多牙缺失患者计算机导板应用下种植术后误差研究

目的评价分析计算机辅助设计和制作种植导板应用于多牙缺失患者的种植术后误差。方法选择多牙缺失患者20例,采集CT数据,利用彩立方Tooth Implant软件进行数据分析,拟定植入位点及确定手术计划并制作最终导板。口内戴入导板,植入种植体,选用相应型号的即刻修复基台,术后48 h内戴入即刻修复体。并于术后拍摄CT,测量术前、术后种植体在颌骨内的深度、近远中向及唇舌向的倾斜角度,计算术后误差,3个月后完成最终义齿修复。于修复后3个月、6个月及1年后评价种植体存留率。结果 20例多牙缺失患者共植入139枚种植体,种植体植入位置精确性好,观察期内有2枚种植体脱落,其余137枚种植体牙周软组织健康,无种植体周围炎发生。结论应用计算机辅助设计和制作的种植导板对于提高种植手术的质量与精度具有重要意义,可以指导临床医生植入种植体时避免伤及重要解剖结构,即刻修复极大地改善了患者术后生活质量,但仍需进一步跟踪观察其长期应用效果。     

即刻种植修复上前牙的临床美学疗效观察

目的:评价上颌前牙即刻种植即刻修复的临床关学效果.方法:临床选择26例上前牙残根患者,在拔牙后即刻植入 Xive种植体26枚,同时接入基台行复合树脂临时冠/桥修复,6个月后,行永久性修复.种植后嘱患者按期复查,评价应用效果.结果:种植牙修复后咀嚼功能恢复良好,种植体周围软组织健康美观.修复体单冠和修复基台的接缝位于龈下.种植牙给人以从龈下长出来的视觉效果.24名患者对修复体及其临床应用效果和美观效果都评价为满意,1枚种植体发生周围炎,1颗烤瓷冠崩瓷.满意度为92.31%.结论:Xive种植体在上颌前牙缺失即刻种植即刻修复中能够获得满意的临床效果.但要注意种植中软、硬组织和修复体的美学处理.     

即刻种植修复上前牙的临床美学疗效观察

目的：评价上颌前牙即刻种植即刻修复的临床美学效果。方法：临床选择26例上前牙残根患者,在拔牙后即刻植入Xive种植体26枚,同时接入基台行复合树脂临时冠/桥修复,6个月后,行永久性修复。种植后嘱患者按期复查,评价应用效果。结果：种植牙修复后咀嚼功能恢复良好,种植体周围软组织健康美观。修复体单冠和修复基台的接缝位于龈下,种植牙给人以从龈下长出来的视觉效果。24名患者对修复体及其临床应用效果和美观效果都评价为满意,1枚种植体发生周围炎,1颗烤瓷冠崩瓷。满意度为92.31%。结论：Xive种植体在上颌前牙缺失即刻种植即刻修复中能够获得满意的临床效果。但要注意种植中软、硬组织和修复体的美学处理。     

微创拔牙即刻种植的临床观察

目的:探讨微创拔牙即刻种植技术的临床可行性。方法:25例上前牙单个缺失病例,行不翻瓣微创拔牙后即刻植入28枚种植体,同期安装愈合基台直接暴露于口腔中,即非埋入式种植术,六个月后行永久修复。结果:28枚种植体均获得良好的骨性结合。其中21颗牙位种植修复体与邻近天然牙唇侧牙龈位置及牙龈色泽协调一致,7颗牙位不协调,有轻度差异。结论:微创拔牙即刻种植是一项要求较高的技术,须严格掌握适应征,严格操作规程,才能达到理想的远期修复效果。     

单个上前牙即刻种植即刻非功能修复的临床疗效观察

目的:观察美学区单个上前牙即刻种植即刻非功能修复临床疗效.方法:7例上颌单个无法保留患牙,拔除后即刻植入种植体,当日制作并戴入临时树脂冠,6个月后复诊取模,选择合适基台制作永久金属烤瓷或全瓷修复体,最终修复体戴入后1年复诊,比较刚戴入修复体与1年后随诊时种植体周骨组织水平以及红色美学指数(Pink Ethetic Score,PES)的变化情况.结果:种植体成功率为100%,种植体近、远中周牙槽骨变化分别为0.79±0.48mm、0.71±0.46mm;刚戴入修复体与1年后随诊时PES值为8.6±1.3和11.1±1.8,Walcoxon分析P=O.027<0.05,两者存在显著性差异.结论:在严格选择病例的情况下,单牙即刻种植即刻非功能修复,可取得很好的美学效果,种植体周软组织美学效果随着戴入时间增长可得到改善,是一种可行的方法.     

单件式锥状种植体即刻修复的中远期临床疗效观察

目的:评价采用非翻瓣式或小翻瓣微创技术植入单件式锥状种植体后即刻修复的中远期疗效。方法:对四川大学卫生部口腔种植科技中心,成都华西牙种植医院的牙缺失采用微创技术植入单件式锥状种植体后即刻修复5年以上,并有随访记录的患者资料做回顾性分析,对其临床效果做出评价。结果:124例共169枚单件式锥状种植体,平均观察年限9.4年,种植体存留率95.27%。其中有4枚种植体颈部折断;1枚种植体颈部弯曲失效;3枚种植体颈部螺纹暴露;其余种植修复体周围牙龈组织健康,种植体颈部无明显骨吸收。结论:单件式锥状种植体适合用于前牙缺失区域的即刻修复,其中远期临床疗效确切。     

ITI种植体在单颗牙即刻种植即刻负重的临床研究

目的：评价ITI种植体在前牙区单颗牙缺失即刻种植即刻负重修复的临床效果。方法：对31例前牙区单个牙缺失患者在拔除残根后行即刻植入ITI种植体，并对其中18枚术中戴入临时义齿，行即刻负重修复（扭矩〉25Ncm，初期稳定性好），六个月后行永久修复。在植入后3、6、12个月对其进行临床及影像学检查。结果：18枚前牙区单个牙缺失即刻植入ITI种植体并行即刻负重修复后无1枚脱落。结论：前牙区单颗牙缺失使用ITI即刻种植及即刻负重修复只要病例选择合适，合理控制咬[牙合]可以达到与常规种植同样的修复效果。     

Xive Implant System的临床应用评价

目的:评价XiveImplantSystem的临床效果。方法:应用XiveImplantSystem对失牙区进行即刻或延期种植,部分采用埋入或二次手术方式,部分采用一次手术直接安装愈合基台,对62例患者植入100枚种植体,金属烤瓷冠及8例后牙区因颌龈距过低而采用铸造冠修复。临床随访观察三年六个月。结果:种植体成功率100%,种植体周牙槽骨吸收<0.2mm/年,种植体周围炎2枚,固定螺丝松动2枚。结论:XiveImplantSystem适用于牙列缺损及缺失的延期或即刻修复。     

*"All-on-4"种植即刻修复技术的临床应用研究

目的 评价应用"All-on-4"种植即刻修复技术对牙列缺失患者进行种植即刻修复的临床效果,探讨其技术要点及临床意义.方法 2008年4月至2009年10月共29例患者(男15例,女14例)接受了"All-on-4"种植即刻修复.29例(上颌牙列缺失8例,下颌牙列缺失15例,全口牙列缺失6例)共植入140枚种植体,在种植体植入当天完成即刻修复,一共完成35件"All-on-4"即刻义齿.即刻修复后观察种植体边缘骨吸收情况、修复体功能状况、患者满意度,追踪种植体的存留率.患者平均追踪10个月(6～24个月).结果 140枚种植体中,8枚于植入后6～8周脱落;其余132枚种植体至最后一次复查临床稳定,种植体存留率94.3%;即刻修复义齿的存留率94%(33/35);边缘骨吸收程度为(0.8±0.4)mm.结论 "All-on-4"种植即刻修复技术应用于牙列缺失患者近期效果好,患者满意度高.远期效果需要进一步观察.     

即刻负荷种植牙的重建研究

目的:探讨种植体即刻负荷后(牙合)重建对种植体周骨质变化的影响。方法:26枚骨内种植体植入8例患者口内,13枚为即刻负荷,13枚为延期负荷。采用数码X线片仪测定种植体周骨密度变化并作相关临床指征分析。结果:即刻负荷种植体周骨质密度的改善较延期负荷者明显。,结论:种植即刻修复中的(牙合)稳定和平衡是即刻负荷种植体形成骨整合界面的保证。     

Restoration of partially edentulous patients using dental implants with a microtextured surface: a prospective comparison of delayed and immediate full occlusal loading

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical effectiveness of placing dental implants with microtextured surfaces into full occlusal loading at the time of placement in partially edentulous patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two demographically similar groups of 14 patients each were treated with a total of 92 Spline Twist Implants (Centerpulse Dental, Carlsbad, CA). Test implants were placed into immediate full occlusal loading, and control implants were restored using a conventional delayed loading procedure. Otherwise, both groups of patients received similar therapy from the same treatment team. Radiographs, periodontal indices, and Periotest values were recorded every 6 months during routine clinical follow-up appointments. The mean loading time for all prostheses was 24 months at the time of this report. RESULTS: No implants failed in the test group, and 1 implant failed before loading in the control group. Cumulative implant success was 98.9% for all implants placed (test group = 100%; control group = 92.9%). Periodontal measurements indicated no significant clinical differences between implants placed into immediate full occlusal loading and those loaded via a conventional delayed protocol. DISCUSSION: Immediate full occlusal loading of partial prostheses supported by microtextured implants in partially edentulous patients demonstrated excellent clinical results, with no adverse periodontal effects after 24 months of function. Additional follow-up will provide invaluable information on the long-term effects of this technique. CONCLUSION: Immediate full occlusal loading of partial prostheses supported by microtextured implants can be successfully achieved for 24 months in highly motivated patients with excellent oral hygiene.     

Immediate Occlusal Loading of Osseotite® Implants in Mandibular Edentulous Patients: A Prospective Observational Report with 18-Month Data

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of treatment consisting of placement and immediate occlusal loading of implants in 27 patients with edentulous mandibles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients were treated in two private practice settings. One hundred fifty-one implants were placed and immediately occlusally loaded with fixed implant prostheses (15 cement-retained, 12 screw-retained) on the day of implant placement. The implant-retained prostheses were inserted within 5 hours of implant placement. Patients were followed for at least 18 months. The required criteria for immediate occlusal loading was primary implant stability of at least 30 Ncm of insertion torque. The implant prostheses were removed at least 12 months post-placement and the implants were evaluated for primary clinical stability and radiographic bone apposition to implants. RESULTS: At the 12-month follow-up appointments, cumulative survival rates of 98.0% and 100% were recorded for implants and prostheses, respectively. Three implants failed within 3 months. All other implants were clinically successful. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate occlusal loading of multiple, splinted mandibular implants is an effective treatment when implants are stable at insertion and are rigidly splinted with implant-retained prostheses.     

Immediate functional loading of immediate implants in edentulous arches: two-year results.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical success of immediate functional loading of immediate implants in edentulous arches. Five maxillary and five mandibular jaws were treated, and a total of 91 implants were placed; 66 of these implants were placed immediately after tooth extraction, and 25 were placed in healed sites. No bone substitutes or barrier membranes were used. Within 24 hours, fixed temporary restorations were inserted in all cases. During the entire 6-month healing time, all fixed temporary restorations were in normal function, after which the final fixed implant-supported restorations were inserted. After 24 months, the overall success rate of the implants was 92.31% (87.50% for the maxillary implants and 97.26% for the mandibular implants). The bone level measured mesially and distally was in 93.40% of all cases between the implant shoulder and the first thread. The present study shows that the immediate functional loading of immediate implants without the use of any bone substitutes or barrier membranes for fixed complete-arch reconstructions can be successful over a 2-year period.     

Immediate functional loading of Brånemark system implants in edentulous mandibles: clinical report of the results of developmental and simplified protocols

PURPOSE: This report evaluates the 5-year results of 9 of 10 patients in a clinical investigation of immediate functional loading of Br?nemark System implants in edentulous mandibles, and of 24 patients treated with a simplified protocol for the same indication. The purpose of the paper is to suggest a simple, reliable, and documented method for immediate implant loading of complete-arch mandibular prostheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten healthy patients in need of full-arch mandibular implant reconstruction (development group) were treated between December 1993 and December 1994 with 130 Br?nemark System standard Implants, placed in fresh extraction and healed sites. Four implants per patient were immediately loaded with acrylic resin fixed prostheses. The prostheses were replaced by metal-framework conversion prostheses approximately 6 weeks later, and definitive metal-reinforced prostheses incorporating all implants were placed after second-stage surgery. An additional 24 patients were treated with a simplified protocol using a total of 144 implants placed between March 1997 and October 2000. In these patients, the acrylic resin prostheses were not disturbed for 3 months, and fewer implants were used with an increasing ratio of implants loaded. Eventually, all Implants were loaded immediately for the last patients treated. RESULTS: The prosthesis survival rate was 100% for the total material. In the developmental group, the implant cumulative survival rate was 80% for the immediately loaded implants after 5 years, while the 2-stage implants reached 96%. Bone level measurements showed no differences between immediate and 2-stage protocols for this group. The implant cumulative survival rate was 97% for the simplified treatment group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A predictable and simple concept for loading of immediate implant prostheses in edentulous mandibles was demonstrated. Results from the development of this technique suggest that it may be essential to maintain the initial implant splinting over a healing period of about 3 months and that implant placement between the mental foramina provides optimal support.     

Immediate loading of implants in the edentulous maxilla

The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate different therapeutic strategies in treatment of the edentulous maxilla with dental implants and their importance for treatment outcome. The introduction of one-stage surgery, in place of two-stage surgery, was a paradigm shift in the area of implant treatment since submerged implant healing underneath the mucosa was considered a prerequisite for healing in the original concept. The advantages of a one-stage method are that a second surgery is unnecessary, costs are lower, and patients complain less about the surgical procedures. The development of implant treatment, regardless of whether it is performed in the mandible or the maxilla, strives to shorten the period from implant placement to implant loading. For the edentulous patient--due to esthetic, economical, or psychological reasons--shortening this time and thus avoiding a long period of wearing a transitional removable prosthesis is advantageous. Use of conventional one-stage surgery makes possible and is a prerequisite for immediate loading of implants. Successful treatment outcome has been demonstrated for immediate loading of implants in the mandible, but documentation of the method in the maxilla is still sparse. Two prospective clinical studies compared (i) one- and two-stage surgery and (ii) immediate and conventional loading in patients consecutively treated in the edentulous maxilla with implant-supported fixed prostheses. The first study found that the cumulative survival rate (CSR) after one-stage surgery performed according to a conventional protocol was consistent with two-stage protocol CSRs reported in previous studies. The second study evaluated an immediate loading protocol that provided patients with interim fixed prostheses within 24 hours after implant placement. A comparison of the studies found no significant difference in CSRs. But it was found that when a conventional protocol was used, transitional removable prostheses could traumatize the bone-implant interface during healing by adverse loading on the implants, which pierced the mucosa. Moreover, splinting the implants immediately after surgery with an interim fixed prosthesis might protect them from adverse loading. In a finite element analysis comparing uncoupled and splinted implants--imitations of the clinical situations in the two studies--splinted implants drastically reduced stresses in the bone tissue surrounding the implant, which might facilitate bone healing. Two factors considered important for a successful treatment outcome, especially when loading implants immediately, are (i) jawbone quality and (ii) primary implant stability at placement. In implant literature, bone quality is generally equivalent to bone density. Results of the third clinical study in this thesis indicate that use of computed tomography with calculations of bone mineral density can be a useful tool in bone tissue evaluation before implant placement. After 1 year of loading, changes in marginal bone level, compared to baseline, did not differ between implants that were stable and implants that were not stable at placement. The results of this thesis do not strengthen earlier recommendations that immediate and early loading is a treatment alternative that can be considered only in jaws with good bone quality. In conclusion, immediate loading with interim fixed prostheses in the edentulous maxilla is a viable treatment alternative. Splinting of implants seems to be important in immediate loading, especially when bone density is low.     

种植套筒冠义齿修复无牙颌的临床效果观察

目的 探讨种植套筒冠义齿修复无牙颌的临床效果.方法 15例无牙颌患者,采用种植套筒冠义齿修复.共完成26件修复体,其中上颌义齿11件,下颌义齿15件.共植入种植体104颗,修复基台研磨后直接作为套筒冠内冠,套筒冠外冠采用失蜡铸造技术加工.修复后平均回访32个月,对所有种植体及上部结构进行临床及影像学检查,并对原总义齿和种植套筒冠义齿满意度进行比较.结果 完成种植体支持修复的26件覆盖义齿,所有上部修复体的外冠与种植体基台间固位较好、义齿稳定,患者对覆盖义齿的舒适度和咀嚼功能满意,在舒适度和咀嚼功能方面,患者的种植套筒冠义齿满意度要高于常规总义齿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而发音方面二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).覆盖义齿在观察时间内未发生松动、折断及损坏,种植体无松动或脱落.随访期内,种植体周围牙槽骨平均垂直骨吸收量约1 mm.结论 本研究结果表明,种植套筒冠义齿修复无牙颌是一种可靠的方法,但仍需要进一步长期观察.     

Immediate function with fixed implant-supported maxillary dentures: a 12-month pilot study

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Immediate occlusal loading of dental implants in the edentulous mandible has proven to be an effective, reliable, and predictable procedure. There is little long-term data available on similar treatments in the edentulous maxilla. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 12-month implant survival after immediate loading of 4 to 6 implants with fixed screw-retained prostheses in edentulous maxillae. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients, edentulous or with remaining teeth to be extracted in the maxilla, received 4 to 6 implants (n=111). The patients were restored with screw-retained fixed provisional prostheses supported by palladium-alloy frameworks within 24 hours after surgery. Insertion torques for implants were at least 40 Ncm. Implants, grouped as tapered or cylindrical screws, were placed in healed bone or extraction sockets. Implants were also classified as either vertical or off-angle. Definitive prostheses were placed after a mean healing time of 18 weeks. Radiographic examinations were made at the time of placement of provisional prostheses and 12 months later. Between-groups bone resorption was compared using 2-way ANOVA (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The mean follow-up time for all of the patients was 20 months (range, 13 to 28 months). The cumulative implant survival rate at the 12-month follow-up visits (after surgery) was 92.8%; the prostheses survival rate was 100%. No significant differences were found between the survival of tapered or cylindrical screw-type implants placed in postextraction sockets versus those in healed edentulous sites or between vertical and off-angle placed implants. Eight implants failed during the first 3 months, 5 of which were the most distal implants. The mean reduction in marginal bone height over the 12-month observation period was 0.84 mm (CI 95%; 0.68-0.99 mm). CONCLUSIONS: In this study with 12-month follow-up, 4 to 6 implants were sufficient to successfully support fixed implant screw-retained prostheses in the edentulous maxillae of 21 patients.     

部分牙缺失的即刻修复

为保证种植体初期稳定性,形成良好的骨整合,通常认为需在种植体植入后3-6月再延期修复。然而近年来,越来越多文献报道了牙列缺损即刻修复的病例,且取得良好的临床效果。但是,对牙列缺损的即刻修复尚存一些争议。本研究回顾近年文献同时结合本课题组的研究结果对牙列缺损即刻修复进行评估,并提出相关研究进展。     

临时种植体即刻负载在半颌即刻种植中的应用

目的：评价临时种植体即刻负载在半颌即刻种植中的应用效果。方法：20例半颌即刻种植患者行136枚即刻种植体植入,采用95枚临时种植体即刻负载恢复患者牙列。3-6月后行固定修复。结果：即刻负载临时种植体和即刻种植体成功率达100%。结论：临时种植体即刻负载半颌即刻种植是很好的临床方法。     

Immediate loading using cross-arch fixed restorations in heavy smokers: nine consecutive case reports for edentulous arches

PURPOSE: Immediate loading of oral implants has been extensively documented in different clinical indications, but no studies on heavy smokers have been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term success and the peri-implant soft and hard tissue conditions around immediately occlusal loaded implants in edentulous jaws of heavy smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Implants (progressive thread design and platform switching) were connected with their abutments and splinted immediately after surgery using cross-arch fixed temporary restorations. Provisional fixed prostheses had centric occlusal contacts and group function in the lateral movements of the mandible (immediate occlusal loading). Patients were advised to adhere to a soft diet for the first 6 to 8 weeks of healing to reduce excessive loading in the bone-implant interface. The definitive restorations were delivered 4 to 8 weeks after surgery and cemented temporarily to evaluate the peri-implant soft tissue condition after removal of the restoration. Clinical and radiographic indices were evaluated at the start of loading and at 3-month intervals after loading. RESULTS: After a mean loading period of 33.7 +/- 19.0 months (range, 6 to 66 months), 1 implant was mobile. All clinical indices had values in normal ranges. The Periotest values decreased with time, indicating increased security of implants in bone. Crestal bone level was stable, with only 2 sites presenting minimal vertical bone loss and 6 presenting minimal horizontal bone loss. In all other sites no bone loss was observed. Results of this study demonstrated a long-term success (98.6%) of immediately loaded implants placed in occlusal function in smokers restored with fixed cross-arch implant-supported restorations. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that immediate loading of oral implants may be successful in heavy smokers under some circumstances.