肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张及曲张程度的早期诊断方法分析

目的 对乙肝后肝硬化门脉高压症患者胃镜、B超、血液检验等进行分析，探讨这些检查在肝硬化门脉高压症患者食管静脉曲张诊断中的意义。方法 148例乙肝后肝硬化患者（合并或无门脉高压者）进行电子胃镜、腹部B超、血液检验，观察食管胃底静脉曲张的情况，测量门静脉主干内径、脾静脉内径及脾脏长径之间的差异，并分析这些指标与食管静脉曲张的关系。结果 食管静脉曲张发生率为61％，食管静脉曲张程度越重，伴胃底静脉曲张比例越高；随食管静脉曲张程度不同，门静脉主干内径、脾静脉主干内径及脾脏长径之间存在差异。血小板记数、脾脏长径、血小板记数／脾脏长径、Child—Pugh分级在合并有食管静脉曲张与未合并食管静脉曲张两组中存在明显差异。多因素分析发现，血小板记数／脾脏长径指数与食管静脉曲张的发生密切相关，独立性强。结论 门静脉主十内径、脾静脉内径、脾脏厚度可为判断门静脉高压提供参考，综合上述3点并结合胃镜检查结果可较准确判断有无食管静脉曲张及程度；血小板记数／脾脏长径指数能够较为准确地预测肝硬化门脉高压症食管静脉曲张的发生。     

彩色超声诊断肝硬化门脉高压征196例分析

目的通过对内镜下证实肝硬化门脉高压征患者196例进行彩色超声检测分析，为彩色超声检测肝硬化门脉高压征提供参考依据。方法根据内镜结果将肝硬化门脉高压征患者196例，按食管静脉曲张程度分为轻、中、重度3组，检测门静脉主干宽度、脾静脉宽度、脾脏厚度，研究其与食管静脉曲张程度的关系。结果随食管静脉曲张程度的不同，门静脉主干内径、脾静脉内径、脾脏厚度之间存在显著性差异，脾脏厚度与脾静脉内径之间存在相关关系。结论门静脉主干内径、脾静脉内径、脾脏厚度可为判断门静脉高压提供参考，如结合内镜检查结果可以较准确判断有无食管静脉曲张及程度。     

门脉高压症内镜所见与出血危险因素的探讨

肝硬化门脉高压症患者首次出血原因中,食管静脉曲张破裂出血约占80%.本文通过内镜观察80例门脉高压患者的食管静脉曲张和食管炎及胃粘膜损害所见,探讨其与出血有关的危险因素.1 材料与方法1.1 一般情况将受检的肝硬化门脉高压症患者80例,分为出血组和非出血组.出血组患者大部分是有反复呕血、黑便史的患者,少部分是不明原因上消化道出血     

彩色B超在肝硬化门脉高压中的诊断价值研究

目的研究彩色B超在肝硬化门脉高压中的诊断价值。方法选择2009年12月—2012年12月在我院就诊的89例肝硬化门脉高压患者作为观察组,选择同期89例健康人群作为对照组。应用彩色B超检查门静脉情况,比较两组检查结果。将观察组患者根据门静脉内径是否超过1.4cm进行分组,比较两组食管胃底静脉曲张程度。结果观察组脾静脉内径、门静脉内径和门静脉血流量/脾静脉血流量值均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。门静脉内径<1.4cm者食管胃底静脉曲张程度优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用彩色B超可以准确测定肝硬化门脉高压患者门静脉、脾静脉及其分支血流动力学、内径改变,对食管胃底静脉曲张的临床诊断价值十分重要。     

门脉CT血管造影成像和胃镜在门脉高压诊断中的价值

目的:了解门脉高压食管胃静脉曲张在门脉CT血管造影成像(CTA)和胃镜上的特点,比较两者对于食管胃静脉曲张的检出正确性.方法:对60例临床疑为门脉高压食管的患者分别行门脉CTA和胃镜检查.所有检查均由消化科和放射科指定专业医师进行操作并作出诊断进行总结分析.结果:门脉CTA、胃镜两种方法检出食管静脉曲张42例和45例,诊断率为70.0%和75.0%,两者的诊断一致率为70.8%.门脉CTA和胃镜两种方法检出的胃静脉曲张分别为52例和30例,诊断率分别为86.7%和30.0%,两者的诊断一致率为26.7%.通过以上的检查和病史分析,60例门脉高压患者均明确了病因,包括肝炎后肝硬化42例,血吸虫性肝硬化7例,酒精性肝硬化3例,胰源性门脉高压7例,门脉海绵样变性1例.结论:门脉CTA对于食管和胃静脉曲张的检出率较高,对胃镜不能观察到的非黏膜面的曲张静脉及其他部位静脉均可作出诊断.对非肝硬化原因的门脉高压亦能作出正确诊断.对疑诊门脉高压的患者,结合门脉CTA和胃镜检查可以对门脉高压病因、病情进行全面的评估.     

门脉高压性胃病的进展

门脉高压性胃病（ponalhypertensivegastropathy，PHG）是指门脉高压症伴发的胃黏膜病变，主要发生于肝硬化门脉高压症病人，也见于非肝硬化门脉高压症病人，临床主要表现为消化道出血等症状，严重时危急生命。1984年Sarfeh等提出PHG与非PHG在形态、功能、治疗上都有不同，因其病理组织学上炎性改变依据不足，可称其为门脉高压性胃病。PHG常与食管静脉曲张同时存在，而PHG出血可占门脉高压消化道出血的10％～60％。食管胃底静脉曲张、肝功能损害越重，则门脉高压性胃病并发消化道出血的发生率越高。在上消化道出血患者，食管静脉曲张程度较轻者以PHG合并出血为主，食管静脉曲张程度较重者则以曲张静脉破裂出血为主。     

肝硬化门脉高压性胃病与幽门螺杆菌感染的相关性研究

目的研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)在肝硬化门脉高压性胃病(PHG)发生、发展中的作用及临床意义。方法随机选取肝硬化患者57例,行上消化道内镜检查,采用快速尿素酶试验、Warthin-Starry银染色及抗Hp-IgG法测定来判断Hp感染。结果肝硬化门脉高压组Hp感染率为31.3%,显著低于慢性胃炎组(65.5%,P<0.05)和消化性溃疡组(83.3%,P<0.05);Hp感染和肝功能Child-Pugh分级无显著性相关(P>0.05);Hp感染率随食管静脉曲张程度的增加而下降(无食管静脉曲张者Hp阳性率为57.1%,有食管静脉曲张者Hp阳性率为21.0%,P<0.05;轻度食管静脉曲张者Hp阳性率为32.4%,中重度食管静脉曲张者Hp阳性率为10.75%,(P<0.05)。结论Hp感染不是PHG的主要致病因素;肝硬化门脉高压影响Hp感染率;Hp感染与患者肝功能分级无关。     

内镜下套扎联合部分脾栓塞术治疗门静脉高压症的临床研究

肝硬化门脉高压症引起的食管静脉曲张破裂出血和脾功能亢进症是消化内科常见的疾病,目前尚无理想的治疗方法。虽然外科手术治疗能有效控制出血,但对于肝功能差者,手术并发症发生率高。内镜曲张静脉套扎术(EVL)是目前常用的方法,其临床疗效仍不甚满意,为此,我们采用EVL联合部分脾栓塞术(paritalsplenicembolization,PSE)治疗门脉高压症患者,探讨其临床疗效和安全性。1.一般资料:43例经临床综合诊断为肝硬化门脉高压症患者,经胃镜检查确诊为重度食管静脉曲张(排除胃底静脉曲张出血),根据患者经济承受能力和意愿分为两组,一组23例     

肝硬化门静脉高压患者胃镜与B超表现相关性研究

目的 通过对肝炎肝硬化门静脉高压患者胃镜、B超检测结果行相关性分析，为临床判断肝硬化程度、早期预防并发症提供参考。方法 选择肝炎肝硬化门静脉高压患者192例，根据食管静脉曲张程度分为轻、中、重度3组。比较胃底静脉曲张在各组中发生比例，并测量门静脉主干宽度、脾静脉宽度、脾脏厚度，研究其与食管静脉曲张程度相关性。结果 3组患者胃底静脉曲张发生比例存在显著差异，食管静脉曲张程度越重，伴胃底静脉曲张比例越高；随食管静脉曲张程度不同，门静脉主干内径、脾静脉内径及脾脏厚度之间存在差异，脾脏厚度与脾静脉内径之间存在直线相关关系。结论 门静脉主干内径、脾静脉内径、脾脏厚度可为判断门静脉高压提供参考，综合上述3点并结合胃镜检查结果可较准确判断有无食管静脉曲张及程度。     

晚血门脉高压症门脉内径、门脉压及食管静脉曲张相关性分析

目的探讨晚期血吸虫病门脉高压症病人的门静脉内径、门静脉压及食管静脉曲张之间的相互关系、变化规律及其临床意义。方法对106例晚期血吸虫病门脉高压症病人在术前用B超和纤维胃镜分别检测门静脉主干内径和食管静脉曲张程度,在术中测定自由门静脉压力,测得结果进行统计学分析。结果门静脉内径与门静脉压间无相关关系(P＞0.1);但门静脉内径与食管静脉曲张之间存在正相关关系(P＜0.05);食管静脉曲张与门静脉压力之间也存在正相关关系(P＜0.01)。结论晚期血吸虫病门脉高压症病人的门静脉内径大小尚不能显示门静脉压高低,但食管静脉曲张程度既受着门静脉内径的扩大也受着门静脉压力的增高而加重。三者之间关系的阐明有助于临床上正确评估病程、判断预后和制定治疗方案。     

肝纤维化分期与舌下络脉积分的关系

目的：探讨肝组织纤维化分期与舌下络脉变化的关系。方法：观察118例慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）及HBV携带者的舌下络脉，并采用细针穿刺术，取肝组织进行病理分析，研究肝组织分期与舌下络脉的关系。结果：①在行肝活检的88例CHB患者中，有不同程度纤维化改变的占86．36％（76／88），而其中已有43．18％（38／88）的患者组织学可见假小叶形成，S。期仅有13．6％（12／88）；30例HBV携带者中，s。期有30％（9／30），肝组织学异常者占70％（21／30），其中肝硬化者13．33％（4／30）；②S0～S。各分期95％的可信限（CI）分别为9．81～12．29，11．26～13．41，12．11～14．71，14．53～16．90，17．43～19．52。积分〉14者，86％肝活检分期≥S：，积分〉17者，肝组织多可见假小叶形成。组间比较，S。与S1期差异无显著性意义。结论：舌下络脉积分与肝组织学分期成正相关，积分越高，纤维化程度越明显，在判断肝纤维化的病程、动态跟踪的过程中，观察舌下络脉的变化是个安全、简单、科学而又行之有效的方法。     

血清腹水白蛋白梯度与肝硬化食管静脉曲张程度的相关性

目的:探讨血清腹水白蛋白梯度(serum-ascites albumin gradient,SAAG)与肝硬化食管静脉曲张程度之间的相关性.方法:收集诊断明确的肝硬化合并腹水患者,根据食管静脉曲张程度分为无或轻度组、中度组和重度组,采用单因素方差分析、相关分析、构建受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线等方法进行统计学分析.结果:共纳入43例患者,单因素方差分析显示3组之间存在显著差异(F=26.317,P<0.001),Spearman相关系数r=0.759,P<0.001,提示SAAG与食管静脉曲张具有正向相关性.构建ROC曲线得到曲线下面积为0.926,当SAAG取值为20.5g/L时是诊断中重度食管静脉曲张的最佳界值,此时敏感度为87.1%,特异度为83.3%.结论:SAAG与食管静脉曲张具有较好的相关关系,该指标对于中重度食管静脉曲张具有诊断价值.     

Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score for predicting late esophageal varices rebleeding in cirrhotic patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Esophageal varices bleeding is a fatal complication of portal hypertension. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) has been used as a tool to predict mortality risk in cirrhotic patients. It is currently unknown if MELD score can be applied to predicting late esophageal varices rebleeding. The predictive ability of the MELD score for short-term esophageal varices rebleeding was studied. METHODOLOGY: Ninety-five cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices bleeding were enrolled with a follow up period of at least 3 months. All patients had undergone a successful hemostasis at admission. Initial admission MELD score and 3-months MELD were obtained to observe their correlation with the late esophageal varices rebleeding. RESULTS: MELD score of 13 and 16 are the mean MELD score of the admission and 3-months respectively in the rebleeding group. The correlation between initial admission MELD score and late stage data showed a positive linear regression in the rebleeding patients (p=0.001, r=0.773) but not in the non-rebleeding group. CONCLUSIONS: The MELD score is a good predictor of short term esophageal varices rebleeding rate. At least 2 MELD score data is needed to evaluate the possibilities of rebleeding     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度与肝功能评价的相关性研究

目的 探讨原发性胆汁性肝硬化食管静脉曲张程度与门脾静脉内径、肝功能Child-Pugh分级,Meld评分间的关系.方法 对2008年9月至2011年5月间选择92例原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者行增强CT,测量门静脉主干及脾门部脾静脉直径,行胃镜了解食管静脉曲张的程度,并对其中44例出现过静脉曲张破裂出血患者采用Child-Pugh分级,Meld评分标准进行肝功能分级.结果 食管静脉曲张程度与门静脉内径（P =0.018）、脾静脉内径（P=O.O02）呈正相关,而Child-Pugh分级（P＞0.05）,Meld评分（P＞0.05）则与食管静脉曲张程度无相关性.结论 根据门、脾静脉内径可预测原发性胆汁性肝硬化的食管静脉曲张程度;而Child-Pugh分级,Meld评分对患者的食管静脉曲张程度及出血风险不能进行有效评估.     

Comparison of the grading of esophageal varices by transnasal endoluminal ultrasound and esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is the current standard for evaluating esophageal varices, yet there is no universally accepted system of grading varices endoscopically and several studies have shown interobserver variability of endoscopic grading. High-resolution endoluminal ultrasound 20 MHz (HRES) has been shown to detect varices accurately and can be performed without sedation. Our aim was to compare the detection of esophageal varices by transnasal HRES and EGD. METHODS: We prospectively studied 37 cirrhotic patients being evaluated for esophageal varices. HRES was used to measure the largest esophageal variceal diameter and then EGD was performed. Photographs were taken for both procedures. Three blinded investigators graded the EGD photographs at 2 periods. End points were as follows: (1) the correlation of HRES variceal diameter and EGD grading of varices, and (2) the assessment of interobserver and intraobserver variation in varix grading by EGD. RESULTS: The correlation between the transnasal HRES and EGD was .63, with a 95% confidence interval of .37-.80. The HRES detected early varices that were not seen by EGD. The interobserver correlation for EGD scoring was .87 or greater in all comparisons and the intraobserver correlation was .91 or greater. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, there is a significant correlation between transnasal HRES size measurement of esophageal varices and EGD. HRES is much more sensitive in detecting early esophageal varices and may not require sedation, suggesting that it may be more tolerable to patients and is worth further study.     

失代偿期肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度的分析

目的了解肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度与门、脾静脉内径及脾脏厚度的关系及其临床价值。方法分析110例肝硬化失代偿期患者的临床资料,包括胃镜检查所见食管静脉曲张程度,腹部B超测门静脉内径、脾静脉内径及脾脏厚度。对患者的食管静脉曲张程度与门静脉内径、脾静脉内径以及脾脏厚度进行等级相关分析。结果食管静脉曲张严重程度与门静脉主干内径呈正相关（γs=0.292,P〈0.01）,与脾静脉内径呈正相关（γs=0.295,P〈0.01）,而且还与脾脏厚度呈正相关（γs=0.336,P〈0.01）。结论测量门静脉、脾静脉内径以及脾脏厚度可判断门脉高压和食管静脉曲张程度,并预测食管静脉曲张破裂出血的风险。     

Esophageal motor disorders in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices non-submitted to endoscopic treatment

BACKGROUND: The hepatic cirrhosis has as one of the main morbid-mortality causes, the portal hypertension with the development of esophageal varices, the possibility of a digestive hemorrhage and worsening of hepatic insufficiency. It is important to identify causal predictive or aggravating factors and if possible to prevent them. In the last years, it has been observed the association of esophageal motor disorders and gastro-esophageal reflux in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices. AIMS: To study the prevalence of the esophageal motility disorders and among them, the ineffective esophageal motility, in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and esophageal varices, without previous endoscopic therapeutic and the predictive factors. METHODS: Prospectively, it has been evaluate 74 patients suffering from liver cirrhosis and esophagic varices, without previous endoscopic treatment. All of them were submitted to a clinical protocol, esophageal manometry and 55 patients also held the ambulatory esophageal pHmetry. RESULTS: Esophageal motility disorders have been found in 44 patients (60%). The most prevalent was the ineffective esophageal motility, observed in 28%. The abnormal reflux disease was diagnosed through the pHmetry in 35% of the patients. There were no correlation between the manometrical abnormality in general and the ineffective esophageal motility in particular and the esophageal or gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms, the abnormal reflux, the disease seriousness, the ascites presence and the gauge of the varices. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of cirrhotic patients with non-treated esophageal varices present esophageal motor disorders. No predictive factor was found. The clinical relevance of these findings need more researches in the scope to define the real meaning of theses abnormalities.     

APRI与肝硬化食管静脉曲张相关性研究

目的探讨APRI数值与肝硬化静脉曲张的相关性。方法对54例肝硬化伴有食管静脉曲张患者静脉曲张程度进行分级,同时检测AST和PLT,计算AST与PLT比值指数（APRI）。比较不同程度食管静脉曲张分级与APRI间的相关性,并对肝硬化患者有/无食管静脉曲张的APRI进行对比研究。结果不同分级食管静脉曲张患者比较,PLT在G0与G2之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,在G0与G3之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,在G1与G3之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;APRI在G0与G2、G0与G3之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对于AST、PLT、APRI,有/无食管静脉曲张患者之间进行比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,其余均无统计学意义。结论 APRI可作为预测肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张的诊断指标之一。     

无创检测指标评估肝硬化食道静脉曲张的研究

目的评估无创检测指标与食道静脉曲张的相关性,通过无创检测指标判断肝硬化患者是否须要进行胃镜检查。方法251例肝硬化患者分为食道静脉曲张组和无食道静脉曲张组。采用多因素Logistic回归分析法评估Child—Pugh评分、凝血酶原活动度（prothrombin activity,PTA）、血小板（platelet,PLT）计数、脾厚、门静脉直径（portal vein diameter,PVD）等无创检测指标与食道静脉曲张的相关性。应用受试者工作特性曲线分析我们建立的基于PTA与PLT的3分评分系统对食道静脉曲张的灵敏度和特异度的评估。结果PTA、PLT、出现肝性脑病、出现腹水在2组间的差异有统计学意义,而总胆红素、PVD、脾厚、清蛋白及Child—Pugh评分在2组间的差异无统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析提示PTA〈70％、PLT〈100×10^9／L与存在食道静脉曲张明显相关。我们建立的3分评分系统的曲线下面积为0．73,0分预测出现食道静脉曲张的灵敏度为100％,特异度为0;1分预测出现食道静脉曲张的灵敏度为89．10％,特异度为32．50％;2分预测出现食道静脉曲张的灵敏度为70．60％,特异度65．00％;3分预测出现食道静脉曲张的灵敏度为64．70％,特异度为77．50％。结论对于PTA≥70％,尤其合并PLT≥100×10^9／L的肝硬化患者可以根据患者的具体情况酌情暂缓胃镜检查。     

Comparison of hepatic venous pressure gradient and endoscopic grading of esophageal varices

AIM: To determine the correlation between the hepatic venous pressure gradient and the endoscopic grade of esophageal varices.METHODS: From September 2009 to March 2013, a total of 176 measurements of hepatic venous pressure gradient(HVPG) were done in 146 patients. Each transjugular HVPG was measured twice, first using an end whole catheter(EH-HVPG), and then using a balloon catheter(B-HVPG). The HVPG was compared with the endoscopic grade of esophageal varices(according to the general rules for recording endoscopic findings of esophagogastric varices), which was recorded within a month of the measurement of HVPG.RESULTS: The study included 110 men and 36 women, with a mean age of 56.1 years(range, 43-76 years). The technical success rate of the pressure measurements was 100% and there were no complication related to the procedures. Mean HVPG was 15.3 mm Hg as measured using the end hole catheter method and 16.5 mm Hg as measured using the balloon catheter method. Mean HVPG(both EHHVPG and B-HVPG) was not significantly different among patients with different characteristics, including sex and comorbid factors, except for cases with hepatocellular carcinoma(B-HVPG, P = 0.01; EH-HVPG, P = 0.02). Portal hypertension( 12 mm Hg HVPG) occurred in 66% of patients according to EH-HVPG and 83% of patients according to B-HVGP, and significantly correlated with Child's status(B-HVPG, P 0.000; EHHVGP, P 0.000) and esophageal varies observed upon endoscopy(EH-HVGP, P = 0.003; B-HVGP, P = 0.006). One hundred and thirty-five endoscopies were performed, of which 15 showed normal findings, 27 showed grade 1 endoscopic esophageal varices, 49 showed grade 2 varices, and 44 showed grade 3 varices. When comparing endoscopic esophageal variceal grades and HVPG using univariate analysis, the P value was 0.004 for EH-HVPG and 0.002 for B-HVPG. CONCLUSION: Both EH-HVPG and B-HVPG showed a positive correlation with the endoscopic grade of esophageal varices, with B-HVPG showing a stronger correlation than EH-HVPG.