Adherence to a Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern and Cancer Risk in a Prospective Cohort Study

A Mediterranean-style diet is a healthy eating pattern that may benefit cancer risk, but evidence among Americans is scarce. We examined the prospective association between adherence to such a diet pattern and total cancer risk. A Mediterranean-style dietary pattern (MSDP) score was derived from a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at exam 5 (1991–1995). Subjects included 2966 participants of the Framingham Offspring Study who were free of prevalent cancer. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric measures. Cox-models were also used to examine effect modification by lifestyle and anthropometric measures. During 18 years of median follow-up, 259 women and 352 men were diagnosed with cancer. Women with moderate or higher adherence to the MSDP had ≥25% lower risks of cancer than women with the lowest MSDP (HR (moderate vs. lowest): 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52–0.97 and HR (highest vs. lowest): 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55–0.99). The association between MSDP score and cancer risk in men was weaker except in non-smokers. Beneficial effects of the MSDP in women were stronger among those who were not overweight. In this study, higher adherence to MSDP was associated with lower cancer risk, especially among women.     

Diet Quality and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease: The Rotterdam Study

The Mediterranean diet has been associated with the risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD), but limited research has been performed on other dietary patterns. We studied the relationship between overall diet quality and PD risk in the general population. We included 9414 participants from the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population-based study in the Netherlands. Diet was defined using a Dutch diet quality score, a Mediterranean diet score and data-driven dietary patterns constructed with principal component analysis (PCA). During an average follow-up of 14.1 years, PD was diagnosed in 129 participants. We identified a ‘Prudent’, ‘Unhealthy’ and ‘Traditional Dutch’ pattern from the PCA. We found a possible association between the Mediterranean diet (Hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation (SD) 0.89 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74–1.07)), the ‘Prudent’ pattern (HR per SD 0.81 (95% CI 0.61–1.08)) and the risk of PD. However, no associations with PD risk were found for the Dutch diet quality score (HR per SD 0.93 (95% CI 0.77–1.12)), the ‘Unhealthy’ pattern (HR per SD 1.05 (95% CI 0.85–1.29)) or the ‘Traditional Dutch’ pattern (HR per SD 0.90 (95% CI 0.69–1.17)). In conclusion, our results corroborate previous findings of a possible protective effect of the Mediterranean diet. Further research is warranted to study the effect of other dietary patterns on PD risk.     

Carotenoid Intake and Colorectal Cancer Risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study

Background

A protective effect of fruits and vegetables against colorectal cancer has been supported by many epidemiologic studies. This suggests that the carotenoids frequently found in these foods play a role in the prevention of this common cancer. To examine associations between the intake of individual and total carotenoids and the risk of colorectal cancer, we analyzed prospective data from the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Methods

This analysis includes 85 898 men and 105 106 women who completed a quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1993–1996. The participants were African Americans, Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and whites aged 45–75 years at cohort entry. After an average follow-up of 8.2 years, 1292 and 1086 incident cases of colorectal cancer were identified in men and women, respectively. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate relative risks of colorectal cancer.

Results

No significant associations were found between intake of individual and total carotenoids and colorectal cancer risk either in men or women, except for β-cryptoxanthin, which showed a mild protective effect in men. When the associations were investigated separately for colon and rectal cancer, lycopene intake was related to an increased risk of rectal cancer in men. A decreased risk was seen for total β-carotene in male current smokers, but the test for interaction with smoking status was not significant. No association was observed in each ethnic-sex group.

Conclusion

Overall, our findings do not support a significant association between carotenoid intake and colorectal cancer, although some associations were seen in subgroup analyses.Key words: carotenoids, colorectal neoplasms, smoking, cohort studies, multiethnic population     

维生素与肺癌危险性的病例对照研究

肺癌是严重危害人类生命健康的恶性肿瘤之一。云南锡业公司（云锡,ＹｕｎｎａｎＴｉｎＣｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ,ＹＴＣ）矿工肺癌发病率在中国最高,男性矿工肺癌死亡率是中国其它地方的１０倍［１］。而该公司所处的云南省个旧市男性肺癌死亡率也高居全国之首,为全国平均水平的３．９倍［２］。一般认为职业因素是肺癌高发的主要原因,除职业因素外,还可能与当地自然环境、居住条件、饮食习惯等因素有关。　　维生素是维持人体生理功能所必需的营养素。虽然其需要量甚微,但其缺乏与不足常可导致生理功能紊乱,从而增加肿瘤易感性。有研…     

Diet and Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease,Cirrhosis, and Liver Cancer: A Large Prospective Cohort Study in UK Biobank

Background and Aims: Epidemiological evidence has shown the association between nutritional habits and liver disease. However, results remain conflicting. This study investigated the influence of dietary factors on the risk of incident non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Methods: Data from the UK Biobank database were analyzed (n = 372,492). According to baseline data from the food frequency questionnaire, two main dietary patterns (Western and prudent) were identified using principal component analysis. We used cox proportional hazards models to explore the associations of individual food groups and dietary patterns with NAFLD, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Results: During a median follow-up of 12 years, 3527 hospitalized NAFLD, 1643 cirrhosis, and 669 liver cancer cases were recorded among 372,492 participants without prior history of cancer or chronic liver diseases at baseline. In multivariable adjusted analysis, participants in the high tertile of Western dietary pattern score had an 18% (95%CI = 1.09–1.29), 21% (95%CI = 1.07–1.37), and 24% (95%CI = 1.02–1.50) higher risk of incident NAFLD, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer, respectively, compared with the low tertile. Participants in the high tertile of prudent scores had a 15% (95%CI = 0.75–0.96) lower risk of cirrhosis, as compared with those in the low tertile. In addition, the higher consumption of red meat and the lower consumption of fruit, cereal, tea, and dietary fiber were significantly associated with a higher risk of NAFLD, cirrhosis, and liver cancer (p_trend < 0.05). Conclusions: This large prospective cohort study showed that an increased intake of food from the Western dietary pattern could be correlated with an increased risk of chronic liver diseases, while the prudent pattern was only correlated with a reduced liver cirrhosis risk. These data may provide new insights into lifestyle interventions for the prevention of chronical liver diseases.     

Evaluation of Simplified Diet Scores Related to C-Reactive Protein in Heavy Smokers Undergoing Lung Cancer Screening

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between adherence to a healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in Italian heavy smokers undergoing an LDCT screening program (bioMILD trial), using scores calculated by simple questionnaires. Simple formats of food frequency questionnaires were administered to a sample of 2438 volunteers, and the adherence to a healthy diet was measured by the validated 14-point MEDAS and by two adaptations proposed by us: 17-item revised-MEDAS and 18-item revised-MEDAS. The OR of CRP ≥ 2 mg/L for 1-point increase in 14-point MEDAS score was 0.95 (95% CI 0.91–0.99), for 17-point score was 0.94 (95% CI 0.91–0.98), and for 18-point score was 0.92 (95% CI 0.88–0.97). These inverse associations remained statistically significant also after further adjustment for body mass index. These results showed the efficacy of simplified scores and their relationship with lower levels of CRP in a population of heavy smokers. This suggests that a targeted nutritional intervention might achieve a substantial reduction in CRP levels. The findings will be prospectively tested in a new randomized study on primary prevention during lung cancer screening.     

Japanese Diet and Mortality,Disability, and Dementia: Evidence from the Ohsaki Cohort Study

The Japanese dietary pattern has long been discussed as one of the factors behind the longevity of Japanese people. However, the health benefits of the Japanese dietary pattern have not been fully elucidated. We published the first report in the world regarding the relation between the Japanese dietary pattern and cardiovascular disease mortality in 2007 using cohort studies including Japanese residents of Ohsaki City, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Since then, we have developed the Japanese Diet Index (JDI) that was based on previous findings to assess the degree of the Japanese dietary pattern and to advance the evidence on the health effects of the Japanese dietary pattern. So far, we have explored the associations between the JDI score (in quartiles) and various outcomes. For all-cause mortality, in comparison to Q1 (the lowest), the multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were 0.92 (0.85–1.00) for Q2, 0.91 (0.83–0.99) for Q3, and 0.91 (0.83–0.99) for Q4 (the highest). For functional disability, the multivariable HRs (95%CIs) were 0.94 (0.81–1.09) for Q2, 0.90 (0.77–1.05) for Q3, and 0.79 (0.68–0.92) for Q4. For dementia, the multivariable HRs (95%CIs) were 0.88 (0.74–1.05) for Q2, 0.87 (0.73–1.04) for Q3, 0.79 (0.66–0.95) for Q4. In addition, people with higher adherence to the Japanese dietary pattern also showed decreases in disability and dementia risks. The purpose of this article was to review all six papers, summarize the health effects of the Japanese dietary pattern, and discuss implications for future research.     

吸烟,饮酒与肺癌死亡关系的前瞻性定群研究

从１９８２年６月开始至１９９４年末对邹城市３个乡镇２９个村的２０岁以上男女村民５８０３人进行前瞻性定群观察吸烟、饮酒与死亡的动态情况。结果表明，男女吸烟者死亡率为３７．１３／１０万人年，不吸烟者为１２．３８／１０万人年，ＲＲ＝３．０，９５％ＣＩ为１．５１～５．９５（χ２＝１０．９０，Ｐ＝０．０００９６），ＡＲ＝３．３４／１０万人年，ＡＲ％＝６６．６６％，ＰＡＲ＝３．３４／１０万，ＰＡＲ％＝２１．２５％。每日吸烟量、吸烟年限与肺癌死亡间存在明显的剂量效应关系（Ｐ＜０．００１）。每日吸烟４０支以上者的ＲＲ值是不吸烟者的７．９１倍，吸烟４０年以上者的ＲＲ值是不吸烟者的５．２５～７．６７倍。而饮酒与肺癌的死亡无联系（Ｐ＞０．０５）。吸烟与饮酒无协同致肺癌作用。     

5种基因与某些环境因素在肺癌发生中交互作用的单纯病例研究

[目的]研究环境暴露因素与基因多态性对肺癌发生危险性的影响。[方法]对227例原发性肺癌病人进行单纯病例研究,应用Logistic回归对CYP1A1、mEH、NAT2、NQO1、XRCC3基因多态性与多种环境危险因素之间的交互作用进行了分析。[结果]吸烟指数超过20包年者携带CYP1A1至少一个MspⅠ突变等位基因的基因型的频率高于不吸烟者(OR=1.55,95%CI=1.15~2.09;ORadj=1.39,95%CIadj=0.94~2.07)。NAT2慢代谢基因型与烹饪时厨房充满油烟味存在一定交互作用(OR=1.96,95%CI=0.95~4.07;ORadj=2.15,95%CIadj=1.01~4.57)。未发现其它代谢酶和修复酶基因与环境因素之间存在明显交互作用。[结论]携带CYP1A1MspⅠ易感基因型同时吸烟指数超过20包年,NAT2慢代谢基因型同时长期油烟暴露可能增加肺癌发生的危险性。今后应加大样本含量,进行多基因与环境因素之间的联合作用分析。     

铁矿工人肺癌回顾性队列研究

对１５个铁矿采矿工人的肺癌进行了回顾性队列研究。队列由１６９５１名１９７１年前入放的男职工组成,观察期从１９８０年至１９８９年,失访７６０人（４．５％）,队列内非接尘人群是接尘人群各群的对照人群。接尘人群及其井下、露天、赤铁矿、磁铁矿各舸矿各组中癌均无明显超量。但接尘人群分为非矽肺和矽肺两群时组,矽肺患者人群的肺癌显示超量。赤铁矿、磁铁矿、井下矿、吴矿各群组都再分为非矽肺和矽肺两群组时,除露天采矿     

木尘与癌症的回顾性队列研究

为了探讨木尘与癌症的关系，我们对某木综厂进行了回顾性队列研究，木尘组为该厂接触木尘者２３６２（男１７０７，女６５５）人，３３６７９人年，观察期１５年（１９７８．１．１．～１９９２．１２．３１．），非木尘组为本地某煤矿职工２５８７人，５４０４０人年，观察期２１年（１９７２．１．１．～１９９２．１２．３１．），并与当地居民的死亡率进行了比较。队列中全部癌症病人均为Ｉ～Ⅱ级诊断，木尘接触工人前３位的癌症分别是肺癌（３５．１％）、肝癌（１８．２％）和食道癌（１５．６％）。与非木尘组比较，木尘接触职工全癌、肺癌、肠癌、食道癌的标化死亡率分别为２４２．５２、７４．６２、４３．７８和４２．８２／１０万，ＲＲ分别为１．９８、４．０８、３．２３和２．８８，均有高度显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。全癌、肺癌、肠癌和白血病的ＳＭＲ分别为１５４．８、２１８．６、２８４．８和３５２．７（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示木尘可能与肺癌、肠癌、食道癌、肝癌和白血病有一定关系。     

Diet Quality as Measured by the Healthy Eating Index 2015 and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Risk

BackgroundAlcohol and tobacco are the major risk factors for oral and pharyngeal cancer, but diet is likely to have a role, too.ObjectiveThe objective was to analyze the relationship between adherence to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), as measured by the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015), and oral and pharyngeal cancer risk. Moreover, this work aimed to quantify the number of avoidable cases under different scenarios of increased adherence to the DGA, with the use of the potential impact fraction. This estimates the proportion of cases that would occur if the distribution of the risk factor in the population followed an alternative distribution.DesignA multicenter, case–control study was conducted in Italy between 1991 and 2009. Participants’ usual diet for the 2 years preceding study enrolment was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire.Participants and settingCases were 946 patients admitted to major hospitals with incident, histologically confirmed oral and pharyngeal cancer. Controls were 2,492 patients admitted to the same hospitals for acute non neoplastic conditions.Main outcome measuresThe adherence to the DGA was assessed using the HEI-2015 score (range = 0 to 100), based on 13 components. The outcome was oral and pharyngeal cancer.Statistical analyses performedOdds ratios and the corresponding 95% CIs were estimated using multiple logistic regression models adjusted for tobacco, alcohol, and other relevant covariates. The potential impact fraction was estimated under different scenarios of adherence to the DGA.ResultsIn this Italian population the HEI-2015 score ranged from 33.4 to 97.5. A higher HEI-2015 score was associated with a lower risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer, with an odds ratio of 0.70 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.79) for a 10-point increment of the score. The estimated potential impact fraction was 64.8% under the maximum achievable reduction scenario, and it ranged from 9% to 27% following other more feasible scenarios.ConclusionsThe HEI-2015 score was inversely related to oral and pharyngeal cancer risk in this Italian population. This analysis allowed for the estimation of the fraction of preventable cases, under different feasible scenarios. A share of 9% to 27% of avoidable cases of oral and pharyngeal cancer might be obtained across real-world scenarios of adherence to the DGA as measured by the HEI-2015 score.     

Lung Cancer Mortality in a Cohort of Older Pulp and Paper Workers

Abstract

The occurrence of deaths due to lung cancer was studied among 883 white male workers from a pulp and paper company in northern New Hampshire. All subjects had participated in a longitudinal study of respiratory morbidity, and data from interviews were used to construct lifetime cigarette smoking and occupational histories. Most of the subjects had entered follow-up in the 1960s and, at that time, their mean age was 51 years and they had worked for the pulp and paper company a mean of 25 years. By the end of follow-up in 1992, the 512 deceased subjects included 35 whose underlying cause of death had been lung cancer. With an internal comparison, using the Cox proportional-hazards model, the hazard ratio for sulfite pulp mill work was 2.5 (95% CI 1.3–4.9), while controlling for the effects of age, cigarette smoking, and work in other parts of the pulping operation. In addition, the hazard ratio for the combination of > 35 pack-years of smoking and > 10 years sulfite mill work was greater than the product of the hazard ratios for each factor alone. While these findings are consistent with past asbestos exposure in the sulfite pulp mill environment, the absence of mesothelioma cases is inconsistent with this type of exposure.     

Adherence to a Healthy Nordic Food Index Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Type-2 Diabetes—The Danish Diet,Cancer and Health Cohort Study

Background: Type-2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence is rapidly increasing worldwide. Lifestyle factors, in particular obesity, diet, and physical activity play a significant role in the etiology of the disease. Of dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean diet has been studied, and generally a protective association has been identified. However, other regional diets are less explored. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between adherence to a healthy Nordic food index and the risk of T2D. The index consists of six food items: fish, cabbage, rye bread, oatmeal, apples and pears, and root vegetables. Methods: Data was obtained from a prospective cohort study of 57,053 Danish men and women aged 50–64 years, at baseline, of whom 7366 developed T2D (median follow-up: 15.3 years). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the association between the healthy Nordic food index and risk of T2D, adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Greater adherence to the healthy Nordic food index was significantly associated with lower risk of T2D after adjusting for potential confounders. An index score of 5−6 points (high adherence) was associated with a statistically significantly 25% lower T2D risk in women (HR: 0.75, 95%CI: 0.61–0.92) and 38% in men (HR: 0.62; 95%CI: 0.53–0.71) compared to those with an index score of 0 points (poor adherence). Conclusion: Adherence to a healthy Nordic food index was found to be inversely associated with risk of T2D, suggesting that regional diets other than the Mediterranean may also be recommended for prevention of T2D.     

Diabetes Risk Reduction Diet and Endometrial Cancer Risk

Diabetes increases endometrial cancer risk. We investigated the role of a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) on the risk of endometrial cancer using data from a multicentric, Italian hospital-based case–control study (1992–2006) enrolling 454 histologically confirmed cases of endometrial cancer and 908 controls matched by age and center. We derived a DRRD score assigning higher scores for higher intakes of cereal fiber, fruit, coffee, polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio, and nuts and for lower glycemic load and lower intakes of red/processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages/fruit juices. The odds ratios (OR) of endometrial cancer according to the DRRD score were derived by multiple conditional logistic regression models. The OR for high (DRRD score >24, i.e., third tertile) versus medium–low adherence to the DRRD was 0.73 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.55–0.97). Similar results were observed after the exclusion of diabetic women (OR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.56–1.00) and allowance for total vegetable consumption (OR 0.80; 95% CI, 0.60–1.07). Inverse associations were observed in most of the analyzed subgroups. The OR for high DRRD combined with high vegetable consumption was 0.45 (95% CI, 0.28–0.73). Our results suggest that diets able to reduce diabetes risk may also reduce endometrial cancer risk. High vegetable consumption combined with high adherence to the DRRD may provide additional benefit in endometrial cancer prevention.     

某厂枪弹制造作业人员肝癌死亡队列研究

对某厂枪弹制造作业人员肝癌死亡进行了回顾性队列研究。观察组１９２８人,观察２７７８２人年,对照组６７６人,观察９７０１人年,失访率均低于５％,观察期从１９８１年１月１日至１９９５年１２月３１日,以哈市一般人群为参比标准时,观察组男性肝癌标化死亡比（ＳＭＲ）为１．７９（９５％ＣＩ １．１３￣２．６８）。与对照组比,年龄分层相对危险度（ＲＲＴ）为１．５４;观察组中熔铜工男性ＳＭＲ４．４８（９５％ ＣＩ     

Subsequent Cancer Risk of Women Receiving Hysterosalpingography: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study

The objective of this study was to estimate the subsequent cancer risk of women after receiving hysterosalpingography (HSG) by conducting a nationwide retrospective cohort study. We identified a study cohort of 4,371 patients who had had a HSG examination and a comparison cohort of 17,484 women without HSG examination between 1998 and 2005. Both cohorts were followed up with until the end of 2010 to measure the incidence of cancer. The risk of developing cancer for patients with HSG was assessed using the Cox proportional hazard model. In the multivariate analyses, the HSG cohort did not have a significantly greater risk of cancer (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.79–1.31) than the non-HSG cohort. The HR was highest for genital cancer (HR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.77–2.25), followed by urinary system cancer (HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.23–5.40), and abdominal cancer not involving the GU system (HR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.53–2.03), all of which were non-significant elevations. The cancer incidence rates, especially that for urinary system cancer, were increased in the HSG cohort, but the increase in cancer incidence was small and not statistically significant.     

Diet and Risk of Gastric Cancer: An Umbrella Review

Several dietary exposures have been associated with gastric cancer (GC), but the associations are often heterogenous and may be afflicted by inherent biases. In the context of an Umbrella Review (UR), we provide an overview and a critical evaluation of the strength and quality, and evidence classification of the associations of diet-related exposures in relation to the risk of GC. We searched PubMed and Scopus for eligible meta-analyses of observational studies published in English from inception to 12 December 2021, and for any identified association, we applied robust epidemiological validity evaluation criteria and individual study quality assessment using AMSTAR. We screened 3846 titles/abstracts and assessed 501 full articles for eligibility, of which 49 were included in the analysis, investigating 147 unique exposures in relation to GC, cardia (GCC) or non-cardia (GNCC) cancer. Supported by suggestive evidence, positive associations were found comparing the highest vs. lowest categories for: heavy (>42 g/day) alcohol consumption (Relative Risk (RR) = 1.42, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.20–1.67), salted fish consumption (RR = 1.56, 95% CI:1.30–1.87) and waist circumference (RR = 1.48, 95% CI:1.24–1.78) and an inverse association for the healthy lifestyle index (RR = 0.60, 95% CI:0.48–0.74) in relation to GC. Additionally, a positive association was found comparing obese individuals (Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 30) to normal-weight individuals (BMI: 18.5–25) (RR = 1.82, 95% CI:1.32–2.49) in relation to GCC. Most of the meta-analyses were of medium-to-high quality (median items: 7.0, interquartile range: 6–9). Maintaining a normal body weight and adopting healthy dietary choices, in particular, limiting the consumption of salt-preserved foods and alcohol, can reduce the risk of gastric cancer.     

肺癌化疗实施护理干预的睡眠质量和生活质量观察

目的探讨肺癌化疗患者实施护理干预对其睡眠质量和生活质量的影响。方法将肿瘤科80例肺癌化疗患者(2017年1月—2019年4月)纳入研究,用计算机进行随机分组,分为:常规组(n=40)、干预组(n=40),对常规组进行常规护理,对干预组实施优质护理干预,分析患者睡眠质量、生活质量及不良反应状况。结果干预组消化系统症状、头晕头痛、食欲不振发生率与常规组组间对比更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预组护理后PSQI评分与常规组组间对比更低,EORTCQLQ-C30评分与常规组组间对比更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肺癌化疗患者实施优质护理干预可减少不良反应,并改善睡眠质量和生活质量。