严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2与新型冠状病毒肺炎

目前正在暴发流行的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的病原体是严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）,这是近年来继严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERSCoV）之后发现的能够感染人的第7种冠状病毒。SARS-CoV-2系单股正链RNA病毒,传染性强,人群普遍对其缺乏免疫力,疫情目前仍在持续。2020年1月30日（当地时间）,WHO将此次疫情列为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件（PHEIC）。本文就SARS-CoV-2病原学、致病性及COVID-19的检测诊断、预防控制和临床治疗等领域的进展进行讨论。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎心脏损伤及其与血管紧张素转化酶Ⅱ的关系研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的疾病。COVID-19患者主要表现为发热、乏力、干咳等典型呼吸系统症状,但也有部分患者有心悸、胸闷等不适,出现心电图、心肌酶谱、心功能等改变,表现为心脏损害。血管紧张素转化酶Ⅱ(ACE2)作为SARS-CoV-2侵入细胞的受体,可能与COVID-19患者心脏损伤有密切联系。文章就COVID-19患者心脏损伤及其与ACE2的关系作一综述。     

新型冠状病毒对循环系统影响的研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)是由新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的,以发热、咳嗽及呼吸困难为主要临床症状的一种可在人群中广泛传播的疾病。截至目前,2019新型冠状病毒已在全球范围内造成大流行,随着国内疫情防治工作的有效开展,以及对于新型冠状病毒肺炎的认识与研究不断加深,发现很多新冠肺炎患者出现以循环系统损害症状为首发或继发的临床症状。SARS-CoV-2可直接通过血管紧张素转换酶2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2,ACE2)受体损伤心肌细胞,也可以通过异常激活免疫系统、释放大量细胞因子从而导致急、慢性的心肌损伤。当心功能受损严重时,可能会通过RAS系统影响到肾脏功能,从而导致患者同时出现心脏和肾脏损害的临床表现。此外,对于COVID-19患者来说,还存在着动、静脉血栓栓塞的风险。本文结合近日来公布的新冠肺炎病例的资料和各团队最新的研究发现,对新型冠状病毒对于循环系统影响的研究进展做一简要概述,以期为进一步了解新型冠状病毒感染对循环系统的损害提供帮助。      

COVID-19全球疫情及其应对策略留给我们的思索

由新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）所引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）仍在继续肆虐全球,给公共卫生体系带来巨大挑战,并威胁人类健康和生存。此次疫情留给我们太多思索:要关注呼吸道感染性疾病尤其人畜共患的新发呼吸道传染病;明确病毒病原的重要性,这关系到儿童肺炎的防治策略。由于COVID-19具有高传染性和病毒快速变异的特点,且缺乏特异性药物,故疫苗是目前最有效的预防手段,必须尽早建立全球免疫屏障。     

糖尿病患者新型冠状病毒感染风险增加的因素分析

2020年新型冠状病毒席卷全球，有研究显示，患有糖尿病的老年人更易受到感染，且重症率和病死率更高，但具体原因尚不清楚。本研究检索近年来的相关文献，发现其可能与糖尿病患者的肺形态及功能改变、细胞免疫和体液免疫缺陷、血管紧张素转化酶2、肥胖和炎性因子、高凝状态、氧化应激和糖基化、年龄等因素有关，但是否是糖尿病本身增加了其易感性，尚需进一步研究证实。     

Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is a kind of viral pneumonia which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has been marked as the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV)and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coro-navirus(MERS-CoV)in the twenty-first century.In this minireview,we provide a brief introduction of the general features of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss current knowledge of molecular immune pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 on the base of the present understanding of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections,which may be helpful in offering novel insights and potential therapeutic targets for combating the SARS-CoV-2 infection.     

The potential of miRNA-based therapeutics in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: A review

Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19, the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as a pandemic in March 2020, and more than 117 million people worldwide have been confirmed to have been infected. Scientists, medical professionals, and other stakeholders are racing against time to find and develop effective medicines for COVID-19. However, no drug with high efficacy to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection has been approved. With the increasing popularity of gene therapy, scientists have explored the utilization of small RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) as therapeutics. miRNAs are non-coding RNAs with high affinity for the 3′-UTRs of targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Interactions between host cells and viral genomes may induce the upregulation or downregulation of various miRNAs. Therefore, understanding the expression patterns of these miRNAs and their functions will provide insights into potential miRNA-based therapies. This review systematically summarizes the potential targets of miRNA-based therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection and examines the viability of possible transfection methods.     

Antiviral,immunomodulatory, and anticoagulant effects of quercetin and its derivatives: Potential role in prevention and management of COVID-19

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a devastating health crisis worldwide. In this review, we have discussed that prophylactic phytochemical quercetin supplementation in the form of foods or nutraceuticals may help manage the COVID-19 pandemic. The following evidence supports our argument. First, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NRF2) agonists abrogate replication of SARS-CoV-2 in lung cells, and quercetin is a potent NRF2 agonist. Second, quercetin exerts antiviral activity against several zoonotic coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, mainly by inhibiting the entry of virions into host cells. Third, inflammatory pathways activated by nuclear factor kappa B, inflammasome, and interleukin-6 signals elicit cytokine release syndrome that promotes acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with COVID-19, and quercetin inhibits these pro-inflammatory signals. Fourth, patients with COVID-19 develop thrombosis, and quercetin mitigates coagulation abnormalities by inhibiting plasma protein disulfide isomerase. This review provides a strong rationale for testing quercetin for the management of COVID-19.     

用于新型冠状病毒肺炎防治的生物制品研究策略

新型冠状病毒,又称严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2）,它引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19）目前已成为全球关注的突发公共卫生事件。SARS-CoV-2感染人数众多,传播性极强,病死率较高,亟需寻求安全高效的特异制剂用于病毒感染的防治。目前在烈性传染病防治中广泛应用的生物制品,在阻断SARS-CoV-2感染上同样极具潜力。本文根据严重急性呼吸综合征（severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS）和中东呼吸综合征（Middle East respiratory syndrome, MERS）已有的防治策略及研发进展,对干扰素、恢复期血浆、肠道微生态调节剂、疫苗、抗体等生物制品的应用经验和研发命运进行综述,为早日攻克COVID-19提供依据。     

Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines: landscape of global studies and potential risks

With the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the importance of vaccines in epidemic prevention and public health has become even more obvious than ever. However, the emergence of multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants worldwide has raised concerns about the effectiveness of current COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we review the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in five platforms and the latest clinical trial results of them. In addition, we further discuss future directions for the research and development of the next generation of COVID-19 vaccines. We also summarize the serious adverse events reported recently after the large-scale vaccination with the current COVID-19 vaccines, including the thromboembolism caused by the AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson vaccines.     

The Saudi Critical Care Society extracorporeal life support chapter guidance on utilization of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome and special considerations in the era of coronavirus disease 2019

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is considered as a supportive treatment that provides circulatory and ventilatory support and can be thought off as a bridge to organ recovery. Since 2009, it has been applied as a rescue treatment for patients with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) mainly due to viral causes. In December 2019, several patients presented with a constellation of symptoms of viral pneumonia in China. A new strain of the corona virus family, called COVID-19, has been discovered to be the cause of this severe mysterious illness that was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). This new virus continued to spread across the globe leading to the World Health Organization announcing it as a pandemic in the early 2020. By the end of March 2021, the number of COVID-19 cases worldwide exceeded 126 million cases. In Saudi Arabia, the first confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported in the 2nd March 2020. By the end of March 2021, the total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Saudi Arabia is just above 360,000. In anticipation of the need of ECMO for the treatment of patients with SARS‑CoV‑2 based on the previous Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus pandemic experience, the Saudi Extra-Corporeal Life Support (ECLS) chapter that is under the umbrella of the Saudi Critical Care Society (SCCS) convened a working group of ECMO experts. The mission of this group was to formulate a guidance for the use of ECMO as a last resort for patients with severe ARDS, especially with COVID-19 based on available evidence. The ECLS-SCCS chapter wanted to generate a document that can be used to simple guide, with a focus on safety, to provide ECMO service for patients with severe ARDS with a special focus on SARS‑CoV‑2.     

蝙蝠相关的冠状病毒

2019年12月,新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）暴发,继2003年严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）暴发后又给人类敲响了一记警钟。研究者通过溯源分析,发现COVID-19病原体严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）的自然宿主可能是中华菊头蝠。21世纪以来,全球共出现4次冠状病毒[严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV）、猪急性腹泻综合征冠状病毒（SADS-CoV）、SARS-CoV-2]的暴发,给人类健康、公共卫生、经济发展及社会稳定造成了巨大的威胁与损失。大量证据表明,这4种冠状病毒的自然宿主可能均为蝙蝠。本文对蝙蝠相关冠状病毒的种类、全球地理分布及引起暴发的蝙蝠相关冠状病毒作一综述。     

肾移植术后感染新型冠状病毒1例

The novel coronavirus is a newly discovered pathogen in late December 2019, and its source is currently unknown, which can lead to asymptomatic infection, new coronavirus pneumonia or serious complications, such as acute respiratory failure. Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new type of respiratory disease that is currently spreading all over the world and caused by this coronavirus. Its common symptoms are highly similar to those of other viruses, such as fever, cough and dyspnea. There is currently no vaccine or treatment for COVID-19. Everyone is susceptible to infection with this disease, and owing to the long-term use of immunosuppressants, the immunity of kidney transplant recipients is suppressed, and it is more likely to be infected with the disease. At present, its impact on kidney transplant recipients is unclear. This article reports the clinical features and therapeutic course of novel coronavirus infection in a patient after renal transplantation. A 37-year-old female patient who received a kidney transplant 6 months before was diagnosed with novel coronavirus pneumonia. The patient’s symptoms (such as fever, chills, dry cough, muscle aches), laboratory tests (such as decreased white blood cell count, elevated liver enzymes and D-dimer, positive viral nucleic acid test), and chest CT (multiple left lower lung plaque ground glass shadow) were similar to those of non-transplanted novel coronavirus pneumonia patients. In terms of treatment, because the immunity of kidney transplant recipients has been suppressed for a long time, it is a very common strategy to suspend the use of immunosuppressive agents. Therefore, the patient immediately discontinued the immunosuppressive agent after admission, so that she could restore immunity against infection in a short time. At the same time, the use of glucocorticoids was also very important. Its immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects played a large role in the treatment process.In addition, prophylactic antibiotics was needed, and nephrotoxic drugs should be used with caution. Finally, following discounting the use of immunosuppressant and a low-dose glucocorticoid-based treatment regimen, COVID-19 in this renal transplant recipient was successfully cured. The cure of this case was of great significance, and this adjuvant nonspecific antiviral therapy could provide a template for the treatment of other such patients.     

肾移植术后感染新型冠状病毒1例

The novel coronavirus is a newly discovered pathogen in late December 2019, and its source is currently unknown, which can lead to asymptomatic infection, new coronavirus pneumonia or serious complications, such as acute respiratory failure. Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new type of respiratory disease that is currently spreading all over the world and caused by this coronavirus. Its common symptoms are highly similar to those of other viruses, such as fever, cough and dyspnea. There is currently no vaccine or treatment for COVID-19. Everyone is susceptible to infection with this disease, and owing to the long-term use of immunosuppressants, the immunity of kidney transplant recipients is suppressed, and it is more likely to be infected with the disease. At present, its impact on kidney transplant recipients is unclear. This article reports the clinical features and therapeutic course of novel coronavirus infection in a patient after renal transplantation. A 37-year-old female patient who received a kidney transplant 6 months before was diagnosed with novel coronavirus pneumonia. The patient’s symptoms (such as fever, chills, dry cough, muscle aches), laboratory tests (such as decreased white blood cell count, elevated liver enzymes and D-dimer, positive viral nucleic acid test), and chest CT (multiple left lower lung plaque ground glass shadow) were similar to those of non-transplanted novel coronavirus pneumonia patients. In terms of treatment, because the immunity of kidney transplant recipients has been suppressed for a long time, it is a very common strategy to suspend the use of immunosuppressive agents. Therefore, the patient immediately discontinued the immunosuppressive agent after admission, so that she could restore immunity against infection in a short time. At the same time, the use of glucocorticoids was also very important. Its immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects played a large role in the treatment process.In addition, prophylactic antibiotics was needed, and nephrotoxic drugs should be used with caution. Finally, following discounting the use of immunosuppressant and a low-dose glucocorticoid-based treatment regimen, COVID-19 in this renal transplant recipient was successfully cured. The cure of this case was of great significance, and this adjuvant nonspecific antiviral therapy could provide a template for the treatment of other such patients.     

多学科协作诊疗模式在新型冠状病毒肺炎患者诊疗中的价值

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）目前在全国已造成7万余人的感染,但目前对COVID-19的临床特征及病情演化规律尚不完全明确,疫情的防控和诊治面临很大的挑战。有限的资料显示,COVID-19可对全身多个系统和器官造成损害,此外,感染患者多合并涉及全身各个系统的基础疾病。本研究通过多学科协作诊疗模式的实践,观察该模式应用于轻型和普通型患者的治疗效果,探讨该模式在COVID-19诊疗中的价值。     

Recent advances and perspectives of nucleic acid detection for coronavirus

The recent pneumonia outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)is posing a great threat to global public health.Therefore,rapid and accurate identification of pathogenic viruses plays a vital role in selecting appropriate treatments,saving people's lives and preventing epidemics.It is important to establish a quick standard diagnostic test for the detection of the infectious disease(COVID-19)to prevent subsequent secondary spread.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)is regarded as a gold standard test for the molecular diagnosis of viral and bacterial infections with high sensitivity and specificity.Isothermal nucleic acid amplification is considered to be a highly promising candidate method due to its fundamental advantage in quick procedure time at constant temperature without thermocycler opera-tion.A variety of improved or new approaches also have been developed.This review summarizes the currently available detection methods for coronavirus nucleic acid.It is anticipated that this will assist researchers and clinicians in developing better techniques for timely and effective detection of coro-navirus infection.     

儿童2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)诊疗指南(第二版)

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染导致的2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）已引起全球大流行。人群对SARS-CoV-2普遍易感,儿童也不例外,但病情相对较轻。与确诊或可疑COVID-19患者接触史或聚集性发病等流行病学证据及临床表现是COVID-19诊断的主要依据。儿童COVID-19多以发热、咳嗽为主要症状,血白细胞总数正常或减少,胸部影像学以间质性肺炎为特征,与其他呼吸道病毒感染及肺炎支原体感染相似,确诊有赖于实时荧光PCR等方法检测呼吸道标本病毒核酸。临床处理强调早识别、早隔离、早诊断及早治疗。轻型和普通型患儿以对症治疗为主;重型和危重型患儿应根据病情给予吸氧、抗病毒药物、抗菌药物、糖皮质激素、机械通气及体外膜氧合等治疗,严格掌握指征与时机,并通过多学科协作诊疗及时调整治疗方案。     

COVID-19 vaccine candidates and vaccine development platforms available worldwide

The pandemic caused by the worldwide spread of the coronavirus, which first appeared in 2019, has been named coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). More than 4.5 million deaths have been recorded due to the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), according to the World Health Organization. COVID-19 Dashboard in September 2021. Apart from the wildtype, other variations have been successfully transmitted early in the outbreak although they were not discovered until March 2020. Modifications in the SARS-CoV-2 genetic material, such as mutation and recombination, have the ability to modify the viral life span, along with transitivity, cellular tropism, and symptom severity. Several processes are involved in introducing novel vaccines to the population, including vaccine manufacturing, preclinical studies, Food and Drug Administration permission or certification, processing, and marketing. COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been developed by a number of public and private groups employing a variety of strategies, such as RNA, DNA, protein, and viral vectored vaccines. This comprehensive review, which included the most subsequent evidence on unique features of SARS-CoV-2 and the associated morbidity and mortality, was carried out using a systematic search of recent online databases in order to generate useful knowledge about the COVID-19 updated versions and their consequences on the disease symptoms and vaccine development.     

用于新型冠状病毒核酸检测的即时检测方法研究进展

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)在全世界范围内快速传播,截至2020年9月30日全球感染人数已达3 300万人,造成100多万人死亡,给公众的生命健康造成严重威胁。基于实验室的标准化核酸检测方法周转时间长、成本高,因此急需开发便捷检测新冠病毒的方法,实现在资源有限的情况下快速测试以及时控制疫情。本文从提取、扩增、检测3个方面总结了针对新型冠状病毒所开发的核酸即时检测方法(point-ofcare testing,POCT),并对整合了这3个步骤的商业化即时检测装置进行简要介绍,以期为COVID-19及其他新兴传染病的紧急应对和快速部署提供参考。