The first outbreak of human plague in Lushoto district,north-east Tanzania

A one-week investigation was performed at Mkunki and Mavumo (ward of Shume, Lushoto district, Tanzania) at the time of outbreak (June, 1980). Rodents, people, domestic dogs and fleas were examined. 36 rats, mostly Rattus rattus, were caught and used in serological and bacteriological analysis for plague. 48 fleas, mostly Xenopsylla brasiliensis, were collected from the captured rodents. 413 people and 11 dogs were examined. All rodent, carnivorous and human sera were tested for plague antibodies, using the Passive Haemagglutination (PHA) test. Similarly protein extracts from rodent organs were tested for Yersinia pestis fraction I. Impression smears prepared from these organs were stained with methylene blue and examined for presence of bipolar bacteria. Bacteriological isolation of Y. pestis was performed on bubo aspirates and/or blood samples of ten patients.Over-all total and infested flea indices of rodents were 1.3 and 3.7, respectively. Bipolar organisms were demonstrated in 13.3% of the rodent smears while specific agglutinating plague antibodies were detected in 3.3% of the tested rodent sera. Y. pestis fraction I antigen was detected in 8.3% of the rodents. Of all the human sera tested, 1.4% contained specific plague antibodies. Y. pestis was bacteriologically isolated and biochemically confirmed in 16.7% of the cultured specimens. All the dog sera were negative for plague.It was generally concluded that the causative agent of the outbreak was Yersinia pestis and that the disease probably spread from Rongai (Rombo district).     

Plague and the human flea, Tanzania

Domestic fleas were collected in 12 villages in the western Usambara Mountains in Tanzania. Of these, 7 are considered villages with high plague frequency, where human plague was recorded during at least 6 of the 17 plague seasons between 1986 and 2004. In the remaining 5 villages with low plague frequency, plague was either rare or unrecorded. Pulex irritans, known as the human flea, was the predominant flea species (72.4%) in houses. The density of P. irritans, but not of other domestic fleas, was significantly higher in villages with a higher plague frequency or incidence. Moreover, the P. irritans index was strongly positively correlated with plague frequency and with the logarithmically transformed plague incidence. These observations suggest that in Lushoto District human fleas may play a role in plague epidemiology. These findings are of immediate public health relevance because they provide an indicator that can be surveyed to assess the risk for plague.     

三峡库区开县鼠疫疫源地调查

目的 了解三峡库区开县是否存在鼠疫疫源地及主要宿主动物和媒介蚤类的种群构成及数量分布情况.方法 采用笼夜法捕鼠,对捕获鼠类及检获蚤类进行鉴定;计算鼠带蚤率和蚤指数;用鼠疫IHA法检测鼠疫F1抗体.结果 共捕获鼠形动物193只,总鼠密度为3.56％,黄胸鼠总密度为2.63％.啮齿目动物161只,分1科3属6种;食虫目动物32只,为1科1属1种.检获蚤107匹,鼠染蚤率为18.65％,总蚤指数为0.565,其中黄胸鼠染蚤率为18.88％,蚤指数为0.566.鼠体表蚤经鉴定分3科3属3种,缓慢细蚤(96.33％)占绝对优势,主要来自黄胸鼠,印鼠客蚤占2.75％.采集193份鼠血清和20份犬血清检测鼠疫F1抗体,结果全部阴性.共布放3 000张粘蚤纸,捕获地面蚤6匹,蚤指数0.002.结论 三峡库区开县尚未发现动物间鼠疫疫情,但啮齿类动物和媒介蚤类种群和分布广泛,存在鼠疫疫源地的条件.     

Plague in Lushoto district, Tanzania, 1980-1988.

Rodents were live-trapped in selected plague-inflicted villages from June 1980 to March 1988. Flea infestation rates were determined and the animals were serologically tested for plague. Clinically suspected and clinically healthy people in the affected areas were similarly tested for plague antibodies. Of 1596 rodent sera tested, 91 (5.7%) were positive for plague. These were mostly from Rattus rattus, Mastomys natalensis, Otomys spp. and Pelomys fallax. A total of 1772 fleas, of which Dinopsyllus lypusus, Xenopsylla brasiliensis and Ctenophthalmus calceatus comprised the largest proportion, was collected from the captured rodents. Total flea indices ranged from 0.67 to 1.12 fleas per rodent. A total of 2809 human cases and a mortality rate of 10.2% were recorded in 1980-1988. It was concluded that most rodent species in the area were suitable reservoirs of plague and that D. lypusus, X. brasiliensis and C. calceatus were probably responsible for transmitting the pathogen. Lack of effective quarantine measures during outbreaks was partly responsible for the spread of the disease to many villages, while inadequate rodent and flea control and poor sanitary measures could be responsible for continued outbreaks of plague in the area.     

重庆市万州及涪陵区潜在鼠疫疫源地调查分析

目的了解三峡库区万州及涪陵区段鼠疫主要宿主动物和媒介蚤类的种类构成、数量分布以及宿主动物感染鼠疫菌的情况,判断当地是否存在鼠疫疫源地。方法采用笼捕法,对捕获鼠类及检获蚤类进行鉴定;计算鼠带蚤率和蚤指数;用间接血凝试验检测鼠疫F1抗体。结果 (1)宿主动物调查,万州区捕获鼠形动物170只,密度为3.20%;涪陵区共捕获鼠形动物303只,密度为5.95%。(2)鼠体蚤指数:万州区共梳理出鼠蚤151匹,染蚤率22.94%,蚤指数0.888;涪陵区共梳理出鼠蚤64匹,染蚤率7.59%,蚤指数0.211。(3)地面游离蚤指数:万州区共布放粘蚤纸3000张,捕获地面蚤5匹,蚤指数0.002;涪陵区共布放粘蚤纸3000张,未捕获地面游离蚤。(4)鼠疫血清学检查:对万州及涪陵区捕获的活体鼠形动物全部进行鼠疫血清抗体检测,结果均为阴性。结论万州及涪陵区虽然未曾发生鼠疫,也不是鼠疫疫源地,但从地理景观、宿主动物、媒介昆虫等方面分析,均存在鼠疫疫源地的条件,有发生鼠疫疫情的可能性。     

2017年云南省剑川县新发疫点动物间鼠疫疫情调查

目的 对2017年剑川县一起动物间鼠疫疫情进行调查。方法 以距离鹤庆县疫点马厂最近的大庆自然村为中心进行调查,搜集自毙鼠、用鼠笼和自制的油条为诱饵捕鼠,解剖采集鼠类组织和血清,并采集调查地区的狗血清。用间接血凝试验检测鼠疫F1抗体,对采集到的鼠组织和蚤样本进行鼠疫细菌学检测和鼠疫F1抗原检测,分离到的鼠疫菌进行噬菌体裂解试验鉴定。结果 共捕获鼠222只,捡获自毙鼠14只。齐氏姬鼠占38.14%（90/236）,大绒鼠占32.63%(77/236),黄胸鼠占12.71%(30/236),其它鼠种占16.53%(39/236)。鼠染蚤率为47.03%（111/236）。共获蚤345匹,其中棕形额蚤占54.78%（189/345）,特新蚤指名亚种占22.61%(78/345),方叶栉眼蚤占21.45%(74/345),其它蚤种占1.16%(4/345)。以上样本经细菌学检验、反向间接血凝试验,从一只自毙黄胸鼠分离到鼠疫菌1株,鼠疫F1抗原阳性。并从该自毙鼠捡获的棕形额蚤和一只捕获的齐氏姬鼠染带的特新蚤指名亚种中各分离到鼠疫菌1株。共采集狗血清52份,间接血凝试验检测鼠疫F1抗体阳性率57.69%（3/52）。采集鼠血清69份,鼠疫F1抗体阳性率72.46%（5/69）。结论 在剑川县大庆自然村确定了动物鼠疫流行,提示我们应进一步加强鼠疫监测及防控工作。     

Plague in Central Java, Indonesia

Plague in man occurred from 1968 to 1970 in mountain villages of the Boyolali Regency in Central Java. Infected fleas, infected rats, and seropositive rats were collected in villages with human plague cases. Subsequent isolations of Yersinia pestis and seropositive rodents, detected during investigations of rodent plague undertaken by the Government of Indonesia and the WHO, attested to the persistence of plague in the region from 1972 to 1974.     

广西百色水利枢纽库区鼠疫自然疫源地调查研究

目的 查明百色水利枢纽库区沿岸鼠疫主要宿主动物和跳蚤的种类构成,了解该地区鼠疫疫源情况,为预防控制鼠疫提供科学依据.方法 运用流行病学方法对库区的6个乡镇12个村屯展开调查,采集啮齿动物、指示动物和媒介蚤标本,分离鼠疫杆菌和检测鼠疫F1抗体.结果 该地区啮齿动物有2目3科8种,以揭家鼠为优势鼠种;蚤类有3种,以印鼠客蚤...     

东北中朝俄边境地区鼠染体外寄生虫的率及指数调查

目的 调查我国东北中朝俄边境地区鼠染体外寄生蚤、革螨、恙螨的率及指数。方法笼日法捕鼠，采集其体外蚤、革螨和恙螨。结果在6县(市)捕获鼠类10种，捡蚤2433只，鼠总染蚤率为52．2％，指数为1．7，其中大仓鼠染蚤率(73．8％)及指数(5．4)最高。采获革螨7497只，鼠总染革螨率为58．3％，指数为3．8，其中大林姬鼠的染革螨率最高(68．0％)，大仓鼠染革螨指数最高(12．8)。采获恙螨9295只，鼠总染恙螨率为31．0％，指数为6．8，其中红背Ping染恙螨率最高(92．0％)，东方田鼠染恙螨指数最高(51．3)。结论对东北中朝俄边境地区鼠染体外寄生蚤、革螨和恙螨的率和指数进行研究，为开展鼠及体外寄生虫的防制提供了参考。     

三峡重庆库区鼠形动物及其体表寄生蚤调查

目的 掌握三峡重庆库区鼠形动物及其体表寄生蚤种类及密度状况,为预防控制鼠、蚤传播的疾病提供依据.方法 采用夹夜法开展鼠形动物密度监测和种类调查;采用鼠笼法捕活鼠麻醉后梳检体表寄生蚤查染蚤情况.结果 2009-2010年三峡库区重庆段平均鼠密度为1.58％,其中室内鼠密度为1.56％,室外为1.60％;捕获鼠形动物2315只,隶属于2目2科11种,四川短尾鼩、小家鼠和褐家鼠为优势种类,分别占捕获总数的38.75％ 、25.14％和19.27％.鼠体平均染蚤率为6.74％;总蚤指数为0.29;共检获鼠蚤5种,分别为缓慢细蚤(占79.16％)、印鼠客蚤(占1.08％)、不等单蚤(占2.54％)、偏远古蚤(占8.90％)和猫栉首蚤(占8.32％).结论 三峡重庆库区存在鼠疫、钩端螺旋体病和肾综合征出血热的重要储存宿主鼠种及鼠疫重要传播媒介印鼠客蚤;鼠形动物结构较为丰富,但鼠密度、鼠体染蚤率和染蚤指数较低.     

用PCR方法检出蚤类携带巴尔通体

目的调查我国巴尔通体宿主动物体表寄生蚤类是否携带巴尔通体。方法2003年6～7月在云南省大理州云龙县居民区采集家猫、狗、鼠类等体表寄生蚤，用3对巴尔通体属特异性引物BhCS．781p—BhCS．1137n、Bh．311p—Bh．452n和TI1e．455p—TA1a．885n进行聚合酶链反应(PCR)，扩增巴尔通体gltA和16S～23S rRNA ITS中部分核酸片段，检测采集的蚤类是否感染巴尔通体。结果共采集251只寄生蚤，包括猫栉首蚤、人蚤、缓慢细蚤等7个常见蚤种，从1组猫栉首蚤和1组缓慢细蚤中扩增出目标带，证实有巴尔通体感染。结论猫栉首蚤和缓慢细蚤能够感染巴尔通体，是该种病原体的潜在传播媒介，间接表明当地家猫和鼠类动物存在巴尔通体感染。     

汕头港区鼠类及其寄生蚤调查报告

本文报告了汕头港区1951～1988年鼠类及其寄生蚤调查结果:在港区捕获的3583只鼠类及食虫目小兽经鉴定属2目2科3属6种,即:褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠、黄毛鼠、卡氏小鼠和臭鼩鼱;随着港区环境的变迁和对鼠类防制活动的结果,不同年份不同鼠种在数量构成上有明显变动。从捕获的3314只活鼠体上检集到跳蚤8249只,经分类鉴定共有6种,即:印鼠客蚤、缓慢细蚤、致痒蚤、猫栉首蚤、不等单蚤和适存病蚤;印鼠客蚤数量最多,占总数的75.3％;本港历年来蚤指数都处于较高水平。     

三峡库区重庆段2005年鼠疫监测结果

目的通过对三峡库区宿主动物及媒介昆虫的监测,及早发现鼠疫疫情,及时采取防制对策。方法采用鼠夹法监测室内外鼠密度;采用鼠笼法捕活鼠采其血清检测F1抗体,梳检鼠体蚤查染蚤率情况。结果2005年共布鼠夹87327夹次,有效夹84146夹次,捕鼠1278只,鼠密度为1.52%,其中室内鼠密度为1.67%,室外为1.41%;血清学抗体检测结果均为阴性;在4114只活鼠体上梳检鼠蚤,其中有326只鼠带蚤,共检鼠蚤853匹(蚤种类待鉴定),鼠体染蚤率7.92%,总蚤指数0.207。结论三峡库区重庆段尚未发现动物间鼠疫疫情。     

三板溪水电站库区A然疫源性疾病的调查

目的了解水电站库区沿岸鼠型动物及媒介蚤的种类和密度以及自然疫源性疾病的感染状况,以便采取控制措施。方法2004年8月对库区3个县8个乡镇9个调查点,采用鼠笼(夹)法捕获室内、外鼠型动物及蚤类分类鉴定;取鼠体肝脾和鼠滤纸血、人血及指示动物血分别检测鼠疫F1抗原和F1抗体;取鼠肺和鼠肾分别检验流行性出血热抗原及分离病毒和分离培养钩端螺旋体。结果捕获鼠型动物229只,捕获率8.23%,以褐家鼠(61.14%)和黄胸鼠(36.24%)为优势种。检测鼠肺229只,检测出流行性出血热病毒抗原阳性5只,阳性率2.18%。检测229份鼠肝、脾和鼠滤纸血229份、人血及指示动物血81份,均未发现鼠疫F1抗原和F1抗体阳性样本。未分离培养出钩端螺旋体病毒。结论三板溪水电站库区沿岸在3个调查点发现流行性出血热自然疫源地(家鼠型)。本次未检出动物鼠间的鼠疫感染指征。     

广西鼠疫自然疫源地调查研究

目的 查明广西隆林和西林县鼠疫自然疫源地主要宿主动物和媒介蚤类，确定该疫源地的性质和分布范围，为预防控制鼠疫提供科学依据。方法 运用流行病学方法对广西隆林和西林县的4个乡镇53个村屯展开调查，采集啮齿动物、指示动物和媒介蚤标本，检测鼠疫菌和鼠疫F1抗体。结果 该地区啮齿动物有2目3科10种，以黄胸鼠为优势鼠种；蚤类有6种，以印鼠客蚤为优势蚤种；从黄胸鼠体内分离出鼠疫菌25株，检测到F1抗体阳性血清31份。结论 综合地理、宿主动物、媒介蚤及病原体等因素分析认为，广西隆林和西林县存在黄胸鼠鼠疫自然疫源地。     

2000～2009年隆林县鼠疫主要宿主黄胸鼠密度及体表蚤监测分析

[目的]了解隆林县鼠疫自然疫源地内主要宿主黄胸鼠及其体表蚤的种类、构成和季节消长,为制定鼠疫防制对策提供依据。[方法]对隆林县2000-2009年鼠疫疫区处理、监测资料和鼠疫专题调查资料进行分析。[结果]2000-2009年累计布笼146 206笼次,捕获黄胸鼠3 956只,平均鼠密度为2.71%。平均鼠密度,各年分别为5.09%、1.39%、6.20%、2.04%、3.98%、2.26%、2.57%、2.61%、2.63%、2.75%,1-12月分别为2.71%、2.78%、3.17%、3.23%、3.35%、2.99%、2.59%、2.43%、1.82%、2.15%、2.94%、2.11%。2000-2009年合计梳检黄胸鼠3 956只,染蚤的1 143只,平均染蚤率为28.89%,收集体表蚤4 101匹,平均蚤指数为1.04。4 101匹蚤中,印鼠客蚤占78.59%（印鼠客蚤指数为0.81）,缓慢细蚤占18.09%,不等单蚤占2.17%,猫栉首蚤占0.63%,人蚤占0.49%,伍氏病蚤占0.02%。[结论]隆林县黄胸鼠密度和鼠体表蚤指数较高,印鼠客蚤是体表蚤的优势蚤种。     

Rickettsia felis in Fleas, Germany

Among 310 fleas collected from dogs and cats in Germany, Rickettsia felis was detected in all specimens (34) of Archaeopsylla erinacei (hedgehog flea) and in 9% (24/226) of Ctenocephalides felis felis (cat flea). R. helvetica was detected in 1 Ceratophyllus gallinae (hen flea).     

Mass flea outbreak at a child care facility: case report.

Cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis Bouchet, were collected at a Mississippi child care facility after reports of large numbers of adult fleas occurring on children and personnel. One building yielded 161 (99 percent) of the fleas collected. Urticarial lesions due to flea bites occurred on the legs of six children. Flea presence was due to cats occupying the crawl space. Fleas were eradicated by eliminating entry of cats and using residual insecticides throughout the facility.     

浙江省鼠疫历史疫区宿主和媒介种类调查

目的了解浙江省鼠疫历史疫区宿主动物、媒介的种类构成和密度,为制定预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法采用笼捕法在浙江省20个鼠疫历史疫区县(市、区)捕鼠和检蚤,进行分类鉴定,并计算捕获率、染蚤率、蚤指数等。结果浙江省鼠疫历史疫区2000-2006年共捕获鼠形动物3目5科(亚科)12属19种;家栖鼠类主要有褐家鼠、黄胸鼠和小家鼠,野栖鼠类主要有黑线姬鼠、臭、黑腹绒鼠和黄毛鼠;室内外平均捕获率分别为4.49%和4.60%。发现鼠体寄生蚤类4科9属10种,缓慢细蚤和不等单蚤占绝对优势,平均染蚤率和总蚤指数分别为7.57%和0.246。结论浙江省鼠疫历史疫区的宿主和媒介种类构成保持稳定,密度低,但仍应开展监测工作,及时发现异常信号,采取必要的控制措施,防止鼠疫复燃。     

雷州半岛鼠疫疫源地10年预防性灭蚤的研究

目的探讨雷州半岛鼠疫疫源地10年来(1999-2009年)预防性灭蚤的效果。方法根据每年3月份廉江、遂溪、雷州市10个重点乡镇地面游离蚤、鼠体蚤指数及鼠密度监测结果,确定每年需实施灭蚤的乡镇,以及涉及到的自然行政村和户数。通过灭蚤前后的鼠体蚤和地面游离蚤指数变化情况,调查评估灭效。结果鼠体蚤的平均杀灭效果为47.85%,地面游离蚤的平均灭效为76.67%。结论对鼠体蚤的杀灭效果较差,而地面游离蚤的灭效相对较好,同时农村室内外环境卫生的综合治理也很重要。