乳腺电阻抗扫描的频率特性初步分析

利用电阻抗扫描技术,对正常人体乳腺进行多个激励频率的测量,用于研究在其他条件相同的情况下,频率改变对测量所得的复电导的影响.获得了同一个体以及不同个体的正常乳腺的电阻抗扫描数据的频率特性曲线,分析了其一般特征,并对比了个体之间的差异情况.同时,还获得了乳头组织的频率特性曲线,并与其周围正常组织对比,揭示了这两种不同性质组织的频率特性具有显著区别.     

阻抗成像技术状况的评价

阻抗成像技术状况的评价电阻抗断层图像技术（ＥＩＴ：ＥｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌＩｍｐｅｄａｎｃｅＴｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ）或阻抗成像（ＩｍｐｅｄａｎｃｅＩｍａｇｉｎｇ）利用人体组织的电特性而形成人体内部的图像。它通过体表电极向人体送入一交流电流，测量其产生的电压...     

乳腺癌及周围组织电阻抗频谱特性与其病理学特征的研究

目的研究人体乳腺癌及其周围组织的电阻抗频谱特性，探究我国妇女乳腺组织电阻抗频谱特性的分布规律及其与病理学之间的关系。方法采用英国Solartron公司1255B型频率响应分析仪，在1Hz—1MHz频率范围内用四电极法离体测量组织电阻抗频谱特性。将每个测量标本做成病理切片用于观察比较。结果从测量数据看，乳腺癌与其周同组织电阻抗频谱特性差异显著，脂肪组织的电阻率最高，乳腺癌次之，腺体组织最低，而脂肪组织的特征频率最低．腺体组织次之．乳腺癌最高。从病理学分析看，乳腺组织病理状态不同则其电阻抗特性也存在差别。结论人体乳腺癌及其周围组织的电阻抗特性存在显著性差异，同时发现测量样本的病理状态不同，其电阻抗特性不同。     

头部组织电阻抗成像研究进展

脑部疾病和脑功能活动期间常伴随脑组织电阻抗的变化,利用电阻抗成像技术可以对大脑疾病和脑功能活动进行临床诊断和监护。首先对人体头部组织阻抗测量技术的优缺点及其在头部组织阻抗成像上的应用前景进行简介,然后重点介绍了几种基于磁场测量的电阻抗成像方法,最后给出了目前头部阻抗成像研究存在的问题及该领域下一步的研究方向。     

生物阻抗技术概述

简要叙述了人体组织阻抗特性、生物阻抗技术的基本原理和测量方法,全面介绍了生物阻抗技术在细胞测量、体积测量、人体组织结构分析、组织监测、人体成分分析、生物阻抗成像等各方面的应用.     

人体区域电阻抗测量的研究现状

生物电阻抗技术作为无创性人体信息检测方法，已在临床检查和监护中得到一定的应用，但为了获得良好的空间定位信息，需要提高空间分辨率，因此人体区域阻抗的测量一直是人们关心的问题。本文扼要介绍了近年人体区域阻抗测量的研究现状，涉及了电阻抗成像技术和采用保护电极法、补偿法和外加磁场法进行区域电阻抗测量的技术。     

基于EIT技术颅内电阻抗特性分析

电阻抗断层成像技术（EIT）是一种基于生物组织电学特性的成像技术。本研究基于EIT技术对二维四层同心圆头模型和基于MRI图片构造的脑电二维真实头模型的电阻抗特性进行了分析，给出了头部组织电导率参数变化对求解区域场内及头皮表面电位分布的影响，得出了有实际意义的结论，为实现颅内EIT逆问题求解和阻抗成像及脑内电特性的深入研究奠定了基础。     

甲状腺良性病变组织介电特性研究

目的研究甲状腺良性病变组织的介电特性,为电阻抗扫描技术用于检测碘致甲状腺疾病提供理论依据。方法人体甲状腺组织试验标本来自40例甲状腺肿瘤切除术患者,其中男性19例,年龄25~57岁;女性21例,年龄36~53岁。从刚手术离体的甲状腺组织分离良性病变组织,利用自制测量系统,用阻抗分析仪Solartron 1294+Solartron1260、Agilent 4294测量上述组织10 Hz~10 MHz的电阻值和电抗值。做组织病理学诊断,通过建立数学模型等手段获得组织的电导率、介电常数、阻抗虚部、Cole曲线等参数。结果以40例甲状腺良性病变组织为研究对象,在所测频率范围内,甲状腺良性病变组织的介电特性反应良好,其中电导率为0.25~0.80 S/m。特征频率主要分布在3.18×104 Hz附近,该频率对应的虚部值为-63Ω·cm。结论介电特性可以反映甲状腺良性病变组织的功能信息,提示电阻抗扫描技术有望用于碘致甲状腺疾病检测领域。     

人体区域电阻抗测量的研究现状

生物电阻抗技术作为无创性人体信息检测方法，已在临床检查和监护中得到一定的应用，但为了获得良好的空间定位信息，需要提高空间分辨率，因此人体区域阻抗的测量一直是人们关心的问题。本文扼要介绍了近年人体区域阻抗测量的研究现状，涉及了电阻抗成像技术和采用保护电极法、补偿法和外加磁场法进行区域电阻抗测量的技术。     

生物电阻抗测量技术研究与应用

目的:生物电阻抗法是生物医学检测的基本方法 ,利用人体组织与器官的电特性及其变化规律提取与人体生理、病理状况相关的生物医学信息的检测技术,具有无创、无害、廉价、操作简单和功能信息丰富的特点,而且测量结果准确、测量可重复性高等优点。所以,基于生物电阻抗的医学检测技术越来越多的应用于研究与临床中。方法:本文阐述了生物电阻抗法用于生物医学检测的几个方面,即电阻抗式呼吸监测、阻抗血流图、生物电阻抗法人体成分检测、生物电阻抗法胃动力学检测、生物电阻抗法人体心肺复苏评估、电阻抗断层成像技术等。结果:虽然生物电阻抗法测量影响因素很多,包括电极极化和人体接触阻抗、系统电极间相对固定的位置等系统电极的影响;运动对生物阻抗法的影响、人体测量时食物的摄入量、人体测量时姿势的变化等受测者的测量时状态对测量结果的影响。但是,生物电阻抗法在生物医学测量中依然占有重要的地位。结论:生物电阻抗法是生物医学检测的基本方法。通过本文的综述对于我们借助于生物电阻抗测量测量人体生理及病理信息具有具有的借鉴意义。     

Correction of electrode polarization contributions to the dielectric properties of normal and cancerous breast tissues at audio/radiofrequencies

Spurious contributions from electrode polarization (EP) are a major nuisance in dielectric measurements of biological tissues and hamper accurate determination of tissue properties in the audio/radiofrequencies. Various electrode geometries and/or treatments have been employed traditionally to reduce EP contributions, although none succeeded to completely remove EP from measurements on tissues for all practical frequency ranges. A method of correction for contributions of EP to the dielectric properties of tissues is proposed. The method is based on modeling the electrode impedance with suitable functions and on the observation that certain parameters are only dependent on electrodes properties and can thus be determined separately. The method is tested on various samples with known properties, and its usefulness is demonstrated with samples of normal and cancerous human female breast tissue. It is observed that the dielectric properties of the tissues over the frequency range 40 Hz-100 MHz are significantly different among different types of breast tissue. This observation is used further to demonstrate that, by scanning the tip of the measuring dielectric probe (with modest spatial resolution) across a sample of excised breast tissue, significant variations in the electrical properties are detected at a position where a tumor is located. This study shows that dielectric spectroscopy has the potential to offer a viable alternative to the current methods for detection of breast cancer in vivo.     

Microwave-induced thermoacoustic scanning CT for high-contrast and noninvasive breast cancer imaging

A fast thermoacoustic computed tomography system with a multielement linear transducer array was developed to image biological tissues with circular scanning. The spatial resolution of the imaging system and the spectra of the thermoacoustic signals were analyzed. A modified integration backprojection algorithm using velocity potential was employed to recover the direct energy deposition distribution, signal processing methods, and reconstruction algorithms were validated by imaging a phantom. The differences of the microwave-frequency dielectric properties between malignant and normal adipose-dominated tissues in the breast are considerable, and the absorption contrast can reach as large as 6:1 at 1.2 GHz. An experiment of human breast tissue with a tumor was performed with this system; the thermoacoustic images reconstructed by a limited-field-filtered backprojection algorithm and a modified integration backprojection algorithm were also compared with a mammogram. Our results show that the system can provide a rapid and noninvasive approach for high-contrast breast cancer imaging.     

Tissue-mimicking phantom materials for narrowband and ultrawideband microwave applications

We propose and characterize oil-in-gelatin dispersions that approximate the dispersive dielectric properties of a variety of human soft tissues over the microwave frequency range from 500 MHz to 20 GHz. Different tissues are mimicked by selection of an appropriate concentration of oil. The materials possess long-term stability and can be employed in heterogeneous configurations without change in geometry or dielectric properties due to osmotic effects. Thus, these materials can be used to construct heterogeneous phantoms, including anthropomorphic types, for narrowband and ultrawideband microwave technologies, such as breast cancer detection and imaging systems.     

Dielectric properties of tissues and biological materials: a critical review

We critically review bulk electrical properties of tissues and other biological materials, from DC to 20 GHz, with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms responsible for the properties. We summarize the classical principles behind dielectric relaxation and critically review recent developments in this field. Special topics include a summary of the significant recent advances in theories of counterion polarization effects, dielectric properties of cancer vs. normal tissues, properties of low-water-content tissues, and macroscopic field-coupling considerations. Finally, the dielectric properties of tissues are summarized as empirical correlations with tissue water content in other compositional variables; in addition, a comprehensive table is presented of dielectric properties. The bulk electrical properties of tissues are needed for many bioengineering applications of electric fields or currents, and they provide insight into the basic mechanisms that govern the interaction of electric fields with tissue.     

A large-scale study of the ultrawideband microwave dielectric properties of normal, benign and malignant breast tissues obtained from cancer surgeries

The development of microwave breast cancer detection and treatment techniques has been driven by reports of substantial contrast in the dielectric properties of malignant and normal breast tissues. However, definitive knowledge of the dielectric properties of normal and diseased breast tissues at microwave frequencies has been limited by gaps and discrepancies across previously published studies. To address these issues, we conducted a large-scale study to experimentally determine the ultrawideband microwave dielectric properties of a variety of normal, malignant and benign breast tissues, measured from 0.5 to 20 GHz using a precision open-ended coaxial probe. Previously, we reported the dielectric properties of normal breast tissue samples obtained from reduction surgeries. Here, we report the dielectric properties of normal (adipose, glandular and fibroconnective), malignant (invasive and non-invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas) and benign (fibroadenomas and cysts) breast tissue samples obtained from cancer surgeries. We fit a one-pole Cole-Cole model to the complex permittivity data set of each characterized sample. Our analyses show that the contrast in the microwave-frequency dielectric properties between malignant and normal adipose-dominated tissues in the breast is considerable, as large as 10:1, while the contrast in the microwave-frequency dielectric properties between malignant and normal glandular/fibroconnective tissues in the breast is no more than about 10%.     

A large-scale study of the ultrawideband microwave dielectric properties of normal breast tissue obtained from reduction surgeries

The efficacy of emerging microwave breast cancer detection and treatment techniques will depend, in part, on the dielectric properties of normal breast tissue. However, knowledge of these properties at microwave frequencies has been limited due to gaps and discrepancies in previously reported small-scale studies. To address these issues, we experimentally characterized the wideband microwave-frequency dielectric properties of a large number of normal breast tissue samples obtained from breast reduction surgeries at the University of Wisconsin and University of Calgary hospitals. The dielectric spectroscopy measurements were conducted from 0.5 to 20 GHz using a precision open-ended coaxial probe. The tissue composition within the probe's sensing region was quantified in terms of percentages of adipose, fibroconnective and glandular tissues. We fit a one-pole Cole-Cole model to the complex permittivity data set obtained for each sample and determined median Cole-Cole parameters for three groups of normal breast tissues, categorized by adipose tissue content (0-30%, 31-84% and 85-100%). Our analysis of the dielectric properties data for 354 tissue samples reveals that there is a large variation in the dielectric properties of normal breast tissue due to substantial tissue heterogeneity. We observed no statistically significant difference between the within-patient and between-patient variability in the dielectric properties.     

Novel electrode–skin interface for breast electrical impedance scanning

The high false-positive rate in clinical examinations limits the application of electrical impedance scanning (EIS) on breast cancer detection. One of the reasons is the non-uniform electrode–skin interface, which induces the ‘contact artifact’ in the results. To decrease the ‘contact artifact’, we designed a novel disposable electrode–skin interface [cotton fine grid thin layer (CFGTL)-interface], which is 0.2-mm thick and has a conductivity similar to that of normal breast tissue. The performance of the CFGTL-interface was evaluated by comparing it with the ultrasound gel interface generally used in EIS examinations. The test was conducted on 50 healthy female volunteers using two different interfaces separately, and a paired comparison method was used to analyze the effect of the CFGTL-interface on EIS measuring data. The results showed that the CFGTL-interface could effectively decrease the variation and the range of data fluctuation, which suggested that CFGTL-interface can decrease the ‘contact artifact’ and increase the accuracy of the examination. The CFGTL-interface appears to be an effective electrode–skin interface for breast EIS examination.     

Dielectric properties of female human breast tissue measured in vitro at 3.2 GHz.

Complex permittivities of in vitro diseased and undiseased human female breast tissues have been measured at 3.2 GHz using a resonant cavity technique. Ranges of dielectric properties and water contents of these tissues are presented. Experimental data are compared with models predicted from mixture equations. Measured permittivity data lie within limits set by two-phase mixture theory, but some conductivity data are in excess of those expected for a mixture of saline and protein. At any particular microwave frequency in all tissue of a given type, the relationship between permittivity and conductivity may be parametrized using the Debye relaxation equations. For each breast tissue type a characteristic relaxation frequency was calculated and found to be lower than that of physiological saline at the same temperature. It is concluded that the dielectric relaxation of tissue water is not the only dispersive process occurring at this frequency: dielectric relaxation of bound water and the tail end of a beta-dispersion may also contribute to the dielectric properties. The similarity of the dielectric properties of benign and malignant breast tumours measured in this work suggest that in vivo dielectric imaging methods will not be capable of distinguishing them.     

基于磁共振信号幅值的射频场映像技术研究

MRI领域近年来的新兴研究热点之一——磁共振介电特性成像(MR EPT)技术能通过检测射频场分布,实现活体组织介电特性断层成像。作为MR EPT技术基础之一的磁共振射频场映像(B₁ mapping)技术,其B₁场成像的质量直接影响着MR EPT算法的精度,因而准确、稳健的B₁ mapping技术对于后续的MR EPT算法至关重要。研究双角度法 (DAM)和快速预饱和法(satTFL)两种基于磁共振信号幅值的B₁ mapping技术的基本原理,以及其在体模和人体头部MR扫描中的应用,并利用FDTD仿真分析上述两种B₁ mapping技术的B₁场缩放系数(R_i)和平均相对差异系数(MRD),发现在低介电特性体模和脑白质B₁场成像中,利用FDTD仿真获得的B₁场缩放系数R_i与采用上述两种B₁ mapping技术获得的实际B₁场缩放系数R_i差异较小,它们的MRD在10%以内;然而在高介电特性体模和脑脊液B₁场成像中,采用DAM方法获得的B₁场缩放系数R_i要高于采用satTFL方法获得的B₁场缩放系数R_i,且有DAM的MRD高达21%。研究的结果可为不同介电特性组织的B₁场成像选取合适的 B₁ mapping技术提供参考,为推动MR EPT技术的实用化提供基础研究支持。