鼻腔副鼻窦恶性肿瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨鼻腔副鼻窦CT检查方法和肿瘤的形态、密度、窦壁骨质破坏、周围脂肪层侵犯、窦腔外软组织肿块等征象在鼻腔副鼻窦恶性肿瘤中的诊断作用.材料与方法逐项对比观察分析经病理证实的鼻腔副鼻窦恶性肿瘤32例和良性肿物139例的CT表现.结果CT冠状位扫描显示15例恶性肿瘤破坏25个窦腔骨壁,20例腔外软组织肿块累及23个相邻部位.轴位扫描发现骨壁受累12例,有20个侧壁骨质显示破坏,15个腔外肿块累及18个相邻结构.恶性组和良性组突出于窦腔外的软组织肿块分别为71.9%和5.0%、窦壁骨质侵蚀性破坏59.4%和14.4%、窦腔周围脂肪层的侵犯消失56.3%和13.7%,而软组织肿块形态不规则和密度不均匀,两组间无显著差异.结论鼻腔副鼻窦腔外软组织肿块、侵蚀性骨质破坏和窦壁周围脂肪层的侵犯消失,是诊断鼻腔副鼻窦恶性肿瘤的可靠征象.冠状扫描观察解剖内容和病变侵犯范围优于轴位扫描.     

冠状位CT扫描在霉菌性鼻窦炎术前诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨冠状位CT扫描在霉菌性鼻窦炎术前诊断中的价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析34例经手术病理证实的霉菌性鼻窦炎患者的冠状位CT特征.结果 单窦或单侧鼻赛发病30例,双侧鼻窭发病4例.发现病灶38个,其中34个位于上颌窦.冠状位CT表现:窦腔内均可见软组织影充填,密度不均,其中28个病灶内可见点状、结节状、团片状钙化,29个窦壁增厚及窭腔变小,8个窦壁骨质破坏.合并窦口鼻道复合体阻塞34个;合并鼻腔、鼻窦息肉7个.34例中检出各种变异76个.结论 CT诊断霉菌性鼻窦炎主要特征是窦腔内软组织影充填,其内散在钙化并窦壁增厚.冠状位CT扫描能较好地显示鼻腔鼻窦的解剖结构和病变范围,对功能性内镜手术有一定指导意义.     

鼻硬结病CT和MRI诊断

目的探讨鼻硬结病的CT和MRI表现，提高其诊断准确性。资料与方法回顾性分析10例经病理证实的鼻硬结病的影像学资料。结果起源于鼻腔7例，鼻窦3例。CT表现：鼻腔硬结病表现为实性软组织影2例，索条影5例，7例均见中下鼻甲破坏，4例鼻中隔破坏；7例均侵及邻近鼻窦，其中上颌窦内壁可见不同程度的骨质破坏，其余各窦壁骨质明显增生硬化，以上颌窦、蝶窦最显著；2例侵犯眼眶，侵犯翼腭窝及颅内各1例。鼻窦硬结病表现为窦腔充以不规则软组织肿块影，相应处窦壁骨质破坏，同时伴周围骨质硬化，3例均侵犯翼腭窝，2例侵犯眼眶及颅内。MRI表现：T1WI呈等信号(与脑实质比较)3例，稍高信号4例；T277I呈等信号2例，明显低信号5例，但信号不均匀；均可见不同程度强化；窦腔外周伴阻塞性炎症，T1WI呈等或稍低信号，T2WI呈明显高信号，有明显强化。结论CT可清楚显示骨质改变，是诊断鼻腔硬结病的主要影像方法；MRI能准确显示病变向邻近结构侵犯的范围，为临床分期、制定治疗方案提供依据。CT和MRI两种影像方法结合能较准确地对鼻窦硬结病作出诊断。     

鼻咽癌侵犯鼻窦的MRI表现(附86例病例分析)

目的：分析鼻咽癌侵犯鼻窦的磁共振（MRI）表现,探讨MRI在诊断鼻咽癌侵犯鼻窦中的作用。方法：回顾分析鼻咽癌并鼻窦侵犯的86例患者的MRI表现。结果：MRI表现为窦壁破坏100%,窦壁黏膜增厚52.3%,窦腔内软组织肿块65.1%,鼻窦内侵犯病灶与鼻咽肿瘤相连97.7%,合并积液25.6%。横断面T1WI、T2WI、CE-T1WI所示病灶三者间差异无显著性意义,矢状面T1WI、冠状面FSIR和冠状面CE-T1WI示肿瘤侵犯蝶窦为100%,横断面T2WI和CE-T1WI对显示筛窦、上颌窦受侵最佳。结论：窦壁骨质破坏、连续性中断;窦壁黏膜不均匀性增厚;窦腔内肿块与鼻咽肿瘤主体相连,且有相同程度的强化;T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI为等或稍高信号;增强扫描明显强化,是诊断鼻窦受侵犯的要点。因此,MRI的横断面T2WI、矢状面T1WI、冠状面FSIR及增强扫描在鼻咽癌鼻窦受侵犯的诊断中作用较大。     

鼻与鼻旁窦恶性肿瘤的CT诊断（附42例分析）

本文报告４２例鼻与鼻旁窦恶性肿瘤的ＣＴ诊断，癌２７例，肉瘤１０例，其他恶性肿瘤５例，恶性肿瘤的早期诊断是窦腔内软组织肿块及窦壁骨质破坏，显示这两种征象，ＣＴ明显优于平片，特别是ＣＴ能很好地显示恶性肿瘤的侵犯范围，并能区别侵蚀性骨质破坏与骨改建，有利于良、恶性肿瘤的鉴别，肿瘤进一步发展突破窦壁产生窦外软组织结构的改变，是恶性肿瘤特征表现，对恶性肿瘤诊断具有重要意义。     

鼻腔及鼻窦粘膜恶性黑色素瘤的CT评价

目的 探讨鼻腔及鼻窦恶性黑色素瘤的CT诊断价值。材料与方法 回顾性分析8例经病理证实的鼻腔及鼻窦恶性黑色素瘤的CT征象。结果 8例肿瘤均无钙化,注射碘对比剂后病灶有不同程度强化。CT冠状位及轴位扫描显示肿块位于单侧鼻、窦腔6例,双侧2例;病灶中心位于鼻腔前下4例,鼻腔上部及筛窦4例;肿瘤侵犯邻近结构,包括上颌窦4例,突破筛骨纸板到眶骨膜下间隙7例,向上破坏筛骨水平板和蝶平面,并浸润相应脑膜2例。结论 CT能很好地显示窦鼻腔恶性黑色素瘤的病变部位、周围骨质破坏和邻近重要结构的侵犯。尽管这些表现缺乏特征,对该肿瘤的定性诊断帮助不大,但CT对病变的全面评价是必要且较充分的。     

霉菌性鼻窦炎的CT诊断

目的探讨霉菌性鼻窦炎的CT表现特征并评价其诊断意义。方法12例经手术病理证实为霉菌性鼻窦炎患者均经鼻上颌部CT扫描,而后对所有患者的CT资料进行回顾性分析。结果CT扫描显示本组霉菌性鼻窦炎患者大多表现为一侧上颌窦混浊化,有的同时累及相邻其他鼻窦;鼻腔内见肿块状软组织密度影,密度不甚均匀,其内可见斑点状、结节状钙化;窦腔可见膨胀性增大,窦壁骨质吸收、破坏,亦可见窦壁骨质增厚,硬化。结论霉菌性鼻窦炎具有明显的CT特征,颇有助于该病的正确诊断。     

霉菌性鼻窦炎的CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的：探讨CT检查对霉菌性鼻窦炎的诊断与鉴别诊断价值。方法：回顾分析资料完整的50例霉菌性鼻窦炎的CT表现。重点观察鼻窦病变的范围、密度以及窦壁的骨质改变。结果：①霉菌性鼻窦炎的病变范围多局限于单侧，以上颌窦多发，②窦腔软组织块影内散在斑点状，星芒状钙化，③霉菌性鼻窦炎受累鼻窦窦口多数明显扩大，邻近正常结构受压移位或消失，④受累鼻窦窦壁骨质增厚硬化，可见骨质吸收或破坏。结论：鼻窦窦腔软组织影内散在不规则钙化是霉菌性上颌窦炎的特征性表现，窦壁骨质增生、硬化在霉菌性鼻窦炎时多见，有骨质吸收破坏时应与上领窦癌等病变鉴别。CT检查的价值在于确定病变的范围及病变的程度，对鉴别诊断有帮助。     

CT诊断鼻腔鼻窦脑膜瘤的作用

目的：评价CT扫描在诊断鼻腔鼻窦脑膜瘤中的作用。方法：对4例经手术证实的脑膜瘤的CT特征进行回顾性分析。结果：本组病斧正累及范围均较广泛，CT平扫时呈等，低混杂密度灶，瘤周均有环形骨质硬化，其中3例瘤内有不规则的条片状钙化影和低密度的坯 煞费苦心区；病灶均累及鼻中隔和鼻窦，鼻中隔明显偏曲或破坏消失。筛窦和蝶窦受累4例，上颌窦2例，窦腔膨胀性扩大，并被混杂密度影填塞，窦壁骨质受压变薄，但未见明显骨质溶解破坏。结论：CT扫描可正确诊断鼻腔鼻窦脑膜瘤。     

副鼻窦原发恶性肿瘤的CT诊断（附29例报告）

副鼻窦的原发恶性肿瘤在临床上并不少见,多数病变起源于上颌窦,筛窦和蝶窦的恶性肿瘤相对少见,常规X线平片和断层仅能显示窦腔的均匀高密度影和较明显的骨壁破坏。CT不仅能显示副鼻窦内的软组织肿块,各窦壁的骨质破坏程度及病变向颞下窝、翼腭窝、     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.     

Kidney and iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents

In patients with renal failure, iodinated contrast agents may cause acute deterioration of the renal function and gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) may cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). The administration of a contrast agent must thus be reviewed for each patient and evaluation of renal function is paramount even though its estimation using formulas derived from the creatinine level may fluctuate. For iodinated contrast agents, contrast induced nephropathy is reduced by hydratation, preferably intravenous, when the GFR is less than 60 ml/min. The risk for intravenous injections is less than the risk for arterial injections, and the GFR threshold may be reduced to 45 ml/min. For gadolinium-based contrast agents, patients at risk for NSF are those with end-stage renal disease and patients undergoing dialysis. In such cases, the injection of a gadolinium-based contrast agent is only considered after a risk-benefit analysis has been completed, an alternate linear or macrocyclic agent issued and the dose limited to 0,1 mmol Gd/kg. Recently, recommendations from US and European agencies have converged. Learning objectives: to be familiar with the risk factors of CIN with iodinated contrast agents; to be familiar with hydration procedures for patients at risk of CIN; to be familiar with the diagnostic criteria of NSF; to be familiar with the classification of GBCA with regards to the risk of NSF; to be familiar with the contraindications of the different groups of GBCA.