mTOR在HER-2阴性乳腺癌中的表达及意义

目的观察mTOR蛋白在Her-2阴性乳腺癌中的表达,探讨其与Her-2阴性乳腺癌发生发展相关性,为Her-2阴性乳腺癌寻找新的治疗靶点。方法采用免疫组织化学技术检测65例Her-2阴性乳腺癌、癌旁组织及正常乳腺组织中mTOR的表达情况。结果 Her-2阴性乳腺癌组织中mTOR蛋白表达明显高于癌旁组织及正常乳腺组织,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。mTOR阳性表达在腋窝淋巴结阳性组明显高于淋巴结阴性组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 mTOR可能与Her-2阴性乳腺癌发生与发展相关,与腋窝淋巴结转移相关,可作为Her-2阴性乳腺癌的预后指标及新的治疗靶点。     

乳腺癌超声造影及其预后因素的相关性分析

目的探索乳腺癌超声造影特征及其预后因素的相关性。方法回顾术前行超声造影检查的132例乳腺癌病例,统计分析其超声造影特征与腋窝淋巴结转移及ER、PR、Her-2、Ki67、p53表达情况的相关性。结果放射状增强模式与腋窝淋巴结转移以及ER、PR、Ki67表达相关(P0.05);与Her-2、p53无明显相关性(P0.05)。超声造影增强强度、是否有灌注缺损、增强方向、造影与二维图像最大径差值均与腋窝淋巴结转移状态、ER、PR、Her-2、Ki67、p53表达无明显相关性(P0.05)。结论部分超声造影特征与预后因素有一定的相关性。     

乳腺癌伴神经内分泌分化的特点及患者预后的临床研究

目的 通过观察雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、原癌基因Her-2、细胞核增殖抗原Ki67在乳腺癌伴神经内分泌分化(NED)中的表达及癌组织分级和淋巴结转移情况,探讨乳腺癌伴NED的临床特点及预后.方法 2005年10月至2010年10月本院乳腺癌根治术或改良根治术确诊病例90例,通过观测CgA和Syn免疫组织化学染色结果,分为乳腺癌伴NED阳性和NED阴性两组.分析两组患者ER、PR、Her-2、Ki67的表达,组织学分级,淋巴结转移情况等指标的差异.结果 90例患者中NED阳性组33例,占36.67%.NED阳性组ER阳性和PR阳性表达分别为24例(占72.7%)、21例(占63.6%),明显高于阴性组(P＜0.05).NED阳性组Her-2、Ki67阳性表达分别为37例(占64.91%)、15例(占45.5%),与NED阴性组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).NED阳性组组织分级为Ⅰ级的患者比例为(21.21%),明显高于NED阴性组(7.02%,P＜0.01).NED阳性组淋巴结转移≥1枚的为7例(21.2%),明显低于阴性组24例(42.1%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 乳腺癌伴NED具有恶化程度低,组织分级高,淋巴结转移少的特点,与不伴NED的乳腺癌相比,其预后较好.     

青年乳腺癌患者的临床病理特点

目的分析青年乳腺癌患者的临床病理特点。方法选取本院96例青年乳腺癌患者(青年组)和中老年乳腺癌患者(中老年组)病例资料进行回顾性分析。分析2组患者病理类型、TNM分级情况、腋窝淋巴结转移例数、脉管侵犯例数。比较2组患者ER、PR、Her-2等免疫组化染色结果。结果 2组患者的病理分型和TNM分级情况比较无显著差异(P0.05)。青年组患者腋窝淋巴结转移例数和脉管侵犯例数均高于中老年患者(P0.05)。青年组患者的ER、PR阳性率明显低于中老年组患者,但其Her-2和Ki-67染色阳性率明显高于中老年组患者(P0.05)。2组患者的P53表达阳性情况比较无显著差异(P0.05)。结论青年女性乳腺癌患者的病理类型和分期与中老年患者相似,但其侵袭性和转移能力更强,预后差。     

C—erbB-2及突变型P53基因均为阴性乳腺癌Ki-67表达状况分析

目的探讨C-erbB-2、突变型P53基因表达均为阴性乳腺浸润性癌Ki-67表达与肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移状况、ER、PR、月经状态的关系。方法选取2002年1月至2011年12月行行根治术的乳腺浸润性癌病例,其中C—erbB-2、突变型P53基因均为阴性乳腺癌共61例,回顾性分析了Ki-67表达状况,以及Ki-67的表达与肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移状况、ER、PR、月经状态的关系。结果Ki．67阳性表达率为45．90％,Ki-67的表达与肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移状况、ER、PR无显著相关（P〉0．05）,与月经状态相关（P〈0．05）。结论C．erbB．2、突变型P53基因表达均为阴性乳腺浸润性癌Ki-67可作为绝经前乳腺癌判断预后的指标。     

Ki-67、C-erbB-2、P53蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:分析细胞核增殖抗原Ki-67、C-erbB-2、P53蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的表达,并探讨其与乳腺癌临床病理因素间的关系及意义。方法:用免疫组化法检测156例乳腺癌患者病理组织中Ki-67、C-erbB-2、P53蛋白与其他生物学指标的表达,并结合临床病理因素进行相关性分析。结果:Ki-67、C-erbB-2和P53蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的阳性率分别为69.9%、63.4%和57.1%,三者的表达率均与患者年龄、肿瘤直径无相关性。Ki-67及C-erbB-2与肿瘤的TNM分期及脉管浸润程度显著相关(P<0.01),C-erbB-2的表达与患者淋巴结转移情况有关(P0.05)。同时,Ki-67、C-erbB-2的阳性表达与雌激素受体(ER)的阳性表达呈负相关(P<0.01);P53的表达与ER、孕激素受体(PR)的表达间均无相关性。Ki-67的表达与C-erbB-2的表达呈正相关(P0.05)。结论:Ki-67、C-erbB-2阳性表达可作为评价乳腺癌发生、发展的生物学指标,而联合检测更有助于乳腺癌临床分期评估。     

乳腺浸润性导管癌X线表现与ER、PR、Her-2、Ki-67、P53表达的相关性研究

目的探讨乳腺浸润性导管癌X线表现与免疫组化指标雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、人表皮生长因子受体-2(Her-2)、Ki-67、P53表达水平间相关性,并探讨其临床意义。方法回顾性分析已确诊的浸润性导管癌220例,观察其钼靶X线影像特征及经免疫组织化学染色测定乳腺肿瘤细胞的ER、PR、Her-2、Ki-67、P53表达情况。采用Spearman相关分析进行统计学分析。结果 220例乳腺浸润性导管癌中,表现为肿块者162例(73.6%),肿块中出现毛刺征者95例(58.6%),有钙化者98例(44.5%),局限性密度增高者32例(14.5%),腺体结构扭曲者26例(11.8%)。乳腺癌钙化与Her-2阳性表达明显正相关(r=0.241,P0.001);乳腺癌毛刺征与ER阳性表达呈正相关性(P0.05),与Ki-67、P53阳性表达间呈负相关性(P0.05);乳腺癌伴发皮肤增厚及皮肤、乳头凹陷者与ER、PR阳性表达呈正相关(P0.05)。结论乳腺浸润性导管癌钼靶X线表现与免疫组化指标ER、PR、Her-2、Ki-67、P53表达水平有一定的相关性。通过乳腺癌的X线影像表现可以一定程度上预估ER、PR、Her-2、Ki-67、P53的表达水平,从而可以前瞻性地评估乳腺癌细胞的生物学行为及预后,更好地为临床治疗及病情评估提供客观依据。     

乳腺癌组织转移相关蛋白-3表达与腋窝淋巴结转移的相关性

目的探讨乳腺癌患者转移相关蛋白(MTA)-3的表达情况及其与腋窝淋巴结转移的关系。方法收集122例乳腺癌(浸润性导管癌)患者的癌组织和20例乳腺增生症患者的乳腺组织(对照),采用免疫组化法检测组织样本中MTA-3的表达情况,并结合相关临床资料分析MTA-3与临床病理特征、Ki-67和上皮细胞钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)的关系。按是否合并腋窝淋巴结转移将乳腺癌患者分为转移组(55例)和非转移组(67例)。结果乳腺癌组织中MTA-3的阳性表达率为32.8%,明显低于对照乳腺组织(85.0%)(P=0.000)。MTA-3阳性表达与组织学分级、临床分期、原发肿瘤大小、有无腋窝淋巴结转移及分子分型有关(P0.05),与年龄、月经状态及体质量指数无关(P0.05)。转移组组织学分级、临床分期及分子分型与非转移组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),而年龄、月经状态、体质量指数、原发肿瘤大小2个组之间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic多因素回归分析显示乳腺癌组织MTA-3阳性表达是乳腺癌患者合并腋窝淋巴结转移的保护性因素[比值比(OR)=0.662,95%可信区间(CI) 0.246～0.891]。MTA-3阳性表达与腋窝淋巴结转移数目、Ki-67阳性表达呈负相关(r=-0.197,P=0.030;r=-0.358,P=0.000),与E-cadherin阳性表达呈正相关(r=0.237,P=0.009)。结论乳腺癌组织中MTA-3表达显著降低,可能与乳腺癌的发生和腋窝淋巴结转移有关。     

浸润性乳腺癌超声表现特点与免疫组织化学指标关系分析

目的探讨浸润性乳腺癌超声表现特点与雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesteronereceptor,PR)、Ki-67、P53表达的关系。方法 98例浸润型乳腺癌患者,均完成超声检查,采用免疫组织化学检查检测乳腺癌组织ER、PR、Ki-67、P53阳性表达率,分析超声表现特点与ER、PR、Ki-67、P53阳性表达的关系。结果 98例患者中ER阳性表达率为65.31%,PR阳性表达率为58.16%,Ki-67阳性表达率为67.35%,P53阳性表达率为52.04%;肿瘤边缘有毛刺者ER和PR阳性表达率(77.19%、68.42%)高于无毛刺者(48.78%、43.90%)(P0.05),肿瘤边界强回声晕者ER阳性表达率(75.47%)高于边界清晰者(53.33%)(P0.05),有微小钙化者Ki-67阳性表达率(79.25%)高于无微小钙化者(53.33%)(P0.05),血供分级2～3级者Ki-67、P53阳性表达率(75.44%、63.16%)高于0～1级者(56.10%、36.59%)(P0.05),后方回声衰减者Ki-67、P53阳性表达率(80.95%、66.67%)高于无衰减者(57.14%、41.07%)(P0.05),有淋巴结转移者ER、PR阳性表达率(52.17%、43.49%)低于无淋巴结转移者(76.92%、71.15%),Ki-67、P53阳性表达率(80.43%、67.39%)高于无淋巴结转移者(55.77%、38.46%)(P0.05);ER、PR、Ki-67、P53阳性表达率在肿瘤直径、肿瘤形态、纵横比、内部回声情况上差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论浸润性乳腺癌超声表现特点与ER、PR、Ki-67、P53表达有关,有恶性超声征象者常提示ER、PR低表达,Ki-67、P53高表达,可为乳腺癌诊疗及预后判断提供指导。     

乳腺癌MRI征象与ER、Her-2及Ki-67生物学指标的关系

目的 分析乳腺癌MRI征象与雌激素受体（ER）、人表皮生长因子受体-2(Her-2)及核蛋白抗原（Ki-67）的关系。方法 选取2019年4月至2021年7月北京市隆福医院收治的94例乳腺癌患者,收集患者术后癌组织（乳腺癌组）及距瘤体5 cm以上的癌旁组织（癌旁组织组）,比较不同组织中ER、Her-2、CerbB-2表达情况,并分析MRI征象与上述指标的相关性。结果 乳腺癌组ER、Her-2、CerbB-2阳性表达率显著高于癌旁组织组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。94例患者均为浸润型乳腺癌。MRI检查显示肿瘤直径>2 cm者52例;形态不规则40例;边缘不光整55例,呈毛刺征;分叶征33例;早期环形强化71例;动态曲线分型：Ⅰ型8例,Ⅱ型51例,Ⅲ型35例;内部坏死51例。ER阳性表达者形态不规则、毛刺征、早期环形强化占比明显高于ER阴性表达者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Her-2阳性表达者形态不规则、内部坏死占比高于Her-2阴性表达者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Ki-67阳性表达者毛刺征、分叶征占比高于Ki-67阴性表达者,差异有统计学...     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.