Percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst into the stomach

Background: We present our experience with percutaneous ultrasonographically guided internal cystogastric drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts using a double pigtail catheter. Methods: In nine patients, the pancreatic pseudocysts following acute pancreatitis were drained percutaneously into the stomach with the double pigtail catheter under ultrasonographical (US) control. The needle insertion through both gastric walls and the final position of the proximal curve of the catheter were monitored with a gastroscope. The position of the distal curve of the catheter was checked by US. There were no procedure-related complications. The patients were followed up monthly by clinical and US examination. Results: At first follow-up 1 month after the intervention, none of the patients had evidence of the pseudocyst. The patients were not aware of the catheter and functioned normally throughout the procedure and catheter removal. The catheter was removed endoscopically after 5–8 months. Conclusions: The method is minimally invasive and also feasible in high-risk surgical patients. It requires a team consisting of an interventional radiologist, an ultrasonographer, and an endoscopist. In properly selected patients, the results are excellent.     

Percutaneous catheter drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts.

Pancreatic pseudocysts represent a complication of severe pancreatic inflammatory disease. Although operative drainage is the cornerstone of therapy for pseudocysts, we have undertaken percutaneous catheter drainage in a selected group of 28 patients over a six-year period (1982-88). This represents 42 per cent of pseudocyst patients managed by the senior author and 1.7 per cent of admissions for pancreatitis at the Medical University Hospitals during that period of time. There were 26 men and two women with an age range of 26-66 years (mean = 42.1). Twenty-six patients had alcohol abuse as the cause of pancreatitis; two were due to surgical trauma. Nondilated pancreatic ducts were demonstrated in 25 patients. Six had pancreatic ascites associated with pseudocysts. Four had previous operative drainage (2 internal and 2 external drainage procedures). Five patients received octreotide acetate, a synthetic peptide which mimics the action of somatostatin, in an attempt to aid closure of external fistulas. The mean length of catheter drainage was 48 days (range 7-210 days). Eight (29%) patients developed procedure-related complications (1 pneumothorax, 1 sheared guidewire, six drain tract infections). There was no mortality. Successful resolution of pseudocysts was achieved in 26 patients (93%). Two patients subsequently had elective caudal pancreaticojejunostomy (CPJ), and one lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) to drain obstructed pancreatic ducts. One patient has required repeat external drainage. Percutaneous external drainage is successful in pseudocyst eradication. When underlying pancreatic pathology remains uncorrected, elective surgical decompression of obstructed, dilated ducts may be necessary.     

Failure of percutaneous catheter drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst

Percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) of symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts under CT radiologic guidance is a valuable adjunct or alternative to operative pseudocyst management. PCD failure is characterized by the development of recurrent pseudocysts or external pancreatic fistulas. The purpose of this study is to define the cause and management of PCD failure patients. A retrospective review and analysis of patients with symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts managed with PCD who required subsequent operative treatment because of PCD failure was undertaken. There were 23 study patients (18 men, 5 women) with a mean age of 44 years identified over a 13-year time period. Pancreatitis etiology was alcohol abuse in 10, gallstones in 7, pancreas divisum in 3, trauma in 2, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in 1. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography findings were: 13 genu strictures, 4 main pancreatic duct dilations, 2 head strictures, 1 body stricture, 1 stricture in the tail, 1 intact duct, and 1 unknown. Operations used to manage PCD failures were: lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) in 9 patients, Roux-en-Y pancreatic fistula jejunostomy in 7, distal pancreatectomy in 3, caudal pancreatectomy in 2, pancreatoduodenectomy in 1, cyst gastrotomy in 1, and caudal pancreatojejunostomy in 1. Follow-up has ranged from 1 to 13 years (mean, 5 years). Five patients who underwent pancreatic fistula jejunostomy developed recurrent pseudocysts or pancreatitis. There have been no recurrent pseudocysts or fistulas in patients managed with LPJ or pancreatic resection. Genu strictures were the cause of PCD failure in the majority of patients. LPJ is the treatment of choice for genu strictures but may not always be possible because of chronic inflammatory changes. Roux-en-Y pancreatic fistula jejunostomy is an acceptable alternative. Recurrent pseudocysts in the head and body are treated with LPJ with cyst incorporation. Pancreatic resection is appropriate for certain strictures of the head, body, and pancreatic tail. Failure of PCD is associated with an underlying ductal disorder that needs to be defined preoperatively with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to select the appropriate operation.     

Percutaneous pancreatic pseudocyst drainage: a combined sonographic-endoscopic procedure

Certain pancreas-pseudocysts can be effectively drained either transgastrically or transduodenally using endoscopic procedures. Applicable methods include repeated fine needle punctures, insertion of a drainage tube or the percutaneous pseudocyst-drainage according to Hancke. The percutaneous sonographic pancreas-pseudocyst drainage represents an alternative or an adjunct to the classical surgical cyst drainage employing a cysto-jejunostomy or cysto-gastrostomy. The indications are analog to the surgical cysto-enterostomy, whereas the optimal method for each individual patient should be decided by interdisciplinary consultation. The following report presents 21 case studies of pancreas-pseudocysts which were treated conservatively using ultrasonographical procedures.     

Mechanical intestinal obstruction from pseudocyst bezoar following internal drainage of traumatic pancreatic pseudocyst

A unique case of intraluminal mechanical small-intestinal obstruction occurring from a bezoar of organized debris that extruded from a post-traumatic pancreatic pseudocyst following Roux-en-Y cystojejunostomy is presented. Although an apparently unusual complication, it is one that should be considered in any patient experiencing incomplete cyst drainage or intestinal obstruction following an internal drainage procedure for pancreatic pseudocyst.     

Percutaneous drainage of immature pancreatic pseudocyst. A preliminary study of 4 cases

The management of immature pancreatic pseudocysts is controversial because surgical external drainage is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate. A study was conducted during which immature pseudocysts that were enlarging, causing pain or giving respiratory distress were selected for percutaneous drainage and placement of a pigtail drainage catheter under ultrasonographic guidance. This preliminary study of 4 cases demonstrated that this procedure is safe and does not cause morbidity or mortality. It is suggested that there will be no recurrence provided the catheter is well secured and that no communication between the cyst and the pancreatic duct can be seen on sinography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.     

Percutaneous retropleural drainage of a posttraumatic pancreatic mediastinal pseudocyst in a child

Pancreatic mediastinal pseudocyst is a rare complication of pancreatitis in children. These children usually present with abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting, and dysphagia. Computed tomography not only is essential in defining the extent of the pseudocyst but also can guide percutaneous external drainage. We present the case of a 4-year-old child with a mediastinal pseudocyst secondary to pancreatic trauma, which was successfully treated with computed tomography-guided percutaneous drainage via a posterior, extrapleural approach.     

Percutaneous catheter drainage of infected pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections

Operative drainage is the cornerstone of therapy for pancreatic abscess. Recently it has been suggested that successful percutaneous catheter drainage of infected pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections may serve as definitive therapy. We undertook therapeutic, computed tomography-directed percutaneous drainage in a selected group of 29 patients with infected pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections. Twenty-three patients (79%) were successfully treated with percutaneous drainage. Of six patients (21%) representing failures of percutaneous drainage, four died and two recovered after operative drainage. The four patients who died had a mean APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) II score of 23 and five of Ranson's prognostic signs. Ranson's signs and APACHE II scores were predictive of success and mortality. We conclude that in selected patients, infected pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections can be treated definitively with therapeutic percutaneous catheter drainage. Based on this experience, recommendations regarding patient selection are included.     

Percutaneous drainage and necrosectomy in the management of pancreatic necrosis

BACKGROUND: The degree of necrosis and presence of infection are the crucial determinants of the outcome in patients with pancreatic necrosis. In patients with sterile necrosis, the necrotic material can persist and subsequently results in sepsis. Some of these patients will ultimately require an operation to remove the necrotic material. Percutaneous necrosectomy has been introduced to remove this residual debris in a minimally invasive way. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients with pancreatic necrosis who had percutaneous drainage (PCD) performed. Percutaneous pancreatic necrosectomy (PCPN) was done for those patients whose necrotic cavity failed to resolve. RESULTS: Percutaneous drainage was performed in eight patients, four with evidence of infection by the positive culture in the aspirate. In three of them, the necrotic cavity completely resolved after drainage. Percutaneous necrosectomy was performed in another three patients through the tract placed by the radiologist and another one through a sinus tract after an operation. The necrotic cavity in three of them completely resolved after percutaneous necrosectomy. CONCLUSION: Those patients who had 'organized necrosis' after the acute episode of pancreatitis could receive benefit from percutaneous necrosectomy. The persistent symptoms could be alleviated after the removal of the residual necrotic material. It could also be useful after an open surgery to remove any residual devitalized tissue.     

Surgical management of pancreatic pseudocyst.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic pseudocysts were once considered to be an unusual complication of acute chronic and traumatic pancreatitis. METHODS: This work was made in order to study the results of the operative methods in 24 patients with acute chronic and traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts, treated by external or internal drainage during the years 1990-1995 at the Athens Red Cross Hospital and compare these results with those of international literature. Pain was the common symptom for all patients. Gallstones were the most important aetiological agent in thirteen of the 24 patients, while alcoholic pancreatitis was diagnosed in only 6 of them. Fifteen patients (62.5%) were treated by surgical drainage or resection and 9 patients (37.5%) were treated by observation, one by percutaneous and one by endoscopic drainage. The rest had small cysts (less than 5 cm) and were treated by observation. RESULTS: The most frequent complication of internal cyst drainage was upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. The rate of mortality was 7%. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical considerations dictate the choice of operation. Cystogastrostomy, for example is inappropriate unless the stomach is closely applied to the front of the cyst. We preferred cystojejunostomy Rouen-y because the Roux loop can be anastomosed to the lower part of the cyst. Cystoduodenostomy should be reserved for pseudocyst in the head of the pancreas. Resection is an alternative to internal drainage for chronic pseudocyst of moderate proportions, for those that have largely replaced a portion of the pancreas.     

经皮穿刺置管引流结合抗痨治疗结核性髂腰肌脓肿

目的：评价B超引导下经皮穿刺置管引流(PCD)结合全身抗痨治疗结核性髂腰肌脓肿的适应证和临床效果。方法：回顾分析：1997年2月～2001年10月PCD治疗的结核性髂腰肌脓肿36例(48个脓肿)，影像学证实脊柱结核34例，椎体破坏轻，不伴严重后凸畸形、椎体不稳或截瘫。抗结核化疗时间1年～1．5年。结果：引流时间8天～30天，平均14天。脓肿首次治愈率85．4％(41／48)，失败7个，3个脓肿复发经再次置管引流后缓解，3例(4个脓肿)椎体病变加重，予以切开手术治疗。其中25例随防14月～5年，平均40月，远期治愈率92％(23／25)，2例复发，予以手术治疗。未见病变椎体高度丢失或严重后凸畸形。未见严重并发症。结论：脊柱结核合并髂腰肌脓肿，若椎体破坏轻、无椎管受累、以脓肿病变为主，B超引导下PCD结合抗痨化疗是一种安全、有效、简单的治疗方法．     

Percutaneous cystogastrostomy for chronic pancreatic pseudocyst

During the years 1984–1992, 74 patients of mean age 45 (range 6–71) years with chronic pancreatic pseudocyst were treated by percutaneous cystogastrostomy. They comprised 45 men and 29 women. A diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis was verified in 55 patients (74 per cent); pain was the indication for treatment in all cases. The catheter was successfully placed at the first attempt in 68 patients (92 per cent). Immediate complications occurred in four patients (5 per cent); there have been none since 1986. Abscess formation was seen in eight patients (11 per cent). One patient died 4 days after the procedure from myocardial infarction giving a mortality rate of 1 per cent; no death has occurred since 1986. The mean observation time was 27 (range 0–108) months. Pain disappeared or decreased in almost 90 per cent of patients and weight gain was seen in 80 per cent. The method described is less traumatic than operation, and mortality and complication rates compare favourably with those seen after surgery; the results are at least as good.     

Endoscopic drainage for pancreatic pseudocyst in children

The authors report here the results of endoscopic cystogastrostomy performed on 3 children aged 11, 3, and 2.5 years with nonresolving pancreatic pseudocyst (PP) of 12, 9.5, and 7 cm in diameter. The etiology of PP was abdominal trauma in 2 and idiopathic acute pancreatitis in 1 case. Ultrasound and computed tomography scans confirmed the diagnosis and suitability for gastric drainage. After the puncture of cyst, a double pig-tail stent was placed for the permanent drainage of cystogastrostomy. Complete regression was confirmed by follow-up ultrasonography at 8, 6, and 7 weeks, respectively. There were no procedure-related complications, nor was there a recurrence of cyst during the 2 years of follow-up. This report suggests that children with nonresolving PP, that are anatomically accessible, can be treated successfully and safely by endoscopic drainage.     

超声引导经皮引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿

目的探讨超声引导经皮引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿(pancreatic pseudocyst,PPC)的临床价值. 方法 2000年12月～2003年10月我院采用超声引导经皮引流治疗PPC 12例,其中单纯穿刺抽液1例,置管引流11例. 结果 1例因囊腔与主胰管相通,改行开腹囊肿空肠Roux-Y吻合术,余11例囊肿消失.引流时间7～90 d,平均28 d.无并发症发生.12例随访6～34个月,平均18个月,1例复发 ,但较引流前明显缩小. 结论超声引导经皮穿刺抽液或置管引流是治疗PPC一种简单可行的方法,具有创伤小,并发症少,早期、多部位、重复治疗等优点.     

Duct drainage alone is sufficient in the operative management of pancreatic pseudocyst in patients with chronic pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE: To test a hypothesis that definitive management of pseudocyst associated with chronic pancreatitis is predicated on addressing pancreatic ductal anatomy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The authors have previously confirmed the impact of pancreatic ductal anatomic abnormalities on the success of percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst. The authors have further defined a system to categorize the pancreatic ductal abnormalities that can be seen with pancreatic pseudocyst. The authors have published, as have others, the usefulness of defining ductal anatomy when managing pancreatic pseudocysts associated with chronic pancreatitis. METHODS: Beginning in 1985, all patients with pseudocyst who were candidates for intervention (operative, percutaneous, or endoscopic) have undergone endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). An associated diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis was established by means of ERCP findings. Patients were candidates for longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) if they had a pancreatic ductal diameter greater than 7 mm. In a nonrandomized fashion, patients were managed with either combined simultaneous LPJ and pseudocyst drainage or with LPJ alone. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-three patients with pseudocyst have been evaluated. Among these there have been 103 patients with chronic pancreatitis and main pancreatic duct (MPD) dilatation (>7 mm). Among these 103 patients, 56 underwent combined LPJ/pseudocyst drainage and 47 had LPJ alone. Compared to combined LPJ/pseudocyst drainage, the patients undergoing LPJ alone had a shorter operative time, slightly less transfusion requirement, slightly reduced length of hospital stay, and slightly reduced complication rate. Long-term pain relief was achieved in 90%, and pseudocyst recurrence was less than 1%. Rates of each of these long-term outcomes were nearly incidental among the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ductal drainage alone (LPJ) is sufficient in patients with chronic pancreatitis (MPD > 7 mm) and an associated pseudocyst. Simultaneous drainage of pseudocyst is not necessary.     

腹腔镜序贯外内引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿的疗效观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜序贯外内引流术治疗胰腺假性囊肿的临床价值。方法:回顾分析2008年7月至2018年6月收治的56例胰腺假性囊肿患者的临床资料,分为腹腔镜序贯外内引流组(观察组)与经皮穿刺组(对照组),观察两组手术时间、出血量、住院时间、术后带管时间、并发症发生率、短期影像学缓解率、长期影像学缓解率及复发率等情况,评价两种术式的疗效。结果:两组均顺利完成操作,无围手术期死亡,观察组4例同时行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。观察组术后带管时间[(32.69±2.46)d vs.(34.56±2.60)d]、术中出血量[(23.33±5.92)mL vs.(28.69±4.24)mL]、并发症发生率(3.0%vs.26.1%)、长期影像学缓解率(100.0%vs.73.9%)及复发率(0 vs.17.4%)优于对照组,差异有统计学意义。两组短期影像学缓解率(100%vs.91.3%)、住院时间[(8.45±1.06)d vs.(9.95±4.18)d]差异无统计学意义。结论:腹腔镜序贯外内引流术安全、可靠,效果肯定,可作为治疗胰腺假性囊肿的合理术式。     

胰腺假性囊肿的治疗研究

目的评价胰腺假性囊肿不同治疗方式的效果。方法对1990年1月至2003年4月收治的128例胰腺假性囊肿不同处理方式的效果及并发症进行回顾性分析。结果128例患者中30例未行手术治疗,其中3例失访,27例在随访期间囊肿自行吸收。B超引导下经皮置管引流组22例,有效率60%。外科手术治疗76例,死亡率5.3%(4/76),手术方式包括:外引流10例,死亡率20%(2/10);囊肿胃吻合术14例,术后消化道出血的发生率为42.9%(6/14),死亡率7.1%(1/14);囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术28例,术后消化道出血的发生率10.7%(3/28),死亡率0%;囊肿十二指肠吻合术3例,死亡率33.3%(1/3);假性囊肿切除术21例。结论B超引导下经皮置管引流创伤小,操作相对简单,但尚未能完全取代传统手术。囊肿胃吻合术后消化道出血的发生率高于囊肿空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。对于怀疑为真性囊肿或囊腺癌者,应尽量手术切除。