Associations of placental weight with maternal and cord blood hormones

PurposePlacental weight has been associated with mammographic pattern and coronary heart disease in the adult offspring, but the mechanisms are unknown. We evaluated the associations of maternal and cord blood hormones with placental weight in normal pregnancies.MethodsProspective study of 167 normal singleton pregnancies in Boston, USA and 256 in Shanghai, China. Maternal hormone levels at the 27th gestational week were available for all pregnancies. Cord blood measurements were available for 86 pregnancies in Boston and 104 in Shanghai. Pearson partial correlation coefficients of log-transformed hormone levels with placental weight were calculated.ResultsMaternal levels of estriol, testosterone, and progesterone (P < .05) were positively associated with placental weight. There was no such evidence for adiponectin, prolactin, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. Cord blood steroids tended to be inversely associated with placental weight, the results being statistically significant for testosterone (P < .05). There was a marginally significant positive association of cord blood IGF-I with placental weight. Reported results were adjusted for study center.ConclusionsPlacental weight appears to be positively correlated with maternal steroids. Its correlation with cord blood steroids, however, appears inverse, compatible with negative feedback mechanisms. There is also a suggestion for placental weight to be positively associated with cord blood IGF-I.     

Toxic trace elements in maternal and cord blood and social determinants in a Bolivian mining city

This study assessed lead, arsenic, and antimony in maternal and cord blood, and associations between maternal concentrations and social determinants in the Bolivian mining city of Oruro using the baseline assessment of the ToxBol/Mine-Niño birth cohort. We recruited 467 pregnant women, collecting venous blood and sociodemographic information as well as placental cord blood at birth. Metallic/semimetallic trace elements were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Lead medians in maternal and cord blood were significantly correlated (Spearman coefficient = 0.59; p < 0.001; 19.35 and 13.50 μg/L, respectively). Arsenic concentrations were above detection limit (3.30 μg/L) in 17.9 % of maternal and 34.6 % of cord blood samples. They were not associated (Fischer’s p = 0.72). Antimony medians in maternal and cord blood were weakly correlated (Spearman coefficient = 0.15; p < 0.03; 9.00 and 8.62 μg/L, respectively). Higher concentrations of toxic elements in maternal blood were associated with maternal smoking, low educational level, and partner involved in mining.     

The Relation of Maternal Birth Weight to African-American and Non-Latina White Twin Pregnancy Outcomes: A Population-Based Study

Objectives The authors investigated the association between maternal birth weight and adverse birth outcome as measured by rates of low birth weight (<2500 g, LBW), preterm birth (<37 weeks, PTB), and small for gestational age (weight <10th percentile for gestational age, SGA) among African American and White twin pregnancies. Methods Stratified and multivariable regression analyses were performed on the Illinois transgenerational dataset of non-Latina African American and non-Latina White twin pairs (born 1989–1991) and their mothers (born 1956–1976). Results Former LBW (n = 104) and non-LBW (n = 742) African American mothers had LBW rates in both twins of 76 and 56 %, respectively; RR (95 % CI) = 1.4 (1.2–1.6). Former LBW (n = 105) and non-LBW (n = 2136) White mothers had LBW rates in both twins of 41 and 34 %, respectively; RR = 1.2 (0.9–1.5). In multivariable regression models, the adjusted (controlling for maternal age, education, marital status, parity, prenatal care usage, and cigarette smoking) RR of LBW in both twins among former LBW (compared to non-LBW) African American and White mothers equaled 1.4 (1.2–1.6) and 1.2 (0.9–1.5), respectively. Maternal LBW was associated with a modestly increased risk of PTB but not SGA among African American twin pregnancies: adjusted RR = 1.3 (1.1–1.4) and 1.1 (0.8–1.5), respectively. Conclusions In African American twin pregnancies, maternal LBW is a risk factor for LBW in both twins. Further research is needed to determine whether a similar generational association occurs among non-Latina White twin pregnancies.     

Relationship between cord blood atherogenic index and birth weight in preeclampsia

The present study was designed to analyze cord blood atherogenic index (AI) in newborns of normal pregnant and preeclamptic subjects and to correlate them with birth weight and maternal AI. The study consisted of 50 healthy pregnant women (Group I: controls) and 50 women with preeclampsia. Ten milliliter cord blood was collected from placental end of umbilical cord and 5 ml of maternal venous sample was drawn from antecubital vein at the time of delivery. Serum was separated by centrifugation and Apo A-I and Apo B levels were analyzed by immunoturbidimetric Immunoassay kits. AI was calculated as ratio of Apo B to Apo A-I. Apo B levels were significantly elevated in Group II in both cord blood and maternal blood as compared to Group I (p < 0.001). Apo A-I levels were lower in maternal blood and higher in cord blood of group II. In maternal blood, AI was higher in Group II as compared to Group I (p < 0.001). In group I, a significant positive correlation was observed between cord blood AI and birth weight and values being higher in males. In group II, a significant negative correlation observed between cord blood AI and birth weight was higher in females.     

Antenatal Care Attendance,a Surrogate for Pregnancy Outcome? The Case of Kumasi,Ghana

Antenatal care (ANC) has been shown to influence infant and maternal outcomes. WHO recommends 4 ANC visits for uncomplicated pregnancies. However, pregnant women in Ghana are required to attend 8–13 antenatal visits. We investigated the association of ANC attendance with adverse pregnancy outcomes (defined as low infant birth weight, stillbirth, preterm delivery or small for gestational age). A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted on 629 women, age 19–48 years who presented for delivery at two selected public hospitals and 16 traditional birth attendants from July to November 2011. Socio-demographic and antenatal information were collected using a structured questionnaire. ANC attendance, medical and obstetric/gynecological history were abstracted from maternal antenatal records. Data were analyzed using Chi square and logistic regression. Twenty-two percent of the women experienced an adverse outcome. Eleven percent of the women attended <4 ANC visits. In an unadjusted model, these women had an increased likelihood of experiencing an adverse outcome (OR 2.27; 95 % CI 1.30–3.94; p = 0.0038). High parity (>5 children) was also associated with adverse birth outcomes. Women screened for syphilis or use of insecticide-treated bed nets had a 40 and 36 % (p = 0.0447 and p = 0.0293) reduced likelihood of experiencing an adverse pregnancy outcome respectively. After adjusting for confounders, attending <4 antenatal visits was associated with adverse pregnancy outcome compared with ≥4 ANC visits (Adjusted OR 2.55; 95 % CI 1.16–5.63; p = 0.0202). Attending <4 antenatal visits and high parity were associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes for uncomplicated pregnancies.     

EDTA Enhanced Phytoremediation of Copper Contaminated Soils Using Chickpea (Cicer aeritinum L.)

The goal of this research was to determine whether or not chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), commonly known as Garbanzo beans, is a hyper accumulator for copper (Cu) in contaminated soils amended with EDTA. Statistical analysis (2 tailed Pearson Correlation) revealed significant correlations between: Translocation index and stem biomass (r = 0.859**; p < 0.01); Tolerance index and stem biomass (r = 0.762**; p < 0.01); and bioconcentration factor of stem/soil and soil Cu concentration (r = ?0.545*; p < 0.05). Therefore, C. arietinum seems to be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly hyperaccumulator for Cu at 100 ppm Cu and 10 mM EDTA.     

The Influence of Maternal Smoking and Exposure to Residential ETS on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Retrospective National Study

In a nationwide study of Serbian births, in 2008, we estimated the influence of maternal prenatal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on birth outcomes. Using stratified two-stage random cluster sampling, 2,721 women were interviewed in-person (response rates 98.1 %), and 2,613 singleton live births were included. Date of birth, gender, birthweight, birth height and head circumference were copied from the official hospital Birth Certificate. Six exposure categories were defined according to mother’s smoking history and exposure to ETS. We calculated adjusted mean values and group differences by analysis of covariance, and adjusted odds ratios for the low birthweight (LBW < 2,500 g). Compared to the reference category (non-smoking, non-exposed to ETS) we observed birthweight reductions in infants whose mothers smoked continuously during the pregnancy and were exposed to ETS (?162.6 g) and whose mothers were not exposed to ETS (?173 g) (p = 0.000, and p = 0.003, respectively), as well as reduction in birth length (?1.01 and ?1.06 cm; p = 0.003 and p = 0.000, respectively). Reduction in birthweight and birth length related to exposure categories was not linear. Adjusted OR for LBW was almost tripled for mothers who smoked over the entire pregnancy and were non-exposed to ETS (aOR 2.85; 95 % CI 1.46–5.08), and who were exposed to ETS (aOR 2.68; 95 % CI 1.15–6.25). Our results showed strong effects of smoking throughout the pregnancy on reduced birthweight, birth length and head circumference, and increased risk for LBW. We were not able to detect an effect for ETS exposure alone.     

Weight-Gain Velocity in Newborn Infants Managed with the Kangaroo Method and Associated Variables

Objectives The Kangaroo method helps promote maternal breastfeeding and adequate growth of low birthweight preterm infants. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between weight-gain velocity during use of the Kangaroo method and maternal and infant variables. Methods A nested cross-sectional study in a cohort of newborn infants managed using the Kangaroo method was carried out at a reference center for the method in Brazil. Data on low birthweight and preterm infants managed using the Kangaroo Method (n = 78) and on their respective mothers (n = 70) was collected between January and July 2014. Maternal and infant variables were associated and correlated with weight-gain velocity (g/kg/day) at each phase of the method (p < 0.05). Results Mean weight-gain velocity increased from 0.12 ± 11.11 g/kg/day in the first phase to 13.47 ± 4.84 g/kg/day in the third phase (p < 0.001), and percentage of adequate weight increased at phase 3 (p < 0.001). Birthweight was inversely correlated with weight-gain velocity at phases 1 and 2 of the Kangaroo method. Birthweight of under 1500 g was associated with a lower likelihood of inadequate weight-gain velocity of the newborn at phase 1 (OR = 0.1; 95 % CI 0.01–0.78; p = 0.012). In phase 3, maternal age was directly correlated with weight-gain velocity. Conclusions Weight-gain velocity was associated with maternal (age) and infant (gestational age at birth, birthweight, weight for gestational age at birth, length of hospital stay and five-minute Apgar score) variables. Knowledge of the factors influencing weight-gain velocity and its behavior at each phase of the method can help guide conduct toward potentializing factors that promote adequate weight-gain.     

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Human Hair from the College Environment: Comparison with Indoor Dust

Eight Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined to examine the hair burden at low concentrations, and the relationship between PBDE concentrations in human hair and indoor dust from a college environment (Shanghai University campus). Chemical analyses showed that the total concentrations of PBDEs in hair ranged from 4.04 to 99 ng/g dw, and were found to be fourfold higher in females than in males (p < 0.05). The total PBDEs concentrations in indoor dust samples ranged from 170 to 1,360 ng/g dw. Significantly positive correlations were observed between human hair and indoor dust for BDE 47 (r = 0.44, p = 0.048) and BDE 99 (r = 0.68, p = 0.025). However, no significant association was noted between other PBDE congeners in human hair and indoor dust in the present study.     

#19 Associations of maternal and umbilical cord hormone concentrations with maternal,gestational and neonatal factors

PURPOSE: High birth weight has been associated with adult breast and prostate cancer risk in epidemiologic studies and is hypothesized to be mediated through higher in utero estrogen concentrations. This hypothesis is based on maternal estrogen concen- trations, while limited data exist on the fetal circulation.METHODS: Concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estriol, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-Sulfate (DHEAS) were measured in maternal and mixed umbilical cord sera from 86 normal, singleton pregnancies. Maternal samples were collected at admission for labor and delivery.RESULTS: In the maternal sera, only estriol was positively correlated with gestational age (Spearman r = 0.35 ) and birth size including, birth weight (r = 0.36), length (r = 0.30) and head circumference (r = 0.25). Cord DHEAS concentrations, but none of the other hormones, were positively correlated with gestational age (r = 0.32), birth weight (r = 0.34), birth length (r = 0.41) and head circumference (r = 0.24). In linear regression analyses, maternal estriol and cord DHEAS predicted birth weight after adjustment for gestational age. No other hormones were independently associated with birth weight. Inspection of mean hormone levels by strata of birth weight (<2500, 2500–3499, 3500+), however, revealed nonlinear relations with the lowest birth weight babies having the lowest maternal estriol and cord DHEAS and no consistent pattern in the upper two categories.CONCLUSION: These data show an association between hormone concentrations and birth weight, however, the hormones involved and their patterns of association differ between the fetal and maternal results. In addition, these data are not consistent with the hypothesis that higher estrogen concentrations in high birth weight babies mediate the positive association with breast cancer risk observed in epidemiologic studies.     

Disparities and Barriers Encountered by Immigrant Dominican Mothers Accessing Prenatal Care Services in Puerto Rico

Inadequate access to prenatal services has been associated with higher rates of mother and child mortality and premature births in the general population. Thus, this paper aims to compare the utilization and adequacy of prenatal care services of Dominican immigrant mothers with that of Puerto Rican mothers. Data was extracted from birth certificates using a cohort from 1998 to 2002 (n = 252, 919). The Kotelchuck index for adequate prenatal care was used for comparison with socio-demographic characteristics of the population. Less than half of Dominican mothers (48.5 %) received adequate prenatal care compared to more than two-thirds (69.1 %) of Puerto Rican mothers (p < .001). After controlling for demographic characteristics, health insurance, pregnancy risks, complications and previous birth (parity) the odds of receiving adequate care of Dominican mothers was 0.7 that of Puerto Rican mothers (p < .001). These results suggest significant disparities in obtaining adequate prenatal care services among migrant women and native Puerto Ricans.     

Coping and Psychological Distress in Mothers of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

The purpose of this study was to describe coping in mothers of adolescents with type 1 diabetes and to examine the association among mothers’ diabetes-related stress and coping strategies and maternal psychological distress (e.g., symptoms of anxiety and depression), adolescent adjustment (e.g., symptoms of depression, quality of life), diabetes-related family conflict, and glycemic control. One hundred and eighteen mother-adolescent dyads completed measures of diabetes-related stress, coping, symptoms of anxiety and depression, quality of life, and family conflict. Data on glycemic control were collected from adolescents’ medical charts. Single/divorced mothers and mothers of color were significantly more likely to use disengagement coping strategies (e.g., avoidance) than White and married/partnered mothers. Mothers’ use of primary control coping (e.g., problem solving) and secondary control coping (e.g., acceptance) strategies was related to fewer symptoms of anxiety (r = ? .51, ?.39) and depression (r = ? .32, ?.37) and less family conflict (r = ? .22, ?.30, all p < .05). Mothers’ use of disengagement coping strategies was related to greater symptoms of anxiety (r = .30) and depression (r = .27, both p < .01). Further, secondary control coping was found to mediate the relationship between diabetes-related stress and maternal symptoms of anxiety and depression. Maternal coping was not significantly associated with adolescent outcomes. The ways in which mothers of adolescents with type 1 diabetes cope with diabetes-related stress are associated with psychological distress and family conflict. By identifying and improving mothers’ coping through screening and targeted interventions, we may have the potential to improve both maternal and adolescent outcomes.     

Sexual Problems and Quality of Life in Women with Multiple Sclerosis

Sexual problems (SP) are often experienced by people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and severely affect their quality of life. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between sexual problems and quality of life subscales. 132 women with MS from Iranian MS Society completed demographic and medical history questionnaire. Quality of life was measured by Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQoL-54) and sexual problems were quantified by MSISQ-19 which includes items for primary, secondary and tertiary causes of sexual problems. The data was analyzed by using SPSS-18 and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between sexual problems and quality of life subscales. Statistically significant correlation was found between sexual problems and quality of life subscales. Physical and mental components of MSQoL-54 were strongly correlated with secondary level of SP (p < 0.001, r = 0.702 and p < 0.001, r = 0.470 respectively). Of primary SP items decreased libido showed highly significant correlation with physical and mental components of MSQoL-54 (p < 0.001, r = 0.629 and p < 0.001, r = 0.499 respectively). Sexual problems such as decreased libido are highly correlated with quality of life in women with MS. Secondary SP had most correlations with quality of life subscales. Evaluation and appropriate management of sexual problems in MS patients can lead to improving their quality of life.     

Subjective Social Status and Psychological Distress in Mothers of Young Children

Introduction Perceptions of social standing have increasingly well-documented relationships with health. Higher subjective social status (SSS) is associated with better psychological well-being among women, and mothers of newborns. The relationship between SSS and psychological distress among mothers of young children, however, is largely unknown. SSS may provide insight into aspects of maternal functioning that are relevant to parenting capacity, as well as insight into future health; in addition, SSS is brief, and may be perceived as less intrusive than other measures of socioeconomic status or mental health. We evaluated the relationship between SSS and psychological distress among mothers of 5-year-old children from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Methods One hundred and sixty-two mothers of 5-year old children, who participated in a study of child self-regulation, completed surveys that assessed sociodemographics, mental health, and perceived social support. The MacArthur Scale of SSS used pictures of ten-rung ladders to assess respondents’ social position in relation to the US (SES ladder) and their community (community ladder). Quantile regression models were used to assess the relationship between maternal psychological distress (perceived social support, depressive symptoms, anxiety) and the ladders (individually and together), adjusting for maternal age, race, education, and number of children. To examine whether the SSS–health relationships differed by race, the models were also stratified by race. Results Community ladder ranking was positively associated with social support (β = 1.34, SE = 0.33, p < .001), and negatively associated with depressive symptoms (β = ?1.34, SE = 0.52, p < .05). SES ladder ranking was positively associated with social support (β = 1.17, SE = 0.52, p < .05). Findings in the full sample were driven by more robust relationships between psychological distress and community SSS among Black/African-American mothers. Discussion The findings suggest that perceived social standing in one’s community is associated with maternal psychological well-being. Community SSS may be particularly influential for Black/African-American mothers’ well-being.     

The Effects of Intimate Partner Violence Before, During, and After Pregnancy in Nurse Visited First Time Mothers

To determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) before, during and after pregnancy in a national sample of women enrolled in the Nurse Family Partnership (NFP); and, to determine correlates of IPV exposure. Clients enrolled in the NFP between 2002 and 2005 were selected. Data were extracted from NFP client encounter forms including demographic, health habits, family and relationships, and maternal and infant health information. IPV was measured by self-report and assessed during three time periods: 12 months prior to enrollment into the NFP program; during pregnancy up to 36 weeks; and, 12 months since the infant’s birth. Multiple imputation methods were used to account for missing data; univariate, and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine characteristics of IPV exposure over time. IPV in the 12 months prior to pregnancy and at NFP enrollment was 8.1% (95% CI: 5.8–11.2%); 4.7% (4.3.0–5.1%) of women reported IPV during the first 36 weeks of their pregnancy; and, 12.4% (8.5–17.6%) of women reported IPV in the 12 months following delivery. Several IPV correlates were noted, including relationship status (having a partner before and after pregnancy, p < 0.001, p = 0.023, respectively), and maternal health and habits such as smoking (before, during and after pregnancy, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). In longitudinal follow-up, reduced use of contraception following the birth of her infant, and rapid repeat pregnancy were significantly associated with IPV exposure. For NFP visited mothers, IPV prevalence is lowest during pregnancy, compared to periods before and after pregnancy. IPV had no demonstrable effect on perinatal outcomes such as gestational age, and birth weight; however, IPV was associated with lower rates of contraceptive use and higher rates of rapid repeat pregnancy in longitudinal follow-up.     

Child Feeding Practices and Overweight Status Among Mexican Immigrant Families

The purpose was to compare maternal perceptions, feeding practices, and overweight status of children in immigrant households in California (US) with a cohort in Guanajuato, Mexico (MX). In 2006, staff interviewed mothers and weighed and measured their children, 1–6 years (US: n = 95 and MX: n = 200). Prevalence of overweight [body mass index z-score (BMIZ) >1.0 and <1.65] and obesity (BMIZ > 1.65) was 21.1 and 28.4 % in the US respectively, compared to 11.5 and 12.9 % in MX (p < 0.001). No differences were observed in maternal ability to identify correctly the child’s weight status or ever being told the child was overweight. US children ate away from home more often (p < 0.0001), had fewer family meals (p < 0.0001), and played outdoors less often than MX children (p < 0.0002). Further analyses should examine how differences in eating and activity patterns explain the disparity in childhood obesity across the countries.     

The Relation of Maternal Blood Arsenic to Anemia During Pregnancy

To clarify the relationship of prenatal arsenic exposure to hemoglobin concentrations and anemia during pregnancy, a longitudinal study was conducted of 364 participants during early pregnancy from October 2006 to March 2011 in Tehran, Iran. Maternal whole blood (taken between 8–12 and 20–24 weeks of gestation, and at delivery) and umbilical cord blood samples were collected for arsenic measurement. The mean concentration of maternal blood arsenic in the first trimester of pregnancy was significantly lower in anemic women compared with non-anemic participants (mean ± SD: 12.4 ± 3.4 versus 14.8 ± 4.0 μg/L, respectively, p < 0.001). Maternal whole blood arsenic levels in the first and third trimesters were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with hemoglobin concentrations measured throughout gestation (r = 0.312, 0.424, and 0.183). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that increased maternal blood arsenic levels in the first trimester were significantly negatively associated to anemia during pregnancy (OR = 0.85, CI: 0.77–0.94, p < 0.01). The present study showed that prenatal blood arsenic exposure was not a risk factor for the occurrence of anemia.     

Asthma in Children in Relation to Pre-term Birth and Fetal Growth Restriction

To assess the impact of parental asthma on risk of pre-term birth (PTB) and intrauterine growth restriction, and their subsequent association with childhood asthma. Three sequential cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 1993 (3,746), 1998 (1,964) and 2006 (1,074) in the same 15 schools among 5–11 year old children in Merseyside using the same respiratory health questionnaire completed by parents (sample size in brackets). Between 1993 and 2006, prevalence of PTB varied between 12.4 and 15.2 %, and of small for gestational age (SGA or growth restricted) babies between 2.1 and 4.6 %, and maternal asthma prevalence between 8.1 and 13.4 %. For the combined surveys mothers with asthma were more likely to have a PTB than non-asthmatic mothers (OR 1.39, 95 % CI 1.10–1.95, p < 0.001), and in the 2006 survey were more likely to have an SGA baby. 40.9 % of PTBs of asthmatic mothers developed doctor diagnosed asthma compared to 34.3 % for term babies (adjusted OR 1.65, 1.34–2.04, p < 0.001). The corresponding estimates for the symptom triad of cough, wheeze and breathlessness were 19.4 and 17.6 % (adjusted OR 1.78, 0.79–3.98). Conversely SGA babies were less likely to develop doctor diagnosed asthma (adjusted OR 0.49, 0.27–0.90, p < 0.021), or the symptom triad of cough, wheeze and breathlessness (adjusted OR 0.22, 0.05–0.97, p < 0.043), whether or not the mother was asthmatic. Maternal asthma is an independent risk factor for PTB which predisposes to childhood asthma. Intrauterine growth restriction was protective against childhood asthma.     

Serum Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and their term fetuses

We sought to determine serum AMH levels in the maternal circulation, and the umbilical artery and vein, in normal women and women with PCOS, and their neonates at time of delivery. This represents a cross-sectional study of 57 pregnant patients who presented to the labor and delivery suite and subsequently delivered. We obtained maternal, as well as fetal blood from both, umbilical artery and vein. We measured serum concentrations of estradiol, AMH, testosterone and FSH. A total of 30 patients delivered a female and 27 a male neonate. Of them, 18/30 and 18/27 had a diagnosis of PCOS by NIH criteria. Mean age, BMI, weight gain in pregnancy, and gestational age did not differ between the two groups of mothers. AMH serum levels were statistically higher in women with PCOS (p < 0.005) and in their fetuses, independently of gender. Testosterone was higher in women with PCOS (p < 0.001), but there was no PCOS-related difference in their fetuses. FSH levels were significantly lower in PCOS than non-PCOS mothers carrying a male (p = 0.022), but not a female, fetus. AMH was positively correlated with maternal serum testosterone (p = 0.001) and negatively with fetal serum FSH (p < 0.026). In PCOS pregnancies, AMH was negatively correlated with maternal BMI (p = 0.019), menstrual cycle length (p = 0.035), and fetal uterine vein FSH (p = 0.021). In conclusion, at time of delivery, fetuses of women with PCOS had higher AMH levels and similar testosterone levels compared to fetuses from non-PCOS mothers, irrespective of gender. Our results may help explaining developmental differences in offspring of PCOS women.