Immediate initiation of CAPD following percutaneous catheter placement without break-in procedure.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a modified method of percutaneous catheter placement without a break-in procedure on the development of catheter-related complications in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). DESIGN: A prospective, observational clinical study. SETTING: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) units of two university-based hospitals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 51 consecutive patients on CAPD. A straight double-cuffed Tenckhoff catheter with a straight intraperitoneal segment was used, and all catheters were inserted using a modified percutaneous placement method under local anesthesia. The catheter was introduced directly into the deep pelvis through an intramuscular tract, which had been created by tapered dilators. Peritoneal dialysis was initiated immediately after catheter insertion without a break-in procedure. Catheter-related complications were surveyed during the 12 months after initiation of CAPD. RESULTS: Within the first month, only 1 pericatheter leakage (1.9%) was detected. There were no cases of visceral perforation or severe hemorrhage during catheter insertions. Catheter malfunction due to catheter tip migration, exit-site infection, and peritonitis developed in only 1.9%, 3.9%, and 3.9% of patients, respectively. After 1 month following catheter insertion, no further incidences of pericatheter leakage occurred during the follow-up period. All catheters, except one that was reinserted due to tip migration, survived throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: The rates of pericatheter leakage and other catheter-related complications are relatively low in CAPD patients using our percutaneous catheter placement method without a break-in procedure. This procedure is comparatively simple and less invasive than other catheter placement methods, and allows for immediate start of PD after catheter insertion, without a break-in procedure.     

Percutaneous Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion by a Nephrologist: A New,Simple, and Safe Technique

♦ Background: Insertion of the peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter by a nephrologist has been encouraged by several studies. The ultimate goal is to provide safe, timely, and effective catheter insertion without an unduly long wait time or delay. The success of PD depends partly on the ease of catheter insertion. We developed a new technique for percutaneous PD catheter insertion by nephrologists. Our new technique, in addition to being easy, proved to be safe and to eliminate the need for the peel-away sheath.♦ Methods: Data were collected prospectively on all patients having a PD catheter inserted by a nephrologist using our new technique (40 catheters in 38 patients). All catheters were evaluated for infectious and mechanical complications.♦ Results: The mean duration of the procedure from skin sterilization to the end of insertion was 24 ± 3 minutes. No bowel perforation or serious hemorrhage was recorded. Poor initial drainage was recorded in 12.5% of the catheters (n = 5) during the 4 weeks after insertion. The incidence of early exit-site leakage was 2.5% (1 catheter). Episodes of exit-site infection occurred in 5.0% and 12.5% of catheters (within 1 month and by the end of study period respectively). Two episodes of peritonitis were reported by the end of the 12-month period. Catheter survival was 95.0% and 87.5% at 6 months and 12 months respectively.♦ Conclusions: Percutaneous bedside placement of PD catheters using our new technique is safe and carries less morbidity in terms of bowel perforation, catheter-related infection, and exit-site leak. In addition, our new technique appears to have a high success rate and to offer considerable savings in terms of operating time.     

经皮穿刺腹膜透析置管术的临床应用

目的 比较经皮穿刺腹膜透析置管术与手术切开直视下腹膜透析置管术的临床应用效果.方法 单中心回顾性研究.66例腹膜透析患者,其中36例采用手术切开直视下腹膜透析置管,30例患者采用经皮穿刺腹膜透析置管.比较2组患者置管过程、置管后1月内腹膜透析管相关合并症和腹膜透析相关感染的发生率.结果 经皮穿刺腹膜透析置管组患者的操作时间、手术切口长度、术后需要使用镇痛剂患者的比例明显低于手术切开直视下腹膜透析置管组（t =8.614,P=0.000）,2组患者术中均未出现明显出血和脏器损伤,2组患者置管后1月内腹膜透析管路相关合并症和感染相关合并症的发生率差异没有统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 经皮穿刺腹膜透析置管术易于肾脏内科医生掌握和应用,对患者的损伤较小,并可以控制合并症的发生.     

Surgical management of refractory exit-site/tunnel infection of Tenckhoff catheter: technical innovations of partial replantation.

OBJECTIVE: Catheter-related infection has been the major cause of catheter removal for peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. A salvage technique--partial replantation of the infected catheter--was developed in our hospital to rescue catheters with refractory exit-site or tunnel infection. PATIENTS: We performed 26 partial replantations of Tenckhoff catheters for 23 patients with refractory exit-site or tunnel infection and 2 patients with near-cuff perforation of the catheter. Their problems were all resolved successfully without interruption of PD. INTERVENTIONS: We removed the infected portion of the catheter and preserved the still-functioning internal conduit, connecting it to a divided new catheter. All of the patients resumed PD immediately after the advancement of the new catheter through a new subcutaneous tunnel and exit site on the opposite side. RESULTS: No technical complications such as disconnection of the catheter or leakage of dialysate were noted. Repeated partial replantation of the catheter was done for 1 patient with a new refractory exit-site infection. Tunnel infection was not an absolute contraindication for this procedure. About one third (34.6%) of our patients had preoperative tunnel infection. CONCLUSION: Partial replantation of a Tenckhoff catheter is a simple and effective procedure for patients with refractory exit-site/tunnel infection and patients with near-cuff perforation of the catheter. Repeated partial replantation is also feasible for repeat exit-site infections.     

Sonographically guided venous puncture and fluoroscopically guided placement of tunneled,large-bore central venous catheters for bone marrow transplantation—high success rates and low complication rates

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Traditionally, large lumen, tunneled central venous catheters have been implanted by surgeons. We used a technique of sonographically guided jugular venous puncture and fluoroscopically guided catheter placement to achieve a high rate of technical success and to reduce complication rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 2002 and December 2006, 186 Patients have been referred to the Radiology Department for 211 implantations of large-lumen, tunneled, central venous catheters. Insertions were performed under maximum sterile barrier in the angio suite using combined sonographic guidance for puncture of the internal jugular vein and fluoroscopy for placement of a triple lumen 12.5 F catheter (Hickman, BARD Murray Hill, NJ, USA). All interventions were performed under local anesthesia without need for anesthesiologic surveillance. Peri- and postinterventional complications were recorded using standardized international recommendations. RESULTS: Catheter implantation was technically successful in 207 of 211 cases (98.1%). Technical failure resulted in four patients due to chronic occlusions of the superior vena cava. No major complications were recorded. Four (1.9%) accidental arterial punctures occurred periinterventionally; 24 (11.4%) early complications (bleeding, dysfunction, catheter rupture, and infection) and ten (4.7%) late complications (infection, dysfunction) were recorded. A clinically suspected catheter infection required catheter removal in 21 (10%) cases; 11 of 13 non-infectious catheter complications (bleeding, dysfunction, rupture) could be treated successfully by interventional-radiological treatment. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous implantation of large-lumen, tunneled, central venous catheters can be achieved with a high technical success rate and a low complication rate under combined sonographic and fluoroscopic guidance. In cases of mechanical complications, catheter rescue by interventional techniques is possible in the vast majority of cases.     

Long-term use of peripherally inserted central venous catheters for cancer chemotherapy in children

Background Peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) have been increasingly used in pediatric patients. However, little is known about the incidence and risk of complications when using this device in children with cancer. The purposes of this study are to assess the feasibility of PICCs and to determine the risk factors for PICC-related complications in pediatric patients with various types of malignancies.Patients and methods We attempted to place PICCs in 53 patients with a median age of 5 years ranging from 2 months to 20 years. PICCs were used to administer fluid, parenteral nutrition, anticancer agents, antibiotics, and blood products and also for the through-line blood sampling. The duration of catheterization and the incidence of PICC-related complications requiring removal were retrospectively evaluated in association with the diagnosis, sex, age and body weight of the patients, size, insertion site and tip location of the catheters, type of treatment, and duration of leukopenia.Results PICCs were successfully placed in 109 of 112 attempts (97.3%) in 53 patients, and they were followed for a total of 11,797 catheter days (median placement, 87 days; range, 3 to 512 days). Fifty five PICCs (50.5%) were removed as a result of PICC-related complications with a rate of 4.66 per 1,000 catheter days. The most common reasons for catheter removal were occlusion (n=18), breakage/leakage (15), and infection (10). More than 70% of such complications occurred more than 30 days after placement. The catheter tip location in the superior vena cava or the right atrium might decrease the risk of complications. Other parameters did not influence the incidence of complications.Conclusions PICCs were found to provide a reliable access for prolonged intravenous administration and blood sampling in children intensively treated for hematologic and solid malignancies, thus leading to a reduction of physical pain and psychological stress in such patients. However, the long-term placement of PICCs may also be related to an increased risk of complications.     

Complications associated with central venous catheters used for the collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells to support high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue

 The purpose of this study was to review the incidence and type of complications associated with the insertion and use of central venous catheters for leukapheresis and high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue. One hundred sixty-seven central venous catheters placed either at the transplant center or by various community surgeons were studied for insertion complications, inability to perform leukapheresis and incidence of infection. The overall incidence of hemo- or pneumothorax was 3.6%. Inability to pherese occurred in 13% of catheters placed by outside surgeons and 6.5% of catheters inserted at the transplant institution. Most often, these were due to malposition of the catheter too high in the superior vena cava or in other veins. Deep venous thrombosis was often related to this malposition and occurred in 4.8% of all patients. Pulmonary embolism was not seen in these patients despite the fact the catheters were often left in place during the thrombotic episode. Early or late-onset infections occurred in 6.5% of patients and were most often exit site infections. The incidence of complications of pheresis catheters is high but might be reduced by more attention to proper placement of the catheter closer to the right atrial/superior vena cava junction, and limiting insertion to a cadre of surgeons familiar with leukapheresis requirements.     

Chronic peritoneal dialysis catheters in children: a fifteen-year experience of the Italian Registry of Pediatric Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze data on 503 chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) catheters implanted between 1986 and 2000 in pediatric patients enrolled in the Italian Registry of Pediatric Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis (the Registry), comparing three different time periods: 1986-1990, 1991-1995, and 1996-2000. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: 23 dialysis centers participating in the Registry. METHODS: Data were collected from questionnaires filled in every year. The information for each peritoneal catheter included type, site and technique of insertion, exit-site orientation, exit-site care, complications, survival, and reason for removal. PATIENTS: 503 catheters were implanted in 363 pediatric patients aged younger than 15 years at the start of CPD: 97 catheters in patients under 2 years of age, 67 in patients aged 2-5 years, and 339 in patients over 5 years of age. Mean patient age at onset of CPD was 8.0 +/- 5.1 years. All catheters were surgically implanted and omentectomy was performed in 82.4% of cases. The catheters used were Tenckhoff [468 (93.0%): 443 double cuff, 25 single cuff] and double-cuffed Valli [35 (7.0%)]. The entry site was in the midline in 153 cases (30.4%) and paramedian in 350 (69.6%). RESULTS: During 9048 dialysis-months we observed 451 catheter-related complications, yielding an incidence of 1 episode/20.1 CPD-months: 330 catheter infections (exit-site and/or tunnel infections), 26 leakages, 26 dislocations, 24 obstructions, 22 cuff extrusions, 6 hemoperitoneums, 17 others. 171 catheters were removed due to catheter-related causes; exit-site and/or tunnel infections were the main cause for removal (75.4%), followed by obstruction, dislocation, outer-cuff extrusion, and leakage. Younger children (< 2 years) had a higher risk of infectious causes of catheter removal compared to children aged 2-5 years (p = 0.004) and over 5 years of age (p = 0.002). During the 15-year observation period, a significant reduction in the incidence of leakage was observed and risk of leakage was lower in catheters with paramedian entry site compared to catheters with midline entry site. Removal and replacement of peritoneal catheters during the same surgical operation was performed in 76.3% of catheter removals. Catheter survival rate was 78.1% at 12 months, 58.5% at 24 months, 43.8% at 36 months, and 34.6% at 48 months. No difference in catheter survival was observed in younger children (< 2 years) compared with the two other age groups: < 2 years versus 2-5 years hazard ratio 0.7, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.4-1.2; < 2 years versus > 5 years hazard ratio 0.8, 95%CI 0.5-1.1. CONCLUSIONS: In this survey, we observed better catheter survival in comparison with data reported by the Registry in 1998. Catheter survival improved especially in younger children (< 2 years), a group that previously had a decreased catheter survival rate compared to older age groups. In addition to the progressive increase in experience acquired by dialysis centers, this upward trend may also be related to greater use of double-cuffed catheters, with paramedian exit site, and a higher frequency of omentectomy.     

Structured Outpatient Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion Is Safe and Cost-Saving

♦ Background: Data about outcomes and costs for peritoneal catheter insertion on an outpatient basis are scarce.♦ Methods: Using patient files, all peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertions performed between 2004 and 2009 in a single-center tertiary care institution for adult patients were located. Patient demographics, complications, hospitalizations, survival, and treatment modality changes were recorded. Procedure-related expenses were valued as actual production costs.♦ Results: During the study period, 106 PD catheters were inserted. In 46 cases, the patients were admitted electively for catheter insertion; 19 catheters were placed during admission for other medical reasons; and 41 catheters were placed on an outpatient basis. Among the study patients (54.7 ± 16.0 years of age), 45% were diabetic. Early (<30 days) catheter-related complications occurred in 22% of patients. The incidences of technique failure and any complication within 90 days were 10% and 38% respectively. The occurrence of complications was not statistically significantly different for outpatients and electively admitted patients. Average costs for catheter insertion were higher in electively hospitalized patients than in outpatients (€2320 ± €960 vs €1346 ± €208, p < 0.000).♦ Conclusions: Compared with an inpatient procedure, outpatient insertion of a PD catheter results in similar outcomes at a lower cost.     

持续质量改进在腹腔镜下腹膜透析置管中的应用

目的通过持续质量改进（CQI）措施,降低腹膜透析患者的术后漂管、堵管、漏液的发生率。方法观察CQI前（2011年1月-2011年3月）的腹膜透析置管患者共29例,CQI后（2011年4月-2012年1月）的腹膜透析置管患者共41例,分析、总结患者术后漂管、堵管、漏液的可能原因。运用PDCA四步法设计,并实施降低术后漂管、堵管、漏液发生率的流程。结果 CQI后腹膜透析管功能障碍和漏液的发生率明显降低,分别由6.90%降至2.44%、44.83%降至9.76%。结论通过CQI改进措施,腹腔镜下腹膜透析术腹透管漂管、漏液发生率均降低。     

Implantation of central venous ports with catheter insertion via the right internal jugular vein in oncology patients—single center experience

Aim of work Evaluation of suitability and safety of venous port implantation with catheter insertion via the right internal jugular vein in oncology patients.Patients and methods One hundred one totally implantable venous ports were placed in 100 patients with malignancies from January 1, 2003 until March 31, 2005. Catheter of venous port was preferably inserted via the right internal jugular vein. We recorded a number of successful implantations using this venous approach and the rate of complications during the procedure and follow-up.Main results Ninety-seven catheters (96%) of totally implantable venous ports were inserted via the right internal jugular vein in 96 patients, and only in four cases were we not able to access this vein. We had no complications related to catheter insertion via the right internal jugular vein. Follow-up was made in all 96 patients with a total access days of 41 in 151 days (mean: 407 days). Premature catheter removal was required in six (6.2%, 0.144 per 1,000 access days) due to complications: three catheter dislocations/malfunctions (3.1%, 0.072 per 1,000 access days), one port-related sepsis, one pocket port infection, and one decubitus over port (1%, 0.024 per 1,000 access days). Six venous ports were removed after completion of the treatment at the patient’s request.Conclusion The placement of totally implantable venous ports with catheter insertion via the right internal jugular vein has a high success rate without any early complications. Follow-up also demonstrates a low incidence of late complications requiring port removal.     

Timing of peritoneal dialysis catheter removal after pediatric renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND: A peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter is in place at the time of kidney transplantation in children receiving PD. Removal of the catheter eliminates the risk of catheter-related infections. However, the patient benefits from leaving the catheter in place if dialysis is necessary posttransplantation. There is currently no consensus on the proper timing of PD catheter removal after kidney transplantation in children. OBJECTIVE: To identify the risks and benefits of an in-dwelling PD catheter after renal transplantation in children. DESIGN: Retrospective single-center study of infectious complications and posttransplantation PD catheter use in 31 renal transplantations in 26 children. RESULTS: Peritoneal dialysis catheters were used postoperatively in 13 of the 31 transplantations. In 12 instances the catheter was needed during the first month after transplantation, and 2 of the patients involved did not have a catheter in place when needed. Six catheter-related infections occurred in 5 patients posttransplantation, with only 1 infection taking place within 1 month after transplantation. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the need for catheter use occurs predominantly during the first month, while infectious complications usually happen later. This strongly suggests that PD catheters should not be removed until approximately 1 month after kidney transplantation.     

A New Simplified One-Port Laparoscopic Technique for Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement

♦ Background: Various techniques for laparoscopic insertion of a peritoneal dialysis catheter have been described. Usually 2 - 3 ports are required, and complications related to the port sites (such as abdominal wall hernia, leakage, and hemorrhage) cannot be avoided. To minimize the potential complications, we designed a simplified 1-port laparoscopic technique for peritoneal dialysis catheter placement.♦ Methods: We conducted a retrospective data review of 44 patients who underwent 1-port laparoscopic insertion of a Tenckhoff catheter from June 2009 to February 2011. All patient data, including postoperative complications, were analyzed.♦ Results: The mean follow-up period was 11.52 months. All catheters were working properly, except in 1 patient who developed peritonitis 3 months after catheter placement. (The catheter was removed.) No postoperative abdominal wall hemorrhage, early leaks, hernias, or catheter migration occurred. No exit-site or tunnel infections were observed.♦ Conclusions: Our 1-port laparoscopic technique provides excellent catheter fixation, avoids excessive port sites, and yields good cosmesis. The low complication rate and the simplicity of the method justify its standard use for Tenckhoff catheter placement.     

Infrastructure Requirements for an Urgent-Start Peritoneal Dialysis Program

Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease nearing dialysis but without pre-established access almost uniformly initiate dialysis with a temporary central venous catheter. These catheters are associated with high rates of infection and flow disturbances, requiring removal and subsequent replacement. Many of these patients might be candidates for peritoneal dialysis (PD), but because of the absence of prior catheter placement, the default initial modality is hemodialysis. Recent reports, however, have demonstrated the feasibility of initiating PD urgently despite the late referral for access placement. Urgent-start PD clinical pathways require a unique infrastructure and treatment approach. This article reviews the salient features required to establish an urgent-start PD program.     

Port-catheter perforation into the duodenum and other early complications after port implantation before intra-arterial infusion therapy of the liver with chemotherapeutic drugs

Early complications following implantation of intraarterial hepatic port catheter systems from 1985 to 1988 in 24 patients are reported with special view to the perforation of a port catheter into the duodenum. In this case the primary postoperative angiographic control four weeks after implantation showed correct placement and perfusion of the liver. The perforation occurred before starting any cytostatic regimen. We observed a total of 21% irregularities and complications: dislocation of port membrane (n = 1), incorrect catheter displacement but regular liver perfusion (n = 1), catheter leakage (n = 1), subhepatic abscess (n = 1) and perforation of the catheter in the duodenum. When possible we combine port-implantation with resection of the liver.     

直型与卷曲型腹膜透析导管相关并发症和导管生存率的meta分析

目的 腹膜透析是治疗终末期肾脏病的有效方法,良好的腹膜透析导管功能是其技术成功的关键.本项meta分析的目的是对比直型与卷曲型腹膜透析导管的临床预后.方法 综合检索PubMed（1990 to Sept2013）,Embase（1990 to August 2012）,CNKI（1990 to Sept 2013）和CENTRAL（theCochrane Library 2013）数据库,文章的参考文献进行手工检索.按照种族进行亚组分析.比较直管和卷曲管在导管移位、渗漏、感染、1年及2年技术生存率等10项临床指标发生情况.结果 共纳入11项RCT研究,共843例患者,在10项临床观察指标中,直管和卷曲管仅在导管移位发生率有统计学差异（9项RCT研究和685例患者,OR,2.33;95％ CI 1.46～3.71;P=0.0004）,亚组分析结果显示亚洲人群卷曲管导管移位发生率明显高于直管（5项RCT研究和422例患者,OR 2.96,95％ CI 1.59 to 5.51;P=0.0006）,而欧洲人群两者之间差异无显著性意义（OR 1.65,95％ CI 0.80～3.40;P=0.18）.在机械相关其他并发症、感染相关并发症以及1年和2年的导管技术生存率方面,卷曲管与直管均无统计学差异,且不存在种族差异.结论 亚洲人群中卷曲管的导管移位发生率明显高于直管,但欧洲人群则无显著性差异,提示直管可能更适合于亚洲人应用.     

Minilaparoscopic extraperitoneal tunneling with omentopexy: a new technique for CAPD catheter placement.

BACKGROUND: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is an effective form of treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Open insertion of peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters is the standard surgical technique, but it is associated with a relatively high incidence of catheter-related problems. To overcome these problems, different laparoscopic techniques have been presented, being preferable to the open and percutaneous methods. OBJECTIVE: To introduce and evaluate the efficiency of laparoscopic omental fixation and extraperitoneal placement of the cuff-coil part (the straight portion) of the catheter to prevent catheter tip migration, pericatheter leakage, severe abdominal pain, and the obstruction caused by omental wrapping. SETTING: The study was carried out in the General Surgery Department, Akdeniz University Medical School, in Turkey. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between November 2001 and March 2005, the technique was applied in 44 consecutive patients (mean age 51.6 years, range 18 - 67 years) with end-stage renal disease. During this laparoscopic technique, the omentum was first fixed onto the parietal peritoneum, and then the catheter was introduced through the subumbilical trocar site into the posterior rectus compartment and advanced toward the symphysis pubis. The catheter was then inserted into the abdominal cavity, passing the peritoneal opening, which was prepared before catheter insertion. The straight portion of the catheter was located into the extraperitoneal area of the anterior abdominal wall. The curled end, which contains the side-holes of the catheter, was placed into the true pelvis. Catheter position and patency were verified under direct vision using a 2 mm telescope. RESULTS: All procedures were completed laparoscopically. Operating time ranged between 40 and 100 minutes (median 52 minutes). There was no intraoperative complication or surgical mortality. Peritoneal dialysis was initiated within 15 - 24 hours after catheter implantation. After a median follow-up period of 17.4 months (range 1 - 38 months), early exit-site infection occurred in 1 of 44 patients. All catheters functioned well postoperatively. There was no pain during CAPD. CONCLUSION: This new laparoscopic technique using an extraperitoneal approach with omentopexy for PD catheter placement could prove extremely useful for preventing catheter malfunction caused by catheter tip migration, pericatheter leakage, omental wrapping, and periodic catheter movement that causes abdominal pain in CAPD.     

腹腔镜下腹膜透析置管与传统开腹置管的临床对比研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜下与传统开腹腹膜透析置管术在近期、远期并发症、手术时间、住院天数、手术费用、住院费用等多方面的临床对比研究. 方法 选择中南大学湘雅医院自2007年1月至2011年3月对357例诊断为慢性肾脏病（CKD5期）的患者,采取患者自愿选择的方式,分为腹腔镜手术组（A组）141例和常规手术组（B组）216例,A组采用腹腔镜下腹膜透析置管＋导管末端不吸收缝线固定,B组采用传统开腹＋Seldinger技术腹膜透析置管.比较2组术前及术后血红蛋白（Hb）、血小板（Pt）和血肌酐（Scr）水平、手术时间、近期及远期并发症如腹腔出血、管周渗漏、术中术后疼痛、腹膜炎、导管移位、住院时间、住院费用等方面差异. 结果 A、B组既往有腹部手术史患者分别占27.6％、0.9％（x2=59.977,P=0.000）.A、B组术后Scr （875.42±316.34umml/L） （816.25±270.12）分别明显低于术前（911.45±318.59umml/L） （875.42±316.34）（t=-3.189,P=0.003;t=2.007,P=0.049）.A、B组手术时间分别为35.2±16.1min、56.4±22.3min（t=6.224,P=0.014）,手术费分别为5478.59±896.91元、3446.26±1381.23元（t=7.675,P=0.000）,腹腔出血发生率分别为10.6％、2.8％（t=9.521,P=0.002）,术中术后疼痛发生率分别为0.7％、11.1％（x2=14.174,P=0.000）,1月内导管移位率分别为0、4.6％ （x26.716,P=0.010）,1月内渗漏发生率分别为12.8％、2.8％ （x2=13.572,P=0.000）,1月内腹膜炎发生率分别为7.8％、1.4％ （x2=9.311,P=0.002）,两组均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）,而A、B组发生腹泻、1年内渗漏发生率、1年内导管移位率,1年内腹膜炎发生率、住院天数、住院总费用、平均日费用等方面均无明显差异（P＞0.05）.结论 腹膜透析在短期也能改善肾功能.腹腔镜下腹膜透析置管术在慢性肾功能不全既往有手术史、手术时间、疼痛感、近期导管移位发生率等方面较传统开腹腹膜透析置管术有一定优势,但仍存在腹腔出血、渗漏、腹膜炎等并发症的发生.     

Early start of CAPD with the Seldinger technique.

The ideal method for inserting continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters remains debatable. Minimally invasive techniques are becoming more popular. The routine recommendation for starting PD is 4 - 6 weeks after catheter insertion. We planned a prospective study to evaluate whether this waiting period is necessary. From January 2003 to July 2004, 42 double-cuff Tenckhoff CAPD catheters were inserted into 41 patients. Percutaneous technique was used and PD was started on the sixth day. Only 2 pericatheter leakages (4.8%) were detected. This procedure is comparatively safe, simple, and less costly than surgical and peritoneoscopic placement. The rate of early pericatheter leakage may be lowered with this technique and PD may be started earlier.     

Percutaneous central venous catheterization in a pediatric intensive care unit: a survival analysis of complications

We investigated the relationship between the duration of percutaneous central venous catheterization and the occurrence of catheter-related complications in critically ill children by survival analysis techniques. Data were collected prospectively and analyzed for infectious and noninfectious complications from 379 pediatric patients in whom central venous catheters had been placed in the pediatric ICU over a 45-month period. Cumulative survival rate analysis revealed a linear decrease in the number of complication-free catheters with time. The median duration of complication-free catheter survival was projected to be 23.3 days. The risk of catheter complication did not increase with increasing daily duration of catheter use as demonstrated by probability density function: catheter complication rates were similar on the first day after insertion (1.06 +/- 0.5%), the seventh day (4.27 +/- 1.6%), and the 24th day (2.48 +/- 2.4%). Therefore, in this population, routine catheter replacement would not be expected to lower the incidence of catheter-related complications, but may unnecessarily increase the number of insertion-related complications.