淋巴细胞培养上清诱导低密度嗜酸细胞作用

分离豚鼠外周血淋巴细胞加入ＣｏｎＡ在体外培养后，收集上清液。１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的组胺不能诱导正常密度嗜酸细胞（ＮＥｏ）转变为低密度嗜酸细胞（ＨＥｏ），但Ｅｏｓ经淋巴细胞培养上清预处理后，组胺能明显地刺激ＮＥｏ转变为ＨＥｏ（Ｐ＜０．０５），１０－６ｍｏｌ／ＬＰＡＦ能诱导１５．９％的ＮＥｏ转变为ＨＥｏ，而经淋巴细胞培养上清预处理能显著增强ＰＡＦ的作用。淋巴细胞培养上清与Ｅｏｓ悬液１：１比例温育３０ｍｉｎ，对Ｅｏｓ密度无显著影响，但温育４８ｈ能显著地诱导ＮＥｏ转变为ＨＥｏ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。同样，淋巴细胞培养上清与Ｅｏｓ作用３０ｍｉｎ，不能诱导Ｅｏｓ脱颗粒，作用４８ｈ能诱导Ｅｏｓ释放约２８％的Ｅｏｓ过氧化物酶（ＥＰｏ）。以上表明淋巴细胞产物能致敏Ｅｏｓ，增强炎性介质刺激ＨＥｏ产生的能力。淋巴细胞产物诱导ＨＥｏ产生的作用较ＰＡＦ等缓慢，这种作用可能是刺激Ｅｏｓ脱颗粒的结果。     

白介素2和血小板活化因子对嗜酸性粒细胞的趋化作用比较

用改良Ｂｏｙｄｅｎ法，测定重组人白介素２（ｒｈＩＬ－２）和血小板活化因子（ＰＡＦ）对豚鼠嗜酸性粒细胞（Ｅｏｓ）和中性粒细胞（Ｎｅｕ）的趋化和化学激动作用，ｒｈＩＬ－２对Ｅｏｓ的最大趋化作用浓度为１０￣（－１２）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，较ＰＡＦ的作用强约１００００倍，１０￣（－５）～１０￣（－９）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内，ＰＡＦ对Ｅｏｓ和Ｎｅｕ有相似的趋化作用．但在对Ｅｏｓ呈趋化作用的１０￣－９～１０￣－１３ｍｏ１／Ｌ范围内。ｒｈＩＬ－２对Ｎｅｕ无明显作用．另外，１０￣（－１２）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ｒｈＩＬ－２对Ｅｏｓ的趋化和化学激动作用无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而１０￣（－８）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＰＡＦ对Ｅｏｓ的趋化作用则显著大于化学激动作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）。以上结果表明，ＩＬ－２是一种极强的选择性Ｅｏｓ趋化介质．     

去甲肾上腺素对大鼠体外抗体生成的影响

目的 观察不同浓度甲肾上腺素（ＮＡ，１０＾－１～１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对大鼠体外抗体生成的影响，并初步探讨其作用机制。方法 在体外用百红细胞（ＳＲＢＣ）刺激大鼠肠系结Ｂ细胞转化成形成细胞（ＡＦＣ），然后检测其抗体生成量。结果 （１）１０＾－１０、１０＾－６、１０＾－８和１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮＡ都能显著高于外抗体生成，其中１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮＡ的作用最强。（２）γ受体激动剂异丙肾上腺素亦能明显     

P物质对人多形核白细胞功能的影响

目的研究Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）对人多形核白细胞（ＰＭＮ）有关方面作用及可能的意义。方法应用硝基四氮唑蓝（ＮＢＴ）还原法，荧光法和Ｇｒｉｅｓｓ反应等测定不同浓度ＳＰ单独或在细菌衍生肽类似物ＦＭＬＰ甲酯存在下对ＰＭＮ产生超氧阴离子（Ｏ－２，）过氧化氢（Ｈ２Ｏ２），一氧化氮（ＮＯ）和ＰＭＮ膜上一功能酶中性内肽酶（ＮＥＰ）活性及膜流动性的影响。结果ＳＰ（≥１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可剌激ＰＭＮ显著产生Ｏ－２，Ｈ２Ｏ２和ＮＯ，后者被Ｌ－单甲基精氨酸（ＮＭＭＡ）所抑制；ＳＰ（１０－８～１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能显著增加ＦＭＬＰ甲酯剌激ＰＭＮ产生Ｈ２Ｏ２，并显浓度递增依赖性；ＳＰ与ＦＭＬＰ甲酯协同可下调ＮＥＰ活性；ＳＰ能提高ＰＭＮ膜流动性。结论ＳＰ可通过ＰＭＮ介导调节炎症反应，对ＰＭＮ的杀菌功能有增强作用，ＳＰ对ＰＭＮ的这些影响可能是神经系统参与炎症和免疫调节的途径之一。     

人工细胞抗高血压因子对人脐静脉VSMC胞浆及核内Ca^2＋水平的影响

采实验用Ｆｌｕｏ－３／ＡＭ染色在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察了红细胞抗高血压因子（ａｎｔｉｈｙｐｅｒｔｅｎｓｉｖｅ ｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＡＨＦ）对人脐静脉ＶＳＭＣ胞浆（〗Ｃａ＾２＋〖）及核内（〖Ｃａ＾２＋〗ｎ）游离钙离了瓣影响。结果表明：ＡＨＦ（１０＾－４ｇ／ｍＬ）明显抑制Ｂａｙ ｋ８６４４（１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）ＫＣｌ（６０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,ＡｎｇⅡ（１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）及ＩＰ３（１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）     

血管内皮在猪离体肺内动脉缺氧性收缩反应中的作用及机制

浴槽内缺氧（ｐＯ２＝４０ｍｍＨｇ，５．３３ｋＰａ）可使内皮（ＥＣ）完整的猪离体肺内动脉（ＰＡ）收缩（张力升高０．８６±０．０９，ｎ＝１２）。去除ＥＣ后ＰＡ的缺氧收缩反应减弱（张力升高仅０．１１±０．０３ｇ，ｎ＝１２，Ｐ＜０．０１）。内皮衍的舒张因子（ＥＤＲＦｓ）的抑制剂美兰、棉子酚（均１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）及钙拮抗异搏停（１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可显著抑制ＥＣ完整ＰＡ的缺氧性收缩反应，而消炎痛、乙胺     

去甲肾上腺素影响单核细胞抗原提呈的机制

１０＾－１３～１０＾－９ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的去甲肾上腺素体外作用时能促进人外周血单核细胞的抗原提呈功能（ＡＰＦ）。ＰＫＣ激活剂ＰＭＡ和抑制剂４ａ－ＰＤＤ分别能加强和抑制ＮＥ对Ｍｏｎ的ＡＰＦ的促进作用；异搏定能抑制ＮＥ的这种作用，而ＰＫＡ的抑制剂ＰＫＩ对ＮＥ的这种作用无。结果提示ＮＥ促进ＭｏｎＡＰＦ的机制可能涉及到Ｃａ＾２＋和ＰＫＣ，而与ＰＫＡ无关。     

嗜酸性粒细胞IL—2RmRNA表达及IL—2的趋化作用

本文报道从多粘菌素Ｂ诱导的豚鼠腹腔渗出液，分离嗜酸性粒细胞（Ｅｏｓ），提取总ＲＮＡ，以地高辛配基标记的ＩＬ－２ＲａｃＤＮＡ探针进行点杂交，检测出ＥｏｓＩＬ－２ＲａｍＲＮＡ表达。测定ｒｈＩＬ－２对豚鼠Ｅｏｓ的趋化作用，ＥＤ＿（５０）为１０￣（－１３）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、最大趋化作用浓度为１０￣（－１２）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。但在１０￣８～１０￣（－１２）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度范围内，ＩＬ－２对４８ｈＥｏｓ存活率及Ｅｏｓ过氧化物酶活性均无显著作用。表明Ｅｏｓ有功能性ＩＬ－２受体表达，其作用主要为极强的趋化反应。     

体外阻断GR功能对鸡脾淋巴细胞活性及Dex免疫抑制的影响

用地塞米松（Ｄｅｘ）和ＲＵ４８６分别或联合与鸡淋巴细胞，ＣｏｎＡ－一起培养，检测了淋巴细胞掺入＾３Ｈ－胸苷（＾Ｈ－ＴｄＲ）量的变化，１０＾－５和１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／ＬＲＵ４８６可抑制淋巴细胞掺入＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ（Ｐ〈０．０１），而１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ则无明显影响（Ｐ〉０．０５）１０＾－５，１０＾－６和１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／ＬＤｅｘ地淋巴细胞掺入＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ有明显的抑制作用（Ｐ〈０．０１），１０＾－５ｍｏ     

乙酰胆碱对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内钙离子浓度和表面Ia抗原表达的影响

用Ｆｕｒａ－２作为荧光探针测定大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞（Ｍ）内钙离子浓度（［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］ｉ），ＡＰＡＡＰ桥联酶标法检测Ｍ表面Ｉａ抗原的表达。结果表明：５×１０￣（－６）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的乙酞胆碱（Ａｃｈ）可使Ｍ［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］ｉ；明显上升，可促进Ｍ表面Ｉ－Ａ和Ｉ－Ｅ抗原的表达，而阿托品（１０￣（－５）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可阻断Ａｃｈ升高［Ｃａ￣（２＋）］ｉ的作用。阿托品、三氟啦嚎（ＴＦＰ，５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、ＥＧＴＡ（６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）均可阻断Ｍ促进ＭＩａ抗原表达的作用，ｃＡＭＰ依赖性蛋白激酶抑制剂（ＰＫＩ，２５μｇ／ｍｌ）对Ａｃｈ促进ＭＩａ抗原表达的作用无影响。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.