姜黄素药物代谢动力学研究进展

目的 综述近几年姜黄素的药物代谢动力学研究.方法 对姜黄素临床前药代动力学以及临床药物代谢动力学进行分析.结果 姜黄素口服与注射半衰期短,生物利用度低.结论 姜黄素有广阔的应用前景,但是首先需要解决生物利用度的问题.     

药物代谢动力学研究中分析方法建立时应注意的一些问题

药代动力学研究成果对阐明药物作用机理、指导新药设计、优化给药方案、改进药物剂型等方面发挥着巨大作用 ,然而药代动力学研究获得的资料最终能否用于临床实践或药物研究结果的解释和说明 ,取决于研究方案和生物样品分析方法的设计和实施。由于生物样品的特殊性 ,用于药代动力学研究的生物样品分析方法有其特定要求 ,国内外学者对此都进行过研究和探讨[1,2 ] ,但在文献中仍经常出现一些易被忽视的问题 ,这些问题的存在无疑影响了文章的科学性 ,甚至是实际结果的真实性 ,势必应引起重视。1　稳定性试验从生物样品的收集到样品的分析完成 ,…     

在药物早期临床研究中加速器质谱的应用研究现状

加速器质谱(AMS)是一种超灵敏同位素分析技术,近年来被广泛用于药物临床研发中14C标记药物的测定,且无需传统人体放射性研究相关的安全性试验。在药物早期临床试验阶段,加速器质谱有利于开展微剂量及微量示踪研究,从而尽早获得药物药代动力学及代谢特征,包括基本药代动力学参数(清除率、表观分布容积)、绝对生物利用度、物料平衡和消除途径等。本文就AMS的研究进展及其在药物早期临床研究中的应用做一综述。     

稳定同位系标记药物在临床药代动力学研究中的应用

近二十年来,稳定同位素示踪技术在临床药代动力学研究中有了快速发展。采用气相色谱－质谱或液相色谱－质谱联机技术检测生物样本中标记药物和未标记药物,具有较高的测试专属性和灵敏度。稳定同位素标记药物的主要作用是作为“分析内标”和“生物内标”,作生物内标时可将标记药物用于人体。本文介绍了稳定同位素标记药物的有关知识及该技术在药物的生物利用度、生物等效性、药物吸收、药物处置及药物相互作用研究中的应用原理与方法。该法具有减少体内药物处置的个体内差异,减少受试者数目,提高药代动力学数据的可信度等优点,但也有一些原因限制了该项技术的广泛应用。     

基于复杂网络与代谢组学的中药药代动力学研究思考与探索

药物研发模式的转变推动了药物评价技术体系的革新。中药药代动力学研究是中药现代化研究的重要组成部分,对于创新中药及现代中药复方研发具有重要意义。中药药代动力学理论近些年虽然取得了进步,但目前尚缺乏符合中药自身特征的药代动力学研究与评价技术体系。本文扼要介绍了中药药代动力学的研究现状、代谢组学及复杂网络理论,并在此基础上提出应用代谢组学和复杂网络方法来研究多组分药代动力学(网络药动学)的设想,以期揭示中药药效物质基础和作用机制。     

微透析技术在药物代谢和药代动力学研究中的应用

本文介绍了近年来有关微透析技术在药物代谢和药动学研究领域中应用的现状入已取得重大进展。微透析技术除应用于动物模型中的研究外,在人体中的研究特别是临床应用方面亦在发展中,该项技术在药物代谢和药代动力学研究领域中有广阔应用前景,但微透析探针校正和对微透析取样获得的少量样品的分析方法是仍需要深入研究的问题。     

药代动力学人体预测及其在新药研发中的应用

药物代谢和药代动力学(DMPK)通过揭示药物的体内代谢处置过程,理解药物药理效应和毒副反应的体内物质基础,是连接药物分子及其性质与生物学效应的桥梁。DMPK人体预测应用模型拟合技术,由人体外试验数据和动物体内外数据预测人体药代动力学性质,并与药效动力学和毒性评价相关联,可提高新药研发效率、降低临床失败率和节省资源。经典的异速放大法和体外-体内外推法主要用于预测人体清除率和稳态表观分布容积等重要的药代动力学参数。近10年来,基于生理的药代动力学模型(PBPK)的快速发展和应用实践,推动了DMPK人体预测在新药研发、药物监管、临床合理和个体化用药中的应用。PBPK模型不仅能预测消除和分布等参数,还能用于药物人体药代动力学行为的预测,包括血药浓度-时间曲线和药物-药物相互作用,以及不同人群体内药代动力学和药代-药效预测。作为新药研发的转化科学技术以及个体化用药的指导工具,DMPK人体预测将具有更为广泛的应用价值。     

生物传感技术在体内药代动力学研究中的应用

针对药代动力学研究的需要,本文介绍可进行体内药物浓度在体或者连续测定的一些生物传感器。对生物传感器设计中微透析技术、纳米技术和传感器信息融合技术等新技术的应用进行了探讨,并展望了传感技术在药代动力学研究中的应用前景。     

稳定同位素标记药物在临床药代动力学研究中的应用

近二十年来,稳定同位素示踪技术在临床药代动力学研究中有了快速发展.采用气相色谱-质谱或液相色谱-质谱联机技术检测生物样本中标记药物和未标记药物,具有较高的测试专属性和灵敏度.稳定同位素标记药物的主要作用是作为"分析内标"和"生物内标",作生物内标时可将标记药物用于人体.本文介绍了稳定同位素标记药物的有关知识及该技术在药物的生物利用度、生物等效性、药物吸收、药物处置及药物相互作用研究中的应用原理与方法.该法具有减少体内药物处置的个体内差异, 减少受试者数目, 提高药代动力学数据的可信度等优点,但也有一些原因限制了该项技术的广泛应用.     

液相色谱-质谱联用技术在中药药代动力学研究中的应用进展

液相色谱-质谱法在中药药代动力学研究中的应用,包括中草药单一有效成分体内药物浓度测定及多组分同时测定、中草药体内代谢产物的鉴定与分析等。中草药特别是中药方剂,成分较复杂,较化学药物的药代动力学研究更困难;而液相色谱-质谱法结合了液相色谱的高分离能力和质谱的高灵敏度和极强的定性专属性,适于中药药代动力学研究。     

Structural and functional characterization of biological macromolecules by mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry has widely been used as a tool for identification of proteins in the research fields of biochemistry and clinical chemistry because it can provide accurate information on molecular masses of biological molecules with a small amount of sample in a short time. If mass spectrometry is properly used, it can also give information on the tertiary structure or on the molecular interactions of biological macromolecules. The present paper focuses on the role of mass spectrometry as a tool for the investigation on the tertiary structure of proteins and on the biological molecular interactions that play essential roles in various biological events.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法在药物代谢研究中应用最新进展

液相色谱-质谱联用技术因其具有高分离能力、高灵敏度、应用范围广和较强的专属性等特点,已成为一种重要的现代分离分析技术。串联质谱法比单极质谱具有更高的灵敏度和选择性,可以得到更多的结构信息。本文首先介绍了液相色谱-串联质谱法中串联质谱基本原理、常见质谱质量分析器及其特点、串联质谱的连接方式和数据采集方法等。然后将其在药物代谢研究中的主要应用作简要介绍,主要包括利用串联质谱测定药物的代谢动力学参数,利用几种串联质谱应用方式对药物代谢物的结构进行鉴定,概括了每种方式的优劣,总结了串联质谱在药物代谢物结构鉴定中的应用策略,并对其在药物代谢未来的应用进行了展望。     

Synthetic cathinone pharmacokinetics,analytical methods,and toxicological findings from human performance and postmortem cases

Synthetic cathinones are commonly abused novel psychoactive substances (NPS). We present a comprehensive systematic review addressing in vitro and in vivo synthetic cathinone pharmacokinetics, analytical methods for detection and quantification in biological matrices, and toxicological findings from human performance and postmortem toxicology cases. Few preclinical administration studies examined synthetic cathinone pharmacokinetic profiles (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), and only one investigated metabolite pharmacokinetics. Synthetic cathinone metabolic profiling studies, primarily with human liver microsomes, elucidated metabolite structures and identified suitable biomarkers to extend detection windows beyond those provided by parent compounds. Generally, cathinone derivatives underwent ketone reduction, carbonylation of the pyrrolidine ring, and oxidative reactions, with phase II metabolites also detected. Reliable analytical methods are necessary for cathinone identification in biological matrices to document intake and link adverse events to specific compounds and concentrations. NPS analytical methods are constrained in their ability to detect new emerging synthetic cathinones due to limited commercially available reference standards and continuous development of new analogs. Immunoassay screening methods are especially affected, but also gas-chromatography and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry confirmation methods. Non-targeted high-resolution-mass spectrometry screening methods are advantageous, as they allow for retrospective data analysis and easier addition of new synthetic cathinones to existing methods. Lack of controlled administration studies in humans complicate interpretation of synthetic cathinones in biological matrices, as dosing information is typically unknown. Furthermore, antemortem and postmortem concentrations often overlap and the presence of other psychoactive substances are typically found in combination with cathinones derivatives, further confounding result interpretation.     

Mass Spectrometry Innovations in Drug Discovery and Development

This review highlights the many roles mass spectrometry plays in the discovery and development of new therapeutics by both the pharmaceutical and the biotechnology industries. Innovations in mass spectrometer source design, improvements to mass accuracy, and implementation of computer-controlled automation have accelerated the purification and characterization of compounds derived from combinatorial libraries, as well as the throughput of pharmacokinetics studies. The use of accelerator mass spectrometry, chemical reaction interface-mass spectrometry and continuous flow-isotope ratio mass spectrometry are promising alternatives for conducting mass balance studies in man. To meet the technical challenges of proteomics, discovery groups in biotechnology companies have led the way to development of instruments with greater sensitivity and mass accuracy (e.g., MALDI-TOF, ESI-Q-TOF, Ion Trap), the miniaturization of separation techniques and ion sources (e.g., capillary HPLC and nanospray), and the utilization of bioinformatics. Affinity-based methods coupled to mass spectrometry are allowing rapid and selective identification of both synthetic and biological molecules. With decreasing instrument cost and size and increasing reliability, mass spectrometers are penetrating both the manufacturing and the quality control arenas. The next generation of technologies to simplify the investigation of the complex fate of novel pharmaceutical entities in vitro and in vivo will be chip-based approaches coupled with mass spectrometry.     

High performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/API/MS/MS) in drug metabolism and toxicology

Studies of the metabolic fate of drugs and other xenobiotics in living systems may be divided into three broad areas: (1) elucidation of biotransformation pathways through identification of circulatory and excretory metabolites (qualitative studies); (2) determination of pharmacokinetics of the parent drug and/or its primary metabolites (quantitative studies); and (3) identification of chemically-reactive metabolites, which play a key role as mediators of drug-induced toxicities (mechanistic studies). Mass spectrometry has been regarded as one of the most important analytical tools in studies of drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics and biochemical toxicology. With the commercial introduction of new ionization methods such as those based on atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques and the combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), it has now become a truly indispensable technique in pharmaceutical research. Triple stage quadrupole and ion trap mass spectrometers are presently used for this purpose, because of their sensitivity and selectivity. API-TOF mass spectrometry has also been very attractive due to its enhanced full-scan sensitivity, scan speed, improved resolution and ability to measure the accurate masses for protonated molecules and fragment ions. This review aims to survey the utility of mass spectrometry in drug metabolism and toxicology and to highlight novel applications and future trends in this field.     

Molecular and functional analysis of cellular phenomena using single-cell mass spectrometry

Single-cell analysis has attracted attention in many fields of biological studies as a tool to survey the precise mechanisms of cellular and molecular behavior. The development of sensitive mass spectrometry allows the study of molecules in single cells or small regions. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry and secondary-ion mass spectrometry use in situ ionization of specimens on sample plates to visualize molecular distributions as images from mass spectra. Several single-cell mass spectrometry technologies that initially recover a single cell followed by ionization have been developed. Among them, only nanospray-mediated sampling and ionization named Live Single-cell Mass Spectrometry can be used for real-time analysis. This paper explains that method in detail.     

Current technologies and considerations for drug bioanalysis in oral fluid

Drug oral fluid analysis was first used almost 30 years ago for the purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring. Since then, oral fluid bioanalysis has become more popular, mainly in the fields of pharmacokinetics, workplace drug testing, criminal justice, driving under the influence testing and therapeutic drug monitoring. In fact, oral fluid can provide a readily available and noninvasive medium, without any privacy loss by the examinee, which occurs, for instance, during the collection of urine samples. It is believed that drug concentrations in oral fluid may parallel those measured in blood. This feature makes oral fluid an alternative analytical specimen to blood, which assumes particular importance in roadside testing, the most published application of this sample. Great improvements in the development of accurate and reliable methods for sample collection, in situ detection devices (on-site drug detection kits), and highly sensitive and specific analytical methods for oral fluid testing of drugs have been observed in the last few years. However, without mass spectrometry-based analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the desired sensitivity would not be met, due to the low amounts of sample usually available for analysis. This review will discuss a series of published papers on the applicability of oral fluid in the field of analytical, clinical and forensic toxicology, with a special focus on its advantages and drawbacks over the normally used biological specimens and the main technological advances over the last decade, which have made oral fluid analysis of drugs possible.     

Optimization of analytical and pre-analytical conditions for MALDI-TOF-MS human urine protein profiles

Protein analysis in biological fluids, such as urine, by means of mass spectrometry (MS) still suffers for insufficient standardization in protocols for sample collection, storage and preparation. In this work, the influence of these variables on healthy donors human urine protein profiling performed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was studied.     

Development of standardized methodology for identifying toxins in clinical samples and fish species associated with tetrodotoxin-borne poisoning incidents

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a naturally occurring toxin in food, especially in puffer fish. TTX poisoning is observed frequently in South East Asian regions. In TTX-derived food poisoning outbreaks, the amount of TTX recovered from suspicious fish samples or leftovers, and residual levels from biological fluids of victims are typically trace. However, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry methods have been demonstrated to qualitatively and quantitatively determine TTX in clinical samples from victims. Identification and validation of the TTX-originating seafood species responsible for a food poisoning incident is needed. A polymerase chain reaction-based method on mitochondrial DNA analysis is useful for identification of fish species. This review aims to collect pertinent information available on TTX-borne food poisoning incidents with a special emphasis on the analytical methods employed for TTX detection in clinical laboratories as well as for the identification of TTX-bearing species.     

Comparison of different serum sample extraction methods and their suitability for mass spectrometry analysis

Mass spectrometry has been widely used, particularly in pharmacokinetic investigations and for therapeutic drug monitoring purposes. Like any other analytical method some difficulties exist in employing mass spectrometry, mainly when it is used to test biological samples, such as to detect drug candidates in mammalian serum, which is rich in proteins, lipids and other contents that may interfere with the investigational drug. The complexity of the serum proteome presents challenges for efficient sample preparation and adequate sensitivity for mass spectrometry analysis of drugs. Enrichment procedures prior to the drug analysis are often needed and as a result, the study of serum or plasma components usually demands either methods of purification or depletion of one or more. Selection of the best combination of sample introduction method is a crucial determinant of the sensitivity and accuracy of mass spectrometry. The aim of this study was to determine the highest serum protein precipitation activity of five commonly used sample preparation methods and test their suitability for mass spectrometry. We spiked three small molecules into rabbit serum and applied different protein precipitation methods to determine their precipitation activity and applicability as a mass spectrometry introductory tool.