抗草原兔尾鼠抗体制备及特异性检测

目的研究生态保留带地栖息环境质量对普通田鼠活动格局的影响和普通田鼠对周围农作物的扩散。方法用新型无线电自动跟踪器从2003年5~10月和2004年3~9月研究了生态保留带中的普通田鼠种群。结果普通田鼠的巢区大小分别在125 m2(最小凸起多边形方法)和30 m2(Kernel法),巢区大小比较稳定,巢区日间重叠率达到90%左右,巢区基本在生态保留带之内,包括不同核心区;夏天普通田鼠的白日活动比较活跃,包括多阶段活动格局,阶段间隔时间为1.7 h。结论生态保留带对普通田鼠提供高质量的栖息环境,持续高种群密度,对周围农地不会产生危害。     

瑞士北部农田周围野花地小型兽类种群结构特征的研究

目的评价野花地等生态保留带对小型兽类种群动态的影响. 方法我们在瑞士西北部选择3个野花地样地,采用标志重捕方法对普通田鼠种群结构特征和数量动态进行系统地研究.结果生态保留带适合于小型兽类特别是普通田鼠的生存,当周围耕地或农田受到人类干扰时普通田鼠和其他避难鼠种可生存在野花地中,但是,种群数量只有临时达到高峰.在3个野花地间普通田鼠种群数量有所差异,但是具有相同的季节性变化趋势,一般在春季随着植物盖度和食物丰富度的增加,种群数量也开始增加,中夏达到最高水平.秋季种群数量开始下降,但是进入冬季的个体数量相对也高.种群中雌雄个体年龄结构之间有明显的差异,雄性中亚成体的数量比雌性多,雌性中成体的数量比雄性多( χ2 =44.09, df=10, P< 0. 0 0 1, n=236).幼体的数量和繁殖期的雌性个体数量相关(r= 0.894, P<0. 000 1,n = 12), 亚成体数量和繁殖前期雌性数量相关(r= 0.893, P = 0.002, n=12), 繁殖期雌性数量和繁殖期雄性数量相关(r =0.99,P<0.0001,n=12). 种群性比基本保持1∶ 1,但具有月间波动趋势.结论生态保留带为小型兽类提供比较好的栖息地、食物、繁殖和隐蔽空间,因此,普通田鼠占优势地位并且种群数量有季节性变动趋势.     

青藏铁路沿线喜玛拉雅旱獭生态学研究

目的研究青藏铁路沿线鼠疫宿主动物喜玛拉雅旱獭生态学规律的,为预防控制鼠疫提供评价依据。方法对喜玛拉雅旱獭野外栖息环境、活动规律、洞巢的结构、食性生态指标进行现场观察和实验室分析和研究。结果旱獭为家族式群栖动物,营昼间活动 活动范围随旱獭个体、季节不同而异,6月活动范围广,9月活动范围小,雄性大于雌性,成体大于幼体。食物以羊胡草、苔草、紫花针茅等植物为主,繁殖期4～6月,平均子宫瘢5.3个,平均胎数3～7只,总体性别比接近1：1。依据臼齿面磨损程度、体长、体重等特征划分年龄组,即1～9龄,种群年龄组为金字塔型。结论喜玛拉雅旱獭主要栖息在海拨3 000～5 460 m之间的高原草原、高山草甸、谷地灌丛草甸草原,喜玛拉雅旱獭属松鼠科旱獭属,在青藏铁路沿线区域属优势种群,其生态学特点与鼠疫在动物间的流行存在紧密关联,具有重要的流行病学价值。     

云南迪庆州山地蚤类物种丰富度垂直分布格局与区系研究

目的对云南横断山区蚤类区系与生态进行研究.方法对云南迪庆州历年(1958～1988年)蚤类区系调查的结果和资料进行了整理和研究.结果当地已知蚤类达57种(亚种),分别隶属于5科27属.其中,古北成分有36种,占63%;东洋成分有14种,占25%;广布种有7种,占12%.在上述蚤类中,有25种(占蚤类数的44%)为横断山特有种,其中9种(占16%)为目前仅见于当地分布的狭布种.对蚤类物种丰富度垂直分布格局的比较和研究后看出,蚤类的物种丰富度最高位于中山海拔约3 200m的针阔叶混交林与亚高山暗针叶林的交接地带,最低位于干热河谷稀疏灌丛草坡带.结论位于当地中山海拔3 000～3 200m的针阔叶混交林带是当地古北与东洋区系的分界线.此外,对该地区蚤类的区系特点、我国西南山地古北与东洋两大动物区系的分界线等问题进行了分析、讨论.     

新疆察布查尔县小型啮齿类动物多房棘球蚴感染情况调查

目的了解新疆察布查尔县多房棘球绦虫流行区中间宿主——小型啮齿类动物的感染和分布情况,确定多房棘球绦虫的中间宿主种类,为当地制定防控措施提供科学依据。方法 2019年选择加尕斯台乡、琼博乐乡、四师和都拉塔口岸等4个调查点,使用板夹、弓形夹捕捉小型啮齿类动物。根据外形特点并结合头骨形态鉴定小型啮齿类动物的种类。取捕获的小型啮齿类动物疑似感染的肝脏分别进行HE染色及PCR方法扩增并测序确定其感染情况。不同地区和不同种群小型啮齿类动物感染率的比较采用χ~2检验。结果本调查共捕获小型啮齿类动物595只,经形态学鉴定分属7个种,其中普通田鼠464只、小林姬鼠84只、柽柳沙鼠14只、大沙鼠14只、坦氏鼹形田鼠8只、灰仓鼠6只和红尾沙鼠5只。67份疑似感染的肝脏样品可见多房棘球蚴病灶,HE染色结果显示,病灶组织可见多房棘球蚴原头节;PCR扩增结果和序列比对表明,该67只小型啮齿类动物均为多房棘球蚴感染,总感染率为11.3%。各种的感染率分别为普通田鼠12.8%(57/464)、小林姬鼠3.6%(3/84)、柽柳沙鼠1/14、大沙鼠2/14、坦氏鼹形田鼠2/8、红尾沙鼠1/5和灰仓鼠1/6。普通田鼠的感染率与小林姬鼠比较差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);普通田鼠与其他5种小型啮齿类动物之间感染率差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。4个调查点中,以琼博乐乡捕获的小型啮齿类动物的感染率最高,为12.3%(49/398)。结论新疆察布查尔县所捕获的小型啮齿类动物主要为普通田鼠和小林姬鼠,前者多房棘球蚴感染率最高。     

湖沼型地区钉螺种群的空间格局分析

目的 探讨湖沼型地区钉螺种群的空间格局。 方法 2005年10月、 2006年4月及11～12月, 随机选取安徽省池州市贵池区秋浦河沿岸的4块滩地设框查螺, 分别计算钉螺的平均拥挤度(m*)、 平均密度(m)、 聚集指标［包括: 扩散系数(C)、 扩散型指数(I_δ)和聚集度指数(m*/m)］、 Taylor的(lg S²-lg m)回归指数以及Iwao的m*-m回归指数。 结果 不同时间4块滩地钉螺的C、 Iδ和m*/m指数均＞1; Taylor的lg S²-lg m回归指数中的lg m与lg S²有明显的线性关系(r=0.972, P＜0.01), lg a=0.602, b=1.427; Iwao的m*-m回归指数中的 m*与m呈明显的线性关系(r=0.984, P＜0.01), α＝2.367, β＝1.617。 结论 湖沼型地区钉螺种群的空间格局为聚集分布, 分布的基本成分是个体群。     

扎鲁特旗低山丘陵区鼠蚤种群结构及流行病学意义

扎鲁特旗低山丘陵区自1985年以来动物鼠疫流行一直未终息,因此掌握该区的鼠蚤种群结构及染疫情况,对今后的鼠疫监测和控制工作有着重要意义。1 地理景观特征 该区位于内蒙古高原向松辽平原的递降带,海拔300～900m,包括12个苏木、乡(镇),约7000km~2,其中6个苏木、乡,(镇)约2000km~2为疫源面积。     

呼和浩特市蜚蠊的种群分布及生态习性调查

本文报告了1985及1987年呼和浩特市三个区的住宅和一些特殊行业蜚蠊的栖息场所种群、密度和生态分布的调查结果。 一、1985年居民住宅调查266户,发现一种蜚蠊,即德国小蠊,捕获14286只,阳性率为83.8％,其中住宅楼阳性率为93.7％,厨房和居室阳性率分别为     

肠内生态营养对创伤后大鼠肠屏障功能的影响

目的:研究肠内生态营养对创伤后大鼠肠道屏障功能的影响.方法:将30只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,即对照组、普通肠内营养组和肠内生态营养组.胃造瘘术后分别给予普通饲料、肠内营养剂和肠内生态营养剂7 d,检测小肠黏膜形态学参数和黏膜IgA ,CD3 ,CD4 和CD8 细胞数量.结果:肠内生态营养组的小肠绒毛高度(205.4 μmvs 177.7 μm,P＜0.05)、肠腺隐窝深度(99.4 μmvs 77.7 μm,P＜0.05)、黏膜厚度(299.9μm vs 267.0 μm,P＜0.05)以及绒毛表面积(10 321.5μm2 vs 8927.6 μm2,P＜0.05)均高于对照组,肠内生态营养组和普通肠内营养组比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).肠内生态营养组大鼠小肠黏膜中IgA 细胞(21.2 vs 17.5,19.4,P＜0.05)和CD3 (24.2 vs 20.2,22.1,P＜0.05),CD4 (13.4vs 8.9,11.0,P＜0.05)、CD8 (18.7 vs 12.6,15.4,P＜0.05)细胞数均高于对照组和普通肠内营养组.结论:肠内生态营养能较好的改善创伤后大鼠的小肠机械屏障功能,促进小肠黏膜屏障功能的恢复,增强其肠道免疫功能.     

达乌尔黄鼠特定时问生命表和存活曲线

生命表是描述生物种群死亡过程的.开始出现在人寿保险,用以估计人的期望寿命.生命表最早用于分析动物种群的是美国生态学家珀尔和派克(Pearl and parker 1921)[1],用生命表分析果蝇(Drosophilia)种群,之后康内尔(Conell 1970)在华盛顿圣@乔恩岛(San juan island)编制了藤壶(Belanus glandula)的生命表.我国学者梁杰荣1985年发表了根田鼠生命表和繁殖的研究[2].杨赣源1998年发表了灰旱獭生命表和繁殖的初步研究[3],古德祥1983年发表了稻纵卷叶蛾自然种群生命表的研究[4],关于达乌尔黄鼠(Spermophilus dauricus简称黄鼠)的生命表仅有丛显斌等(1996)的报导[5].作者为探讨黄鼠种群特定时期各龄期存活的期望值和存活曲线,分析黄鼠种群动态,预测数量,制定防制措施,遏止动物鼠疫的发生和流行,编制了黄鼠特定时间生命表和存活曲线.     

Serological evidence of viruses naturally associated with the montane water vole (Arvicola scherman) in eastern France

We surveyed 12 populations of the montane water vole (Arvicola scherman), previously known as the fossorial form of the water vole A. terrestris, in eastern France for antibodies (immunoglobulin G) to Puumala virus (PUUV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and cowpox virus (CPXV). Antibodies to PUUV were found in 9 (5.5%) of 164 voles from 7 populations, antibodies to LCMV were found in 13 (26.0%) of 50 voles from 2 populations, and antibodies to CPXV were found in 66 (41.8%) of 158 voles from 7 populations. Antibody status to CPXV was statistically associated with the phase of the A. scherman population density cycle and the percentage of grassland areas surrounding the sampling sites.     

Temporal variation in individual factors associated with hantavirus infection in bank voles during an epizootic: implications for Puumala virus transmission dynamics

Puumala virus (PUUV), the causal agent of nephropathia epidemica in humans, is one of the many hantaviruses included in the list of emerging pathogens. Hantavirus infection is not distributed evenly among PUUV reservoir hosts (i.e., bank voles [Myodes glareolus]). Besides environmental factors and local population features, individual characteristics play an important role in vole PUUV infection risk. Identifying the relative importance of these individual characteristics can provide crucial information on PUUV transmission processes. In the present study, bank voles were monitored during the nephropathia epidemica outbreak of 2005 in Belgium. Vole sera were tested for presence of immunoglobulin G against PUUV, and a logistic mixed model was built to investigate the temporal variation in individual characteristics and their relative importance to PUUV infection risk in bank voles. Relative risk calculations for individual vole characteristics related to PUUV infection in the reservoir host show that reproductive activity dominates infection risk. The gender effect is only found in reproductively active voles, where reproductively active males have the highest infection risk. Results also revealed a clear seasonal variation in the importance of reproductive activity linked to PUUV infection. In contrast to the main effect found in other trapping sessions, no difference in infection risk ratio was found between reproductively active and nonactive voles in the spring period. Combined with increased infection risk for the reproductively nonactive group at that time, these results indicate a shift in the transmission process due to changes in bank vole behavior, physiology, or climate conditions. Hence, our results suggest that mathematical models should take into account seasonal shifts in transmission mechanisms. When these results are combined with the seasonal changes in population structure during the epizootic period, we identify vole reproductive activity and length of the breeding season as potential drivers of PUUV epizootics in west-central European regions.     

Population, environmental, and community effects on local bank vole (Myodes glareolus) Puumala virus infection in an area with low human incidence

In this study, the distribution of Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) infection in local bank vole Myodes glareolus populations in an area with low human PUUV infection (nephropathia epidemica [NE]) incidence in northern Belgium was monitored for 2 consecutive years. Bank voles were trapped in preferred habitat and tested for anti-PUUV IgG. Infection data were related to individual bank vole features, population demography, and environmental variables. Rare occurrence of PUUV infection was found and PUUV prevalence was low compared with data from the high NE incidence area in southern Belgium. Small-scale climatic differences seemed to play a role in PUUV occurrence, vegetation index and deciduous forest patch size both influenced PUUV prevalence and number of infected voles in a positive way. The data suggested a density threshold in vole populations below which PUUV infection does not occur. This threshold may vary between years, but the abundance of bank voles does not seem to affect the degree of PUUV seroprevalence further. We found indications for a dilution effect on PUUV prevalence, dependent on the relative proportion of nonhost wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus in a study site. In conclusion, we regard the combination of a dilution effect, a possible threshold density that depends on local conditions, and a higher fragmentation of suitable bank vole habitat in our study area as plausible explanations for the sparse occurrence of PUUV infection and low prevalence detected. Thus, beside human activity patterns, local environmental conditions and rodent community structure are also likely to play a role in determining PUUV infection risk for humans.     

Determinants of lemming outbreaks

Population outbreaks in tundra rodents have intrigued scientists for a century as a result of their spectacular appearances and their general lessons in ecology. One outstanding question that has led to competing hypotheses is why sympatric lemmings and voles differ in regularity and shape of their outbreaks. Lemming outbreaks may be lost for decades while vole populations maintain regular population cycles. Moreover, when lemming populations eventually irrupt, they do so more steeply than the vole populations. Norwegian lemmings exhibited a large-scale outbreak synchronously with gray-sided voles in Finnmark, northern Fennoscandia, during 2006 to 2007 for the first time in two decades. Analyses of spatial variability of this outbreak across altitudinal gradients allowed us to identify determinants of the contrasting lemming and vole dynamics. The steeper lemming outbreak trajectories were caused by breeding and population growth during winter, when nonbreeding vole populations consistently declined. The differently shaped lemming and vole outbreaks appear to result from a particular demographic tactic of lemmings that evolved as an adaptation to the long and cold Arctic-Alpine winters. The lemming outbreak amplitude increased with altitude and vole density, indicating that lemming outbreaks are jointly facilitated by low temperatures and apparent mutualism with voles mediated by shared predators. High sensitivity to variation in climate and predation is likely to be the reasons why lemmings have more erratic population dynamics than sympatric voles. The combination of continued climatic warming and dampened vole cycles is expected to further decrease the frequency, amplitude, and geographic range of lemming outbreaks in tundra ecosystems.     

红外相机技术在血吸虫病野生动物传染源 调查中的应用初探

目的 探讨红外相机技术在血吸虫病野生动物传染源调查中的应用价值。方法 选用6台红外相机，分别放置于安徽省石台县血吸虫病风险监测点的6处环境进行拍摄。通过拍摄的照片和视频，分析该区域野生动物传染源的种类和活动情况。 结果 通过5 d的监测拍摄，共在4个监测环境发现了野鼠、野兔和野猪等3种野生哺乳动物，其中在2处有螺环境发现了野鼠，2处与有螺环境毗邻的环境分别发现了野兔、野猪和野鼠。监测显示，监测环境中野鼠活动最频繁。结论 利用红外相机技术调查血吸虫病野生动物传染源有较好效果。     

红外相机技术在血吸虫病野生动物传染源 调查中的应用初探

目的 探讨红外相机技术在血吸虫病野生动物传染源调查中的应用价值。方法 选用6台红外相机，分别放置于安徽省石台县血吸虫病风险监测点的6处环境进行拍摄。通过拍摄的照片和视频，分析该区域野生动物传染源的种类和活动情况。 结果 通过5 d的监测拍摄，共在4个监测环境发现了野鼠、野兔和野猪等3种野生哺乳动物，其中在2处有螺环境发现了野鼠，2处与有螺环境毗邻的环境分别发现了野兔、野猪和野鼠。监测显示，监测环境中野鼠活动最频繁。结论 利用红外相机技术调查血吸虫病野生动物传染源有较好效果。     

Habitat factors associated with bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and concomitant hantavirus in northern Sweden

Puumala virus (PUUV), genus hantavirus, causes nephropathia epidemica, a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans. In this study, bank voles, the natural reservoir of PUUV, were captured at locations of previous human PUUV exposure and paired controls within a region of high incidence in northern Sweden. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the abundance of bank voles and the occurrence of PUUV. The total number of voles and the number of PUUV-infected voles did not differ between locations of previous human PUUV exposure and paired controls. The number of bank voles expressing antibodies to PUUV infection increased linearly with total bank vole abundance implying density independent transmission. Using principal component and partial correlation analysis, we found that particular environmental characteristics associated with old-growth moist forests (i.e., those dominated by Alectoria spp., Picea abies, fallen wood, and Vaccinium myrtillus) were also associated with increased abundance of bank vole and hence the number of PUUV-infected bank voles, whereas there were no correlations with factors associated with dry environments (i.e., Pinus sylvestris and V. vitis-idea). This suggests that circulation and persistence of PUUV within bank vole populations was influenced by habitat factors. Future modeling of risk of exposure to hantavirus and transmission of PUUV within vole populations should include the influence of these factors.     

A northern glacial refugium for bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus)

There is controversy and uncertainty on how far north there were glacial refugia for temperate species during the Pleistocene glaciations and in the extent of the contribution of such refugia to present-day populations. We examined these issues using phylogeographic analysis of a European woodland mammal, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). A Bayesian coalescence analysis indicates that a bank vole population survived the height of the last glaciation (approximately 25,000-10,000 years B.P.) in the vicinity of the Carpathians, a major central European mountain chain well north of the Mediterranean areas typically regarded as glacial refugia for temperate species. Parameter estimates from the fitted isolation with migration model show that the divergence of the Carpathian population started at least 22,000 years ago, and it was likely followed by only negligible immigration from adjacent regions, suggesting the persistence of bank voles in the Carpathians through the height of the last glaciation. On the contrary, there is clear evidence for gene flow out of the Carpathians, demonstrating the contribution of the Carpathian population to the colonization of Europe after the Pleistocene. These findings are consistent with data from animal and plant fossils recovered in the Carpathians and provide the clearest phylogeographic evidence to date of a northern glacial refugium for temperate species in Europe.     

Interspecific and intraspecific competition as causes of direct and delayed density dependence in a fluctuating vole population

A 3- to 5-year cycle of vole abundances is a characteristic phenomenon in the ecology of northern regions, and their explanation stands as a central theoretical challenge in population ecology. Although many species of voles usually coexist and are in severe competition for food and breeding space, the role of interspecific competition in vole cycles has never been evaluated statistically. After studying community effects on the population dynamics of the gray-sided vole (Clethrionomys rufocanus) in the subarctic birch forest at Kilpisjärvi, Finland, we report statistical results showing that both interspecific and intraspecific effects are important in the direct year-to-year density dependence. However, interspecific effects are not detectable in the 2-year delayed density dependence that is crucial for generating the characteristic cycles. Furthermore, we show that most of the competition takes place during the winter. The results are evaluated against two models of community dynamics. One assumes that the delayed effects are caused by an interaction with a specialist predator, and the other assumes that they are caused by overgrazing food plants. These statistical results show that vole cycles may be generated by a species-specific trophic interaction. The results also suggest that the gray-sided vole may be the focal species in the birch-forest community, as field voles may be in the taiga and as lemmings may be on the tundra.