损害评分(NSS),用免疫组化技术检测外源性HTK的表达,并通过TUNEL染色、RT-PCR检测细胞凋亡及凋亡因子bcl-2、bax、caspase-3 mRNA水平.结果 治疗后24h在C组中可见HTK表达阳性细胞并逐渐增多,72h后达高峰.与B组以及A组相比差异有统计学意义(112±6.1、68±4.2、59±3.9,P<0.05).治疗后72h,C组大鼠NSS神经功能评分明显低于B组以及A组(6.70±0.16、8.13±0.16、7.93±0.20,P<0.05);治疗后7 d差异更明显(5.14±0.18、7.82±0.14、7.91±0.10,P<0.01).凋亡神经细胞集中于梗死周边区,治疗后72h及7d时,C组平均TUNEL阳性细胞数较B组与A组明显减少(72 h:10.1±0.9、16.7±1.1、20.4±0.8;7 d:15.2±1.2、33.6±1.3、28.8±1.7,P<0.05).与B、A组比较,C组中bc1.2 mRNA水平增高不明显(P>0.05);治疗后72 h及7 d,bax与caspase.3 mRNA水平则明显降低(P<0.05). 结论 Kallikrein可能通过减少凋亡因子bax、caspase-3的表达,抑制脑梗死周边区域的神经细胞凋亡,从而达到保护缺血神经细胞,改善神经功能的作用.     

bFGF对大鼠脑出血周边组织NO含量、HSP70表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 研究碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF)对大鼠脑出血周边组织一氧化氮(NO)含量、热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达及细胞凋亡的影响.方法 Wistar大鼠112只,随机分为脑出血组、脑出血+bFGF组,两组各分为(出血前和出血后4h、6h、12h、24h、72h、7d)7个时间点.利用化学方法测定大鼠脑出血周边组织NO含量,免疫组化法测定HSP70的表达,利用原位末端标记法测定出血周边组织中神经细胞的凋亡情况.结果 大鼠脑出血周边组织NO含量4h开始升高(P＜0.05),24h到7d显著升高(P＜0.01),大约72h左右NO达峰值.大鼠脑出血周边组织HSP70表达4h开始升高(P＜0.01),大约24h左右HSP70表达达峰值.大鼠脑出血周边组织6h出现凋亡细胞,12h上升显著(P＜0.01),72h左右凋亡细胞达峰值,与NO峰值对应,7d时仍存在较多凋亡细胞.bFGF干预后,NO含量、凋亡细胞数量与脑出血组对应时间点比较显著下降(P＜0.01);HSP70表达与脑出血组对应时间点比较显著升高(P＜0.01).结论 大鼠脑出血周边组织神经细胞存在长时间凋亡,NO可以促进其凋亡,HSP70可以抑制其凋亡,bFGF能使NO含量降低,HSP70表达增高,从而抑制神经细胞凋亡.     

改良线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型及缺血区 HSP70 表达分析

目的建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型,分析缺血区脑组织内热休克蛋白HSP70的表达变化。方法将60只Wistar大鼠随机分为MCA0组及假手术组。采用改良栓线法建立MCAO模型．假手术组仅结扎右侧颈内动脉。苏木精-伊红染色观察两组脑组织镜下形态变化,免疫组织化学方法检测两组HSP70蛋白的表达,并进行统计学分析。结果MCAO组成功建模23例．建模成功率76．7％。苏木精-伊红染色显示：MCAO组标本存在典型缺血性损伤改变。MCAO组HSP70蛋白在6、12、24h的表达分别为7．32±0．894、12．61±0．937、14．83±1．395。假手术组为2．12±0．751、1．93±1．237、2．17±0．352;两组各时间点HSP70蛋白的表达差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论采用改良线栓法建立的大鼠MCAO模型简便易行、成功率高。HSP70可能有增加神经元对缺血、缺氧的耐受性,抵抗进一步致死损伤的作用。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。