腰椎关节突关节骨性关节炎对腰椎稳定性的影响

目的探讨腰椎退变过程中,腰椎间盘退变、关节突关节骨性关节炎与腰椎稳定性之间的关系.方法对78名腰椎退变患者进行腰椎MRI和动力位X线摄影.腰椎不稳分为椎间角度运动不稳、旋转不稳和椎间位移不稳,其中椎间位移不稳细分为前向不稳、后向不稳和前后向不稳.腰椎间盘退变依据矢状位T2加权像分为5级;关节突关节骨性关节炎依据水平位T1加权像分为4级.对资料进行统计分析.结果腰椎椎间角度运动不稳和前后向椎间位移不稳与关节突关节骨性关节炎存在显著负相关,前向椎间位移不稳与腰椎关节突关节骨性关节炎和椎间盘退变呈显著正相关,腰椎矢状面旋转不稳与腰椎关节突关节骨性关节炎无显著相关.结论腰椎间盘退变和腰椎关节突关节骨性关节炎可影响腰椎运动节段的稳定性.     

退行性腰椎不稳发病相关因素的临床研究

目的分析性别、年龄、相应节段椎间盘退变、小关节突骨关节炎以及椎体滑脱与退行性腰椎不稳的相关性。方法行腰椎MRI及站立位过伸过屈侧位片检查,观察L1-S15个运动节段的椎间盘退变、椎间小关节退变以及有无椎体滑脱。腰椎不稳分为前水平位移不稳．后水平位移不稳和角度不稳。椎间盘退变分四度。小关节突退变分为4级。腰椎滑脱分四度。将结果进行Spearman等级相关分析。结果前向水平不稳与椎间盘退变呈正相关,与椎间小关节骨关节炎呈负相关,与椎体滑脱呈正相关;后向水平不稳与年龄呈正相关,与椎间盘退变呈正相关。与椎间小关节骨关节炎呈正相关,与椎体滑脱没有明显相关性。结论退行性腰椎不稳与多种因素具有显著相关性,但腰椎滑脱不一定有不稳。     

腰椎关节突关节的方向和退变程度对退行性腰椎滑脱的影响

目的:探讨退行性腰椎滑脱(degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis,DLS)患者腰椎关节突关节的方向与退变程度的变化规律及其临床意义.方法:随机选取2002年7月～2007年7月我科收治的DLS患者52例作为观察组,同期年龄、性别相匹配的非DLS志愿肯50例作为对照组.将所有研究对象的CT片、侧位X线片图像输入计算机,测量L4/5关节突关节的关节面与椎体矢状面的夹角、L4椎体前后缘中点连线与椎间关节突关节间隙的央角(关节突关节-椎弓根角),在CT片上观察关节突关节退变的程度,并对所测参数进行相关性分析.结果:DLS患者的关节突关节与椎体欠状面的夹角与对照组比较更偏向呈矢状位(34.93°±9.14°vs 47.22°±5.37°,P＜0.001),关节突关节-椎弓根角更倾向于水平位(113.57°±5.96°vs 102.50°±4.96°,P＜0.001),关节突关节的退变程度与其方向的改变高度相关.结论:DLS与关节突关节方向欠状化及水平化相关,腰椎关节突关节的关节面方向矢状化与关节突关节退变程度高度相关,腰椎关节突关节退变程度及其方向的变化对DLS具有病因学意义.     

MRI矢状位及轴位参数与退变性腰椎不稳的相关性

目的 分析MRI矢状位及轴位参数与退变性腰椎不稳的相关性.方法 选择本院2018年11月～2020年10月收治的123例腰痛患者作为研究对象,根据是否存在腰椎不稳分为稳定组73例和不稳组50例,均进行MRI矢状位及轴位扫描.比较两组的腰骶角、黄韧带厚度、小关节积液宽度、腰椎间盘退变分级、小关节退变分级.结果 稳定组的腰骶角、黄韧带厚度、小关节积液宽度显著低于不稳组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).稳定组的腰椎间盘退变程度显著低于不稳组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).稳定组的小关节退变程度显著低于不稳组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Pearson相关分析显示,腰骶角、黄韧带厚度、小关节积液宽度、腰椎间盘退变分级、小关节退变分级均与退变性腰椎不稳呈正相关(P<0.05).结论 MRI矢状位及轴位参数与退变性腰椎不稳有显著相关性,临床可根据患者腰骶角、黄韧带厚度等对退变性腰椎不稳进行防治.     

腰椎小关节骨性关节炎危险因素的研究进展

腰椎小关节骨性关节炎是导致下腰痛的常见病因.本文综述了腰椎小关节骨性关节炎的危险因素.通过对相关研究的综合和分析,笔者认为:年龄大于50岁、男性或绝经后女性、偏向矢状面的腰椎小关节和腰椎间盘退变、L4、5节段是腰椎小关节骨性关节炎的危险因素.认识和理解腰椎小关节骨性关节炎的危险因素能对下腰痛的诊断和治疗提供帮助.     

保留部分关节突后路腰椎间融合治疗腰椎间盘退变性疾病

目的:探讨在保留部分关节突情况下应用后路腰椎间融合器治疗腰椎间盘退变性疾病的方法和疗效。方法:对16例腰椎间盘退变性疾病患者摄过伸-过屈侧位X线片,测量是否有椎间失稳;在轴位MRI上分别测量保留完整关节突、1/2切除、全部切除三种情况下关节突内侧距离以及旁矢状位上、下椎体前后缘切线的距离。根据上述数据选择后路腰椎间融合器的宽度、长度,规划手术,应用后路腰椎间融合器施行椎间融合。结果:16例中,7例术前有椎间失稳;L4/5、L5/S1两节段术前MRI测量上述三种情况下关节突距离差异显著(P<0.01)。12例于术中切除1/2关节突,2例约切除2/3,2例切除超过2/3。14例单纯置入腰椎间融合器,2例辅助使用短节段椎弓根钉内固定。随访6～24个月,无术后椎间滑移;15例骨性融合,时间5～15个月;1例未愈合,随访期间未发生腰椎间融合器移位。结论:应用后路腰椎间融合器治疗腰椎间盘退变性疾病时多数患者难以保留完整关节突;而选择宽度10mm以内的后路腰椎融合器、保留约1/2的关节突在大多数病例是可行的,经短期随访,手术效果满意。     

微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术中上位关节突关节侵扰的危险因素分析

【摘要】 目的：研究微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术（minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,MIS-TLIF）中经皮椎弓根螺钉对上位关节突关节侵扰的发生情况，分析其相关危险因素。方法：回顾性分析我院2012~2018年行MIS-TLIF治疗的腰椎退行性疾病患者91例，其中男性34例，女性57例，年龄51.1±11.8岁（23~73岁），所有均采用经皮置钉的方式置入椎弓根螺钉，术后3个月均行腰椎CT三维重建，并在轴位、矢状位、冠状位上评价关节突关节侵扰程度并分级： 0级，无侵扰，螺钉不在关节突关节上，且未进入关节突关节面；1级，轻度侵扰，螺钉位于上关节突关节上，但未进入关节突关节；2级，中度侵扰，螺钉经过关节突关节面≤1mm；3级，重度侵扰，螺钉经过关节突关节面。收集患者一般情况[年龄、性别、体质指数（body mass index，BMI）、术前诊断、手术节段、关节突关节退变程度]，在术前、术后腰椎CT及正侧位X线片上测量：解剖相关因素（关节突关节轴径、矢状径、冠状径、关节突关节角、腰椎前凸角、腰椎前凸指数、椎板深度）、置钉相关因素（螺钉内倾角、螺钉尾倾角、螺帽-上关节突间距、近端连接棒露出距离、连接棒预弯），并分析潜在侵扰危险因素。结果：MIS-TLIF经皮置钉造成关节突关节侵扰的椎弓根螺钉总计62枚，轻度侵扰螺钉35枚，中、重度程度侵扰螺钉27枚。患者一般情况分析显示，BMI≥30kg/m2、L5为上位置钉节段作为关节突关节侵扰的独立危险因素（P＞0.05）；年龄、性别、术前诊断、关节突关节退变程度与侵扰无关（P＞0.05）。解剖因素分析显示，关节突关节轴径、矢状径、冠状径均≥12mm或关节突关节角≥40°时，侵扰率显著升高（P＜0.05）；关节突关节侵扰组与非侵扰组在腰椎前凸角、腰椎前凸指数及椎板深度上差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。置钉相关因素分析显示，侵扰组较非侵扰组存在较小的螺钉内倾角、螺帽-上关节突间距（P＜0.05），而在螺钉尾倾角、近端连接棒露出距离、连接棒预弯上组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：对于BMI≥30kg/m2和L5为上位置钉节段的患者，应充分考虑经皮置钉造成关节突关节侵扰的高风险性，且关节突关节肥大（轴径、矢状径、冠状径均≥12mm时）、冠状走行（关节突关节角≥40°）时更易出现上位节段侵扰。     

微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术中上位关节突关节侵扰的危险因素分析

目的:研究微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术(minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,MIS-TLIF)中经皮椎弓根螺钉对上位关节突关节侵扰的发生情况,分析其相关危险因素。方法 :回顾性分析我院2012～2018年行MIS-TLIF治疗的腰椎退行性疾病患者91例,其中男性34例,女性57例,年龄51.1±11.8岁(23～73岁),所有均采用经皮置钉的方式置入椎弓根螺钉,术后3个月均行腰椎CT三维重建,并在轴位、矢状位、冠状位上评价关节突关节侵扰程度并分级:0级,无侵扰,螺钉不在关节突关节上,且未进入关节突关节面;1级,轻度侵扰,螺钉位于上关节突关节上,但未进入关节突关节;2级,中度侵扰,螺钉经过关节突关节面≤1mm;3级,重度侵扰,螺钉经过关节突关节面。收集患者一般情况[年龄、性别、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)、术前诊断、手术节段、关节突关节退变程度],在术前、术后腰椎CT及正侧位X线片上测量:解剖相关因素(关节突关节轴径、矢状径、冠状径、关节突关节角、腰椎前凸角、腰椎前凸指数、椎板深度)、置钉相关因素(螺钉内倾角、螺钉尾倾角、螺帽-上关节突间距、近端连接棒露出距离、连接棒预弯),并分析潜在侵扰危险因素。结果:MIS-TLIF经皮置钉造成关节突关节侵扰的椎弓根螺钉总计62枚,轻度侵扰螺钉35枚,中、重度程度侵扰螺钉27枚。患者一般情况分析显示,BMI≥30kg/m2、L5为上位置钉节段作为关节突关节侵扰的独立危险因素(P0.05);年龄、性别、术前诊断、关节突关节退变程度与侵扰无关(P0.05)。解剖因素分析显示,关节突关节轴径、矢状径、冠状径均≥12mm或关节突关节角≥40°时,侵扰率显著升高(P0.05);关节突关节侵扰组与非侵扰组在腰椎前凸角、腰椎前凸指数及椎板深度上差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。置钉相关因素分析显示,侵扰组较非侵扰组存在较小的螺钉内倾角、螺帽-上关节突间距(P0.05),而在螺钉尾倾角、近端连接棒露出距离、连接棒预弯上组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对于BMI≥30kg/m2和L5为上位置钉节段的患者,应充分考虑经皮置钉造成关节突关节侵扰的高风险性,且关节突关节肥大(轴径、矢状径、冠状径均≥12mm时)、冠状走行(关节突关节角≥40°)时更易出现上位节段侵扰。     

腰椎关节突关节骨性关节炎的CT分级及其临床意义

目的:探讨腰椎关节突关节骨性关节炎的CT分级及其临床意义。方法:回顾性分析2008年1月～2010年12月在我院就诊的100例腰痛或腰痛伴下肢麻木疼痛患者的腰椎CT。男43例,女57例;年龄23～81岁,平均52.5岁。采用CT骨窗轴位像关节突关节的关节间隙宽度、骨赘形成及骨质变化情况作为分级依据征象,将每个征象按照其严重程度分为4个等级,相应赋予0～3分,按3个征象总分分为4级:0级,0分;Ⅰ级,1～3分;Ⅱ级,4～6分;Ⅲ级,7～9分。由初、中、高级职称3位医师在PACS系统对100例患者从L1/2至L5/S1节段的双侧关节突关节分别进行2次独立分级,Kappa分析评价3位医师分级结果的一致性。同时对患者腰痛VAS评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)和年龄与分级结果进行Spearman相关分析。结果:3位医师分别2次对100例患者的1000个腰椎关节突关节进行分级,0级200～211个(20.0%～21.1%),Ⅰ级384～403个(38.4%～40.3%),Ⅱ级301～310个(30.1%～31.0%),Ⅲ级85～106个(8.5%～10.6%)。同一医师前后分级一致的关节突关节数为84.1%～88.4%,Kappa值为0.773～0.833;不同级别医师分级一致的关节突关节数为82.9%～87.9%,Kappa值为0.756～0.827。患者VAS评分和ODI与分级结果的相关系数分别为0.186、0.192,无显著相关性(P>0.05);年龄与分级结果的相关系数为0.558,呈显著性正相关(P<0.05)。结论:腰椎关节突关节骨性关节炎CT分级具有良好的一致性,对关节突关节退变程度的评估和研究有指导意义;腰椎关节突关节骨性关节炎CT分级与年龄呈正性相关,而与腰痛程度及腰椎ODI无显著相关性。     

腰椎椎间小关节退行性变的研究进展

虽然腰椎退行性变的始动因素来源于椎间盘．但当发展至椎间盘退变、椎管狭窄时．腰椎椎间小关节承受的压力显著递增．将产生异常应力和异常运动．随之而来的是腰椎椎间小关节骨质增生，韧带代偿性增生肥厚，而这些又是椎间小关节源性腰痛产生的重要病理基础。单纯行腰椎椎间小关节融合或破坏椎间小关节会引起一些远期并发症。目前．已有很多关于腰椎椎间小关节生物力学稳定性重建的研究。基于此，笔者将从流行病学、生物力学以及外科治疗等方面对腰椎椎间小关节退形性变的研究进展作一综述。     

The relationship between disc degeneration, facet joint osteoarthritis, and stability of the degenerative lumbar spine

Degenerative processes in the disc and facet joints affect the stability of the motion segment. The exact relations among disc degeneration, facet joint osteoarthritis, and the kinematics of the motion segment are not well defined in the literature. Magnetic resonance imaging and functional radiography of the lumbar spine were analyzed to examine the relations among segmental instability, facet joint osteoarthritis, and disc degeneration in patients with degenerative disorders of the lumbar spine. Seventy consecutive patients (mean age, 46 years) had both magnetic resonance imaging and flexion and extension radiographs of the lumbar spine. The lumbar instability was classified into abnormal tilting on flexion, rotatory instability in the sagittal plane, and translatory instability. Translatory instability was subdivided into anterior, posterior, and anteroposterior translatory instability. Disc degeneration as seen on T2-weighted sagittal images was classified into five grades. Facet joint osteoarthritis as seen on axial T1-weighted images was divided into four grades. This study revealed that the kinematics of the lumbar motion segment are affected by disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis. Abnormal tilting movement on flexion and anteroposterior translatory instability both had negative associations with facet joint osteoarthritis. However, anterior translatory instability was positively associated with disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis. Rotatory instability in the sagittal plane and posterior translatory instability were not associated with disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis.     

A study on senile postural deformity

One hundred and twenty-eight aged people were divided into four groups to elucidate the mechanism of senile spinal deformity: extended type, S-shaped type, flexed type and hand-on-the-lap type. Except for S-shaped type, the major cause of anterior stooping of the spine was lumbar disc degeneration. The paraspinal muscles prevent anterior stooping. In case the muscles cannot compensate the anterior stooping, the spine can be taken back straight by posterior pelvic tilting. Posterior pelvic tilting is obtained by extension of the hip joint and flexion of the knee joint. Knee flexion up to 25 or 30 degrees serves to correct this pelvic tilting, but can cause patellofemoral osteoarthritic changes. When the knee of an aged person exceeds this angle, the individual will assume hand-on-the-lap posture. In aged people spinal deformity is thus compensated by the lower extremity. The spine and lower extremity should be regarded as a single musculoskeletal unit.     

The effect of disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis on the segmental flexibility of the lumbar spine

STUDY DESIGN: A biomechanical and imaging study of human cadaveric spinal motion segments. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of both disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis on lumbar segmental motion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Spinal degeneration includes the osteoarthritic changes of the facet joint as well as disc degeneration. Disc degeneration has been reported to be associated with spinal motion. The association of facet joint osteoarthritis with lumbar segmental motion characteristics and the combined influence of disc degeneration and facet osteoarthritis has not yet been investigated. METHODS: A total of 110 lumbar motion segments (52 female, 58 male) from 44 human lumbar spines were studied (mean age = 69 years). Magnetic resonance images were used to assess the disc degeneration from Grade I (normal) to Grade V (advanced) and the osteoarthritic changes in the facet joints in terms of cartilage degeneration, subchondral sclerosis, and osteophytes. Disc height, endplate size, and facet joint orientation and width also were measured from the computed tomographic images. Rotational movements of the motion segment in response to the flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotational moments were measured using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. RESULTS: Female motion segments showed significantly greater motion (lateral bending: P < 0. 001, flexion: P < 0.01, extension: P < 0.05) and smaller endplate size (P < 0.001) than male ones. The segmental motion increased with increasing severity of disc degeneration up to Grade IV, but decreased in both genders when the disc degeneration advanced to Grade V. In male segments, the disc degeneration-related motion changes were significant in axial rotation (P < 0.001), lateral bending (P < 0.05), and flexion (P < 0.05), whereas female segments showed significant changes only in axial rotation (P < 0.001). With cartilage degeneration of the facet joints, the axial rotational motion increased, whereas the lateral bending and flexion motion decreased in female segments. In male segments, however, motion in all directions increased with Grade 3 cartilage degeneration and decreased with Grade 4 cartilage degeneration. Subchondral sclerosis significantly decreased the motion (female: axial rotation, P < 0. 05; extension, P < 0.05 vs.- male:flexion,P < 0.05). Severity of osteophytes had no significant association with the segmental motion. CONCLUSION: Axial rotational motion was most affected by disc degeneration, and the effects of disc degeneration on the motion were similar between genders. Facet joint osteoarthritis also affected segmental motion, and the influence differed for male and female spines. Further studies are needed to clarify whether the degenerative process of facet joint osteoarthritis differs between genders and how facet joint osteoarthritis affects the stability of the spinal motion segment.     

The biomechanical influence of facet joint parameters on corresponding segment in the lumbar spine: a new visualization method

BACKGROUND CONTEXTFacet joints have been discussed as influential factors in the development of lumbar degeneration, which includes disc herniation and degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Facet orientation (FO) and facet tropism (FT) are two important structural parameters of the lumbar facet joints. Many previous studies have focused on single parameter analysis of the lumbar spine. Owing to the correlation between independent variables, single-factor analysis cannot reflect the interaction between variables; however, there has been no corresponding biomechanical method developed to address this problem.PURPOSETo investigate the complex biomechanical influences on the lumbar spine when vertebral FO and FT are varied using finite element analysis (FEA) and contour maps visualization, and analyze the biomechanical role of facet joint structural parameters in the process of lumbar degenerative diseases.STUDY DESIGNA biomechanical modelling, analysis, and verification study was performed.METHODS: A three-dimensional non-linear FEA model of 3 denucleated intervertebral discs (L2-3, L3-4, L4-5) with adjacent vertebral bodies (L2-L5) was created. Previously performed in vitro experiments provided experimental data for the range of motion in each load direction that was used for calibration. For 12 lumbar models, different facet joint angles relative to the sagittal plane at both L3-4 facet joints were simulated for 35°≤FO≤50° and 0°≤FT≤15°. By modifying different values of FO and FT, FEA simulation of different lumbar spine models was performed. Contour maps were used to visualize the FO- and FT-relevant data.RESULTSUnder flexion, extension, and torsion moments, facet joint contact force and intradiscal stress increased with increasing FT. In the condition where FT remained 0° and increasing FO values, facet joint contact force and intradiscal stress remained low with no apparent increasing or decreasing trend when the model was under flexion, extension, and torsion moments. In the condition where FO and the FT values were varied at the same time, the highest force and stress regions in the contour maps were observed when all three types of moments were applied. Stress distributions of the L3-4 disc with different FT and FO values showed disc stress increased significantly with increases of FT and was concentrated on the ipsilateral region of the facet joint with the more sagittal orientation.CONCLUSIONSThe combination of FO and FT has an important impact on the corresponding disc and facet joints, but FT played a more significant role. Moreover, disc stress was concentrated on the ipsilateral region of facet joint with greater sagittal orientation when FT existed. FT with high sagittal orientation may increase risk of recurrent LDH due to increase ipsilateral disc pressure.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThese biomechanical findings may help clinicians to understand the prognosis of some lumbar degenerative conditions.     

动态磁共振成像参数与腰椎不稳的关系

目的:探讨腰椎不稳与脊柱功能单元中的动态磁共振成像参数(椎间盘退变、小关节骨关节炎及黄韧带肥厚)之间关系。方法:按Kong的标准诊断为腰椎不稳患者79例(237个脊柱功能单元),采用动态MRI在患者中立及过屈、过伸3个体位成像。测定L3/L4、L4/L5及L5/S1椎间盘退变(Ⅰ～Ⅴ级)、小关节骨关节炎(1～4级)、黄韧带肥厚(>3mm为黄韧带肥厚阳性)参数,评估其与腰椎不稳的相关性。结果:L4/L5节段不稳(36个)的发生较L3/L4(18个)及L5/S1节段多(25个)。椎间盘退变、小关节骨关节炎以及黄韧带肥厚(+)均与L3/L4、L4/L5、L5/S1 3个节段腰椎不稳相关(P<0.05)。结论:Ⅳ级椎间盘退变、3级小关节骨关节炎及黄韧带肥厚(+)分别与腰椎不稳的形成有关,在诊断腰椎不稳时,动态MRI及其3个参数具有辅助诊断的作用。     

Effect of changes in lordosis on mechanics of the lumbar spine-lumbar curvature in lifting.

Using a realistic nonlinear three-dimensional finite element model, biomechanics of the entire lumbar spine L1-S1, risk of tissue injury, and required local lumbar muscle exertion in extended and flexed postures are investigated under moderate to relatively large compression loads as great as 2800 N as the lumbar lordosis is altered from the undeformed value of -46 degrees by + 15 degrees in extension or by as much as 38 degrees in flexion. To prevent the instability of the passive structure in compression, the changes in segmental rotations are prescribed and the required sagittal/lateral moments at each level calculated. The effect of load distribution is considered by applying the whole compression on the L1 vertebra alone or among all vertebral levels with 90% or 80% of the compression on the L1 and the remaining evenly shared by the rest. The results are markedly affected by the postural changes and load distributions. The primary global displacement responses are stiffened in the presence of combined loads. The axial compression load substantially increases the intradiscal pressure, facet loads, and disc fiber strains. The large facet loads at the caudal L5-S1 level causes large differential sagittal rotations at vertebral posterior and anterior bony structures, resulting in large stresses in the pedicles and pars interarticularis. The contribution of the passive structures in carrying the load is influenced by the lumbar lordosis and compression load magnitude. Slight flattening of the lumbar spine under large compression reduces the maximum disc fiber strains and required equilibrating moments without adversely affecting the disc pressure and ligament forces. During lifting tasks, the passive spinal structures are protected by slight to moderate flattening in the lumbar curvature, whereas larger flexion angles impose significantly higher risk by increasing the disc pressure, disc anulus fiber strains, ligamentous forces, and facet forces. Changes in lordosis also markedly affect the stabilizing sagittal moments; the required moments diminish in small flexion angles, thus requiring smaller forces in local lumbar muscles. Thus, the lumbar posture during heavy lifting could be adjusted to minimize the required moments generated by lumbar muscle exertions and the risk of tissue injury.     

Measurement of human lumbar spine ligaments during loaded and unloaded motion

Length changes in the ligaments of human lumbar spine motion segments were investigated in order to find conditions under which unusual stress or stress reduction is found in the longitudinal ligaments and facet joint capsules. Flexibility measurements were performed under load. Increasing load and height reduction in the motion segment increases the flexibility. The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament normally operate in the elastic part of their stress-strain curve. Destruction of the intervertebral disc leads to a dislocation of the centers of rotation in the motion segment. Two types of facet joint capsules were observed. Height reduction in the motion segment leads to abnormal strains in one type sooner than in the other, which can be normalized by slight flexion. Injection of a silicone compound into the disc normalizes many of the changes in the motion segment due to height reduction.     

脊柱旋转手法治疗腰椎间盘突出症的实验研究

采用模拟手法对３具新鲜尸体的脊柱标本，进行了Ｌ４．５、Ｌ５Ｓ１椎间盘后外缘应力变化的测定，和脊柱不同位置变化下腰椎小关节突相互关系改变的观察。结果发现前屈侧弯旋转法对腰椎小关节突的活动幅度最大，直立旋转法次之，向左侧旋转时小关节突作切面的旋转滑动，右侧小关节间隙增大；向右侧旋转时反之。做前屈侧弯旋转法时，当脊柱向左侧旋转时，椎间盘左后外侧压力增高，同时右后外侧压力减低；向右旋时则反之。而当旋转动作结束复原时，出现负压的一侧均出现一个微小的正压，这种正负压力多次反复的变化，可以使突出的髓核变位或变形，从而使受压的神经根减张。