班氏和马来丝虫实验感染东乡伊蚊体内发育及影响因素的研究

周期型班氏和马来丝虫微丝蚴实验感染东乡伊蚊,感染后逐日解剖媒蚊,观察两种丝虫在蚊体内发育。在温度26～28℃,相对湿度80℃～85％下,班氏幼虫于感染后12、36、60小时穿过胃臂进入胸肌,进胸率分别为59.4％(170/286)、95.6％(289/302)和82.9％(34/41)。平均感染率分别为70.1％和79.3％。于14.5和9.5天发有成感染期幼虫并进入头部和喙。同时观察两种丝虫形状大小和内部构造,与在致倦库蚊和中华按蚊体内发育相似。作者认为,东乡伊蚊在实验室易于饲养,传代好,蚊卵保存于4℃冰箱6个月以上,实为两种丝虫的良好实验感染媒介。     

Hazards of childbirth in West Malaysia

Malaysia's maternal mortality rate has been showing a steady decline and in 1966 was 1.7/1000 in contrast to the 6.7/1000 rate in 1948. Yet, considerable variations exist within the country, from as low as 0.31/1000 in the large towns to as high as 5.58/1000 in rural areas. The 554 maternal deaths in 1966 show a marked disparity in racial distribution. Malays who form 50.2% of the total population form 85.5% of total deaths. The possible reasons for this, apart from poverty and malnutrition, are ignorance, fear and prejudice in availing themselves of public health services and reliance on bomohs and handiwomen and fatalism. The other ethnic groups, the Chinese and Indians, make full use of whatever health service is available in their locality. The main obstetric causes for maternal deaths were hemorrhages, neglected labors, and toxemia. Infection was responsible for only 7.5% of the deaths. Among associated diseases, anemia was the predominant cause. Analysis of social factors reveals a high percentage of avoidable factors: 24.2% due to patient errors and 27% due to lack of or inexpert care during antenatal care, and 19% inadequate care in the hospital. In view of the high maternal mortality and fetal loss prevalent particularly in problem districts of Malay, a study of maternal and child health services in the country was undertaken. As a result of this investigation, priority has been given to the idea of bringing the health services to the rural population. In 1968 7.1% of the national budget is being spent on public health services. It is envisaged that for every 50,000 of rural population a Health Unit, consisting of a main Health Center with 4 subcenters and 20 resident midwife cum clinics at the periphery, should be built to serve about 2000 of the population. Thus far 39 main centers, 45 subcenters, and 751 midwife cum clinics have been built and staffed, thus providing obstetric and health services for over 2,000,000 rural population. Other measures that have been taken are outlined. In addition the government has initiated a general rural reconstruction and development projects in an effort to improve the country's social and economic conditions. Particular focus has been on the rural areas.     

The biology and demographic parameters of Aedes albopictus in northern peninsular Malaysia

Objective

To generate life table characteristics for the dengue vector Aedes albopictus (A. albopictus) under uncontrolled conditions, incorporating both the aquatic and the adult stages.

Methods

Ten females derived from wild pupae were allowed to fully blood-feed on restrained mice. 774 eggs were hatched in seasoned water. F1 larvae were followed for development until their F2 counterparts emerged as adults. Some population parameters were monitored (F1) or estimated (F2).

Results

A. albopictus exhibited increased fecundity and egg hatch success. Immature development was quick. Immature survival was high, with lowest rate in the pupal stage. Adult emergence was about 81% and sex ratio was close to 1:1. Generational mortality (K) was about 28%. A high proportion of females completed a reproductive cycle and the obtained parity rate was predicted to lead to higher fecundity in the next generation.

Conclusions

It can be concluded that natural A. albopictus populations in Penang seem largely determined by quick development in combination with low immature loss and increased oviposition.