Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is an infection often occurring in neutropenic patients and has high mortality rates. In recent years, it has been reported that the incidence of IPA has also increased in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical and demographic characteristics and treatment responses of IPA in patients with COPD.

Methods

Seventy-one patients with a positive culture of Aspergillus from lower respiratory tract samples were examined retrospectively. Eleven (15.4%) of these patients, affected with grade 3 or 4 COPD, had IPA.

Results

Aspergillus hyphae were detected in lung biopsy in three (27.3%) out of 11 patients and defined as proven IPA; a pathological sample was not taken in the other eight (72.7%) patients, and these were defined as probable IPA. Aspergillus isolates were identified as six cases of Aspergillusfumigatus and three of Aspergillusniger in nine patients, while two isolates were not identified at species level. While five patients required intensive care unit admission, four of them received mechanical ventilation. The most common finding on chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) (respectively 63.6%, 72.7%) was infiltration. Amphotericin B was the initial drug of choice in all patients and five patients were discharged with oral voriconazole after amphotericin B therapy. Six patients (54.5%) died before treatment was completed.

Conclusions

IPA should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis particularly in patients with severe and very severe COPD presenting with dyspnea exacerbation, poor clinical status, and a new pulmonary infiltrate under treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics and steroids.

     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉病的研究进展

侵袭性肺曲霉病(invasive pulmonary aspergillosis,IPA)常常继发于免疫受损和器官移植患者,病死率较高.近年来,COPD患者继发IPA国内外均有报道,其病死率在80%以上[1],亦有文献报道[2]COPD是IPA的危险凶素.临床上治疗时机的延误是主要的死亡原因,呼吸道标本中发现其他致病微牛物是延误治疗的原因之一.COPD患者IPA的发生率较高,长时间肺部浸润影和临床病情的短时间恶化需警惕IPA发生的可能性[3].现将COPD合并IPA的进展综述如下.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉病病例报告并文献回顾

目的:结合文献总结慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)患者的临床特征,提高早期诊治水平。方法:对1例经支气管镜肺活检确诊的重度COPD合并IPA患者的临床资料进行分析,并回顾复习有关文献。结果:COPD合并IPA患者严重呼吸困难多见。本例患者胸部CT可见中央型支气管扩张、小结节影、不典型渗出影,血清半乳甘露聚糖抗原检测(GM试验)及1.3-β-D葡聚糖检测(G试验)阳性。经支气管镜肺活检病理学检查见曲菌丝及炎症细胞浸润。结论:COPD合并IPA诊断困难,病死率高,综合分析临床表现、影像学、微生物学及血清学检查结果是提高诊断率、改善预后的有效手段。若临床情况允许,应尽早进行支气管镜等有创检查确定诊断。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并侵袭性肺曲霉病的研究进展

COPD急性加重期(AECOPD)患者合并呼吸衰竭时常需住院或进入ICU治疗.虽然病毒和细菌感染是引起AECOPD的主要原因,但近来人们发现真菌感染也可能是COPD患者病情急剧恶化的原因之一.     

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a debilitating lung disease which occurs as a result of interplay between a variety of host and environmental factors. It occurs in certain susceptible individuals who develop hypersensensitivity to the colonised Aspergillus species. ABPA is a complicating factor in 2% of patients with asthma and is also seen in patients with cystic fibrosis. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are known to share key elements of pathogenesis. It is well known that ABPA can occur in patients with asthma, but it has recently been reported in patients with COPD as well. We report a 55-year-old male ex-smoker who presented with complaints of exertional breathlessness and productive cough for five years and an episode of haemoptysis four days prior to presentation. Spirometery showed airflow obstruction which was not reversible with bronchodilators. Chest CT scan revealed paraseptal emphysema along with central bronchiectasis (CB) in the right upper lobe and bilateral lower lobes. A type I skin hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus species was elicited. He fulfilled the serological criteria for ABPA and was diagnosed as having concomitant COPD and ABPA-CB. The patient was initiated on therapy for COPD along with oral corticosteroids, on which he had remarkable symptomatic improvement.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的临床分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的临床特点及其危险因素.方法 结合文献回顾分析2006年1月至2008年6月我院收治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病感染的临床资料.结果 肺部真菌感染呵能是慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者病情急剧恶化的原因之一.慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的病死率高.肺曲霉菌感染临床表现和影像学缺乏特异性;广谱抗生素和激素的应用、高龄、营养不良等因素是导致肺曲霉菌感染的主要因素.结论 慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病缺乏特异性;减少危险因素,及时、合理应用抗真菌药物,做到早期诊断和早期治疗是改善预后的有效方法.     

The clinical features of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in 53 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Objective To study the clinical features of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases(COPD),so as to provide evidence for early diagnosis and treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis was made upon clinical date,diagnosis, treatment and prognosis     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的危险因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)的危险因素。方法采用病例对照研究方法,选取2015-05～2018-05该院呼吸内科住院的COPD合并IPA的住院患者24例为病例组,以年龄为匹配因素(±2岁),按1∶2的比例选取同期住院的COPD患者48例为对照组,采用条件Logistic回归分析对COPD合并IPA的危险因素进行分析。结果单因素分析结果显示COPD频繁急性加重、糖尿病、慢性肾功能不全、应用广谱抗生素≥2周、应用糖皮质激素为COPD合并IPA的危险因素(P0.10);采用条件Logistic分析,糖尿病、应用广谱抗生素≥2周、应用糖皮质激素为COPD合并IPA的独立危险因素(OR=7.384,6.681,32.354,P0.05)。结论糖尿病、应用广谱抗生素≥2周、应用糖皮质激素为COPD合并IPA的独立危险因素。     

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating neoplastic disease.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a necrotizing pneumonia that is most frequently seen in association with profound granulocytopenia as a consequence of cytotoxic chemotherapy that is used to treat hematologic neoplasms. There is considerable evidence that the incidence of this infection is increasing over the past decade as a result of improved medical support used in the management of "at risk" patients. Heightened clinical awareness coupled with advances in diagnostic techniques have led to earlier treatment and improved outcomes of this once uniformly fatal infection. Amphotericin B remains the treatment of choice; however, newer therapeutics (azoles) and strategies (combination chemotherapy, biological response modifiers) show promise as alternative regimens. Novel approaches in preventing the acquisition of pulmonary aspergillosis in the "at risk" patient are being explored.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并慢性肺曲霉菌病的高危因素及临床特征分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并慢性肺曲霉菌病的高危因素,并分析COPD罹患不同类型慢性肺曲霉菌病的临床特征.方法 选择2015年1月至2020年5月陆军军医大学第二附属医院诊断COPD合并慢性肺曲霉菌病患者39例为观察组,选取同期COPD合并肺部感染(非曲霉非肺结核)患者39例为对照组,采集基本信息、既往病...     

COPD患者继发侵袭性肺曲菌病的危险因素研究

目的探讨COPD患者继发侵袭性肺曲菌病（IPA）的危险因素。方法将37例COPD继发IPA患者（病例组）及74例未继发IPA的COPD患者（对照组）的临床指标纳入单因素和多因素分析。结果 COPD继发IPA与下列4个因素密切相关：机械通气（OR值为5.625,95%CI为1.601-19.765）,侵入性操作（OR值为4.876,95%CI为1.922-12.37）,低蛋白血症（OR值为3.618,95%CI为1.580-8.264）,使用激素（OR值为2.558,95%CI为1.086-6.026）。结论 COPD继发IPA是多个因素相互影响的结果,其中机械通气、侵入性操作、低蛋白血症、使用激素等4个因素是独立危险因素。     

Nocturnal pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Oxygen desaturation occurs during sleep in some patients with COPD. To investigate the effects of these hypoxemic episodes on the pulmonary vasculature, we studied four patients with our routine polysomnographic techniques and simultaneously recorded pulmonary artery pressure. In all four subjects, nocturnal episodes of desaturation were accompanied by elevations in the pulmonary artery pressure. Low flow oxygen abolished the drops in arterial oxygen saturation (but not the breathing abnormalities) and no elevations in the PA pressure were observed. We postulate that in some COPD patients these initially transient events may lead to sustained pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Nocturnal oxygen therapy may be indicated in more patients than previously suspected and may prevent the development of cor pulmonale.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并变应性支气管肺曲霉病三例临床分析

目的 了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病(简称慢阻肺)合并变应性支气管肺曲霉病(ABPA)的临床表现及影像学特征,以提高认知水平.方法 回顾性分析北京同仁医院2009年1月至2012年12月诊断的3例慢阻肺合并ABPA病例的临床资料.结果 3例慢阻肺合并ABPA患者均为男性,年龄68 ～ 82岁,均以咳嗽、咳痰、活动后气短为主要表现,伴发作性喘息;既往均无支气管扩张症、支气管哮喘、变应性鼻炎、鼻窦炎及湿疹等疾病史及支气管哮喘家族史.均有吸烟史.肺功能检查显示阻塞性通气功能障碍,吸入支气管舒张剂后FEV1/FVC分别为30％、33％和43％,均符合慢阻肺的诊断标准,依据慢阻肺诊断、处理和预防全球策略的肺功能严重程度分级,1例为Ⅲ级,2例为Ⅳ级.高分辨率CT均显示肺气肿伴或不伴有肺大疱.3例均存在曲霉抗原皮试速发反应阳性,血清总IgE＞1000kU/L,血清曲霉特异性IgE增高(＞0.35 kU/L),血清曲霉特异性IgG增高(＞40 mg/L),高分辨率CT显示不同程度的支气管扩张.此外,3例的外周血嗜酸粒细胞比值均＞0.05,曾出现肺部浸润阴影,2例曾咳褐色痰栓,1例痰培养烟曲霉阳性,3例均符合ABPA的诊断标准.确诊后给予口服泼尼松治疗,呼吸困难和FEV1均明显改善.结论 慢阻肺合并ABPA在临床上较为少见,及时诊断和治疗有利于改善症状和预后.临床上对于反复出现发作性喘息及常规治疗不能控制的慢阻肺病例,应考虑有合并ABPA的可能性.     

Inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and disseminated aspergillosis

Inhaled corticosteroids are widely used in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), although their efficacy is still being debated. Due to local and systemic effects, such therapy can have an immunosuppressive action and opportunistic infections can occur. In the present case, a 74-year-old man treated with inhaled corticosteroids for 5 years developed disseminated aspergillosis. No other immunosuppressive factor was found. To our knowledge, only a few cases of lung aspergillosis in such patients have been described in the literature. However, the risk-to-benefit ratio of this treatment must be reassessed.     

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with neoplastic diseases

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in granulocytopenic patients. The purpose of this article is to review the current understanding of the microbiology, hospital epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Aspergillus conidia (spores) are inhaled from environmental sources into the paranasal sinuses and lower respiratory tract. Persistent fever, pulmonary infiltrates, and pleuritic pain in granulocytopenic patients receiving antibacterial antibiotics is a common manifestation of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Computerized tomographic scans of the chest often reveal characteristic peripheral nodules that also may progress to characteristic cavitary lesions. Hemoptysis may develop due either to hemorrhagic infarction during granulocytopenia or to the rupture of mycotic aneurysms during recovery from granulocytopenia. Aspergillus organisms may extend locally from the lung to involve other thoracic structures, including the heart and chest wall, and may disseminate to extrapulmonary sites, such as the brain, where focal neurological deficits ensue. Early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis may be difficult. Isolation of Aspergillus organisms from respiratory secretions of a persistently febrile granulocytopenic patient is usually indicative of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and should not be dismissed as a contaminant or saprophyte. Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice; however, high dosages (1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg/day) are often necessary. Aspergillosis may develop in granulocytopenic patients who are already receiving empirical amphotericin B in lower doses (0.5 to 0.6 mg/kg/day). It is hoped that further investigation directed toward an understanding of pathogenesis, improving diagnostic methodology, and developing new therapeutic and preventive strategies will improve the outcome of this life-threatening infection.     

Nocturnal hypoxemia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Marked hypoxemia occurs during REM sleep in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. This article deals with the mechanisms, pathophysiologic consequences, and treatment of REM hypoxemia.     

Course of pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Eighty-five patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mainly chronic bronchitis (71 patients), who had arterial hypoxemia and moderate to severe obstruction of the airways underwent at least two right cardiac catheterizations in a clinical steady state, with a delay of three years or more between the first and the last catheterization. The average delay was 60 +/- 19 months (range, 36 to 119 months). Patients were regularly examined (quarterly clinical and functional checkups). The changes in pulmonary hemodynamic data were small. In the group of 53 patients with an initial mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 20 mm Hg or less, this pressure varied from 15.4 +/- 3.1 to 18.3 +/- 6.6 mm Hg (P less than 0.001); in the group of 32 patients with an initial mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 20 mm Hg, this pressure varied from 27.7 +/- 6.0 to 31.0 +/- 9.3 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). The mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased by 5 mm Hg or more in only 28 patients. In these patients with hemodynamic "worsening," the final arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) was lower and the final arterial carbon dioxide tension was higher than in the remaining patients. A significant negative correlation (r = -0.39; P less than 0.001) was observed between changes in PaO2 and mean pulmonary arterial pressure. There was a generally good agreement between the course of pulmonary hemodynamics (mean pulmonary arterial pressure), on the one hand, and the clinical, radiologic (transverse diameter of the heart), and electrocardiographic evolution, on the other hand. In the 33 patients who died, a relatively long survival was observed after the first episode of right-sided heart failure or after ascertaining pulmonary hypertension.