亲子沟通与青少年吸烟行为:抑郁的中介作用及其性别差异

目的:探讨亲子沟通对青少年吸烟行为的影响机制。方法:采用亲子沟通量表、流调中心抑郁量表和青少年吸烟行为问卷对2837名初中学生进行了调查。结果:(1)亲子沟通对青少年吸烟行为有显著的负向预测作用,抑郁对青少年吸烟行为有显著的正向预测作用;(2)抑郁对亲子沟通与青少年吸烟行为的关系能起到部分中介作用;(3)性别调节了亲子沟通经由抑郁对青少年吸烟行为影响的中介过程,在同等亲子沟通水平下,女生相较于男生而言,在抑郁情绪升高时,其吸烟行为水平的提升幅度比男生更高。结论:亲子沟通对青少年吸烟行为的影响是有调节的中介过程。     

父母关爱与留守儿童孤独感:希望的作用

目的:考察父母关爱对留守儿童孤独感的影响以及希望在其中的作用。方法:采用留守儿童父母关爱问卷、青少年孤独感问卷、儿童希望量表对1037名湖南农村儿童进行入户调查。结果:在控制性别的作用后,父母关爱对留守儿童孤独感有显著负向预测性;希望对此预测关系既起部分中介作用,也具有调节效应,具体表现为,随着希望水平的提高,父母关爱对孤独感的负向预测力明显减弱。结论:希望可以有效的抵消与缓解父母关爱缺失对留守儿童孤独感的不利影响。     

留守儿童的自尊在亲子亲合和同伴接纳与孤独感的中介效应

目的:探讨留守儿童的亲子亲合和同伴接纳与孤独感的关系,以及自尊在其中的中介作用。方法:选取湖北省427例留守儿童(男275例,女152例),采用亲子亲合量表(PCS)、同伴提名法(PN)、自尊量表(SES)和儿童孤独量表(CLS)分别测量其亲子亲合、同伴接纳、自尊及孤独感水平,考察亲子亲合和同伴接纳与留守儿童孤独感的关系,以及自尊在其中的中介作用。结果:留守儿童CLS得分与PCS得分、PN得分和SES得分均呈负相关(r=-0.31、-0.37、-0.50,均P0.01)。SES得分在PN得分和CLS得分之间(95%CI:-7.02~-0.01)以及在PCS得分和CLS得分之间(95%CI:-0.18~-0.09)的关系中起到中介作用,并且PN得分对CLS得分的独特效应(sr~2=0.10)大于PCS得分(sr~2=0.06)。结论:留守儿童的孤独感与亲子亲合、同伴接纳和自尊均存在密切关系,自尊可能在留守儿童亲子亲合和同伴接纳与留守儿童孤独感间起部分中介作用。     

童年中期的性别隔离与孤独感的关系研究

目的:探讨童年中期儿童同伴交往过程中的性别隔离现象及性别对同伴交往与孤独感关系的影响.方法:采用同伴提名、朋友提名和儿童孤独感量表对武汉市某小学3-6年级共509名儿童进行测查.结果:①童年中期的儿童,无论男女,受到来自同性别同伴的积极提名、朋友提名、互选友谊均显著高于来自异性同伴的提名数;而不同性别儿童在消极提名方面存在一致性,男生受到更多的消极提名;②逐步回归分析发现,对于男生来说,孤独感的主要预测变量为来自男生的朋友提名;对于女生来说,来自女生的积极提名能更好地负向预测女生的孤独感.结论:性别隔离现象存在于我国儿童同伴交往过程中,并对不同性别儿童的孤独感体验产生了重要影响.     

亲子亲密度与儿童焦虑：儿童心理一致感的中介作用

目的：考察亲子亲密度与儿童焦虑之间的双向关系以及儿童心理一致感的中介作用。方法：采用亲子亲密度量表、Spence儿童焦虑量表、儿童心理一致感量表对734名小学生间隔一年进行两次数据收集。结果：(1)儿童焦虑水平随年龄增长而显著上升,其中女生的焦虑水平显著高于男生;独生子女的亲子亲密度显著高于非独生子女;亲子亲密度和儿童焦虑随儿童年龄增长保持中度以上的相对稳定性。(2)亲子亲密度、儿童心理一致感分别与儿童焦虑显著负相关,亲子亲密度与儿童心理一致感之间显著正相关。(3)亲子亲密度显著负向预测一年后的儿童焦虑,但儿童焦虑不能显著预测一年后的亲子亲密度;儿童心理一致感在亲子亲密度与儿童焦虑之间起中介作用,中介效应占总效应的比例为27.70%。结论：亲子亲密度既可以直接影响儿童焦虑,也可以通过儿童心理一致感间接影响儿童焦虑。     

大学生孤独感及其与依恋、自尊的关系

目的:探讨大学生孤独感的特点及其与依恋的自我-他人模型、自尊的关系.方法:采用UCLA孤独量表、Rosenberg自尊量表和依恋类型问卷对500名大学生进行调查.结果:①大学生孤独感的性别差异显著,男生孤独感高于女生.②依恋的自我-他人模型与孤独感及自尊间存在显著相关,相关系数差异的显著性检验表明,自我模型与孤独感、自尊的关系更密切.③依恋自我-他人模型对大学生孤独感具有显著预测效应,在控制依恋的预测作用后,自尊对孤独感的预测作用仍然显著,自尊在依恋的自我模型与孤独感间起部分中介作用.结论:依恋的自我工作模型、自尊能显著预测大学生孤独感,自尊在二者间起部分中介作用.     

抑郁对大学生自伤行为的影响：睡眠质量的中介作用及性别的调节作用

目的:探讨抑郁、睡眠质量、性别与大学生自伤行为之间的关系及其内在作用机制。方法:使用自伤行为问卷、抑郁自评量表和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表对安徽省9638名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)抑郁(r=0.24,P0.01)、睡眠质量(r=0.16,P0.01)与自伤行为呈正相关。(2)睡眠质量在大学生抑郁与自伤行为间起部分中介作用。(3)性别调节该中介模型的前半段路径和后半段路径。具体而言,相较于男生,抑郁对睡眠质量的正向预测作用对女生更加显著;相较于女生,睡眠质量对自伤行为的正向预测作用对男生更加显著。结论:抑郁通过睡眠质量对大学生自伤行为产生影响,且这一影响受到了性别的调节。     

小学儿童亲子三角关系与儿童气质、母亲社会支持的关系

目的:考察小学儿童亲子三角关系的特点及其与儿童气质、母亲社会支持的关系。方法:采用亲子三角关系量表、儿童气质问卷和社会支持量表对634名小学儿童进行调查。结果:(1)男生的替罪羊和跨代联盟得分均显著高于女生;(2)三到五年级儿童的替罪羊和跨代联盟得分均显著高于六年级,三年级儿童的替罪羊得分显著高于六年级;(3)儿童的消极情绪对替罪羊具有显著正向预测作用,母亲主观社会支持对跨代联盟具有显著负向预测作用。结论:小学阶段,男生比女生更多地卷入亲子三角关系;儿童的年龄越大卷入亲子三角关系的程度越低;儿童气质与母亲社会支持对小学儿童亲子三角关系的影响表现为累加效应,不具交互效应。     

大学生自我效能与攻击行为的关系：自我控制的中介作用和性别的调节作用

目的 探讨大学生自我效能、自我控制和攻击行为的关系,并将性别作为调节变量,探究性别通过自我控制影响攻击行为。方法 采用《自我效能感量表》《自我控制量表》《攻击行为量表》对扬州某高等院校796名大学生（男生405名,女生391名）进行团体测量,并进行有调节的中介模型构建,运用Bootstrap法对中介效应进行检验。结果 (1)大学生自我效能（r=-0.44,P<0.01）、自我控制（r=-0.53,P<0.01）与攻击行为呈负相关,自我效能和自我控制呈正相关（r=0.48,P<0.01）;(2)自我控制在大学生自我效能和攻击行为中起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的45.45%;(3)性别调节了自我控制中介效应的后半路径,低自我控制组下,男生攻击行为高于女生,高自我控制组中,男生攻击行为低于女生。结论 (1)大学生自我效能与自我控制呈正相关,自我效能和自我控制可以负向预测攻击行为;(2)大学生自我效能可负向预测攻击行为,也可以通过自我控制的中介作用负向预测攻击行为;(3)性别在自我效能通过自我控制影响攻击行为的后半路径起调节作用。     

留守儿童问题行为与应对方式的关系

目的分析农村留守儿童问题行为状况及其与应对方式的关系。方法采用外化问题行为量表、简易应对方式量表对498名留守儿童进行调查。结果留守儿童男生问题行为得分显著高于女生(t=3.09,P0.01);留守儿童问题行为和积极应对方式存在显著负相关(r=-0.155,P0.001),和消极应对方式存在显著正相关(r=0.148,P0.001);积极应对方式对问题行为有显著的负向预测作用(β=-0.155,P0.001),消极应对方式对问题行为有显著的正向预测作用(β=0.162,P0.001)。结论积极应对方式是留守儿童问题行为的抑制性因素。     

The Bohr effect and the Haldane effect in human hemoglobin

Protons and carbon dioxide are physiological regulators for the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. The heterotropic allosteric interaction between the non-heme ligands and oxygen, collectively called the Bohr effect, facilitates not only the transport of oxygen but also the exchange of carbon dioxide. Several types of interactions can be thermodynamically formulated. The Bohr and Haldane coefficients and the classical Bohr and Haldane coefficients are thus explicitly defined, which will save confusion about the use of the term "Bohr effect" seen in the literature. Molecular mechanism and the physiological significance of the classical Bohr and Haldane effects are outlined. The latter effect seems to play a far greater physiological role than the reciprocal influence of carbon dioxide on oxygen transport--the classical Bohr effect.     

Fluticasone propionate plasma concentration and systemic effect: effect of delivery device and duration of administration

BACKGROUND: Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred therapy in persistent asthma. Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) generate a larger particle size compared with metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), which affects pulmonary deposition, bioavailability, and subsequent systemic effects of fluticasone propionate (fluticasone). OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of fluticasone pharmacokinetics and cortisol suppression for 2 fluticasone formulations (DPI and MDI) administered in adults over 1-week and 6-week treatment periods. METHODS: Two previous studies conducted in adults by the Asthma Clinical Research Network examined relative efficacy and systemic effect of fluticasone from MDI and DPI. Sample sets (n=33) were analyzed for fluticasone after administration of 352 microg from the MDI, and 400 microg from the DPI formulation, twice daily, after a 1-week treatment period. The second study's sample sets (n=9) were analyzed for fluticasone after 6 weeks therapy at 352 microg twice daily from the MDI formulation, allowing achievement of steady state. RESULTS: ANOVA revealed a significant trend of increasing fluticasone area under the curve from 0 to time t (AUC(0-->t)) when comparing DPI with MDI for 1 week with MDI for 6 weeks (P<.0001). Similarly, ANOVA revealed increasing cortisol suppression between these groups (P=.007). Linear regression demonstrated that increasing fluticasone AUC(0-->t) was significantly correlated with cortisol suppression (P<.0001; r(2)=0.41). MDI for 6 weeks showed increasing fluticasone AUC (P=.0008, t test) compared with MDI for 1 week, suggesting accumulation. CONCLUSION: Fluticasone plasma concentrations are significantly greater after MDI compared with DPI, and cortisol suppression is associated with fluticasone plasma concentrations. Accumulation of fluticasone concentrations suggests that time to steady state exceeds 1 week of treatment with MDI.     

药物作用的靶点及其多效性

细胞是一个复杂的有机体,包涵了众多细胞器、细胞表面的受体、各种离子通道等,在真核生物中具有极其复杂的细胞核内的物质与结构。这些复杂的细胞结构通过细胞表面与细胞核内的受体、信号转导途径等实现对刺激信号的吸收并根据不同的微环境做出相应的应答。作为一种刺激信号,药物也能够在不同的微环境及病理状态下通过不同的作用靶点产生不同的治疗效果。     

多胎妊娠的管理及效果

目的：了解日本的多胎妊娠的管理方法及其围产儿结局。方法：对东京妇子医科大学母子医疗中心建立（１９８４年１０月）开始至１９９６年１２月３１日期间所有多胎妊娠资料进行回顾性研究。结果：１３年中该中心共分娩１８２对多胎其中双胎１５６，三胎２０，四胎６全 平均脑龄分别为３４．５、３３．５、３１．２周。平均出生体重分别为２０５５、１７０６及１２８４ｇ；早产发生率分别为６８％、８５％及１００％围产期死亡率分别     

综合护理用于耳鼻喉手术患者中的临床效果及镇痛作用

目的:研究综合护理用于耳鼻喉手术患者中的临床效果及镇痛作用.方法:研究对象选取哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院2013年6月至2015年12月间行耳鼻喉手术患者124名,采用照随机数字法分为对照组和观察组,两组各62名,对照组患者给予临床常规护理干预,观察组患者在此基础上给予综合护理干预,比较两组患者手术前24 h和术后24,48,72h的VAS评分和低氧血症、喉头水肿、舌根后坠、误吸肺不张等并发症发生率,同时比较护理满意度及治疗总有效率.结果:观察组的术后24,48,72 h的VAS评分均明显低于对照组(P＜0.01),观察组的总并发症率(4.84％)明显低于对照组(19.35％) (x2=6.14,P=0.01),观察组的总护理满意度(95.16％)明显高于对照组(79.03％)(x2=7.18,P＜0.01),观察组的治疗总有效率(91.93％)明显高于对照组(77.42％) (x2=5.03,P=0.02).结论:综合护理用于耳鼻喉手术患者的效果显著,能有效缓解术后疼痛,同时降低并发症发生,提高护理满意度及治疗疗效,是一种高效的护理方案,值得在临床推广.     

Stimulatory effect of LPS and feedback effect of PGE2 on IL-27 production

Interleukin (IL)-27 is a new member of the IL-6/IL-12 family, composed of two subunits, the Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and p28 chains (p28), and produced by activated monocytes and dendritic cells. IL-27 plays an important role in the regulation of differentiation of naive T helper cells and has diverse effects on innate immune cells. However, the pro-inflammatory mechanisms of IL-27 are still not well known. In this study, we investigated the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the production of IL-27. We found that LPS-stimulated IL-27 production was in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner in THP-1 cells. We have also shown that IL-27 induced PGE2 production and COX-2 gene expression at the level of mRNA as well as protein. Moreover, we found feed back effect of PGE2 on the production of IL-27 in THP-1 cells. The results suggest that PGE2 significantly inhibits LPS-induced IL-27 production, without affecting basal IL-27 expression. Further experiment suggests that PGE2 and LPS regulate IL-27 through NF-κB pathway. Our findings may have wide implication for IL-27 in inflammatory diseases.     

The effect of arginine deprivation on the cytopathogenic effect and replication of human cytomegalovirus

Arginine is necessary for the development of the cytopathogenic effect of human cytomegalovirus in human embryonic fibroblasts. It is also required, though in greater concentrations, for the production of infective virions, the requirement being at an early stage of replication. Inhibitor studies suggested that this block in replication caused by arginine deficiency was prior to the formation of viral DNA. Withdrawal of arginine from the medium 24 or 48 hours after infection resulted in a decline in virus production indicating that the continued presence of the amino acid is necessary for constant virus production. Infected cultures deprived of arginine could be stimulated to produce cytopathic effects and infective virions by replacement of the amino acid even eight days after inoculation, demonstrating that the information for cytomegalovirus replication remains intact within the cell. This establishment of latency in vitro may be related to the ability of the virus to establish a similar state in vivo.