16层螺旋CT多平面重建技术对肠梗阻的诊断价值

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT多平面重建技术（MPR）对于肠梗阻的诊断价值。方法 收集30例经手术（27例）或临床（3例）证实的肠梗阻病例CT资料，其中10例为单纯CT平扫，20例在平扫基础上加作门静脉期增强扫描。采用MPR技术对CT原始数据进行冠、矢状位的图像重建，并分析其表现。结果 30例肠梗阻病例中粘连性8例，单纯肠肿瘤7例，肠套叠（包括肠肿瘤并发肠套叠）5例，腹部疝4例，肠扭转2例，回盲部脓肿1例，肠系膜动脉狭窄1例，腹膜后巨大囊肿1例，胰尾癌1例；其中6例合并肠壁缺血或肠绞窄。CT轴位图像、MPR冠状和矢状图像均显示了肠梗阻的存在；单独根据轴位图像能确定26例（86．7％）的梗阻部位和22例（73．3％）的梗阻原因，而结合MPR图像可以确定29例（96．7％）的梗阻部位和27例（90．0％）的梗阻原因；有5例（83．3％）肠壁缺血或绞窄病例均为两种方法所显示。结论 螺旋CT多平面重建技术在显示肠梗阻的存在、确定梗阻部位和梗阻原因以及肠道血运状态方面优于单纯的轴位图像。     

Laparoscopic Enterolithotomy Is a Valid Option to Treat Gallstone Ileus

Gallstone ileus is a well-recognized clinical entity. It usually affects elderly female patients, and very often diagnosis can be delayed resulting in high morbidity and mortality. An abdominal x-ray and computed tomographic (CT) scan of the abdomen may show classical radiological features of small bowel obstruction, pneumobilia, and an ectopic gallstone. Laparotomy and enterlithotomy with or without definite biliary surgery is an established treatment. Since 1992, many cases of laparoscopic-assisted enterolithotomy have been reported. Only a few cases of a totally laparoscopic approach have been documented. We present the case of a 75-year-old lady who presented with features of intestinal obstruction. A plain x-ray of the abdomen and a CT scan confirmed the classical features of gallstone ileus. A totally laparoscopic enterolithotomy was performed using 6 ports. A 6-cm gallstone was retrieved through a longitudinal enterotomy. The transverse closure of the enterotomy was performed with intracorporeal suturing, resulting in an uneventful postoperative recovery. We suggest that a CT scan helps in the early diagnosis of the cause of intestinal obstruction, and totally laparoscopic enterolithomy with intracorporeal enterotomy repair is a valid, safe option.     

Laparoscopic management as the initial treatment of acute small bowel obstruction.

OBJECTIVES: We prospectively evaluated our experience with laparoscopic management of acute small bowel obstruction (SBO). METHODS: The study group included all patients requiring surgical intervention based on complete mechanical SBO by clinical assessment or who had failed conservative management. Patients with malignant causes were excluded. Experienced laparoscopic surgeons performed all operations. RESULTS: Between January 1998 to January 2003, 61 patients required operative intervention for acute SBO. Causes included adhesions, internal hernia, incarcerated incisional hernia, and inflammatory bowel disease. Laparoscopic techniques (LAP) alone were successfully used to complete 41 cases (67%). Twenty patients (33%) were converted (CONV) to either mini-laparotomy [7 patients (35%)] or standard midline laparotomy [13 patients (65%)]. A single band was identified in 25 patients (41%). Complications occurred in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: We believe all patients requiring surgery in the setting of acute small bowel obstruction should undergo a laparoscopic approach initially. By specifically identifying those patients with a single band as the cause of obstruction, a significant number of patients will be spared a large laparotomy incision. Conversion should not be viewed as failure, but rather, a sometimes necessary step in the optimal management of these patients.     

Intussusception: An Uncommon Cause of Postoperative Small Bowel Obstruction after Gastric Bypass

Intussusception of the jejuno-jejunal anastomosis is a rare complication of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP).There are only 3 previous cases reported in the surgical literature. We describe 2 adults who developed jejuno-jejunal intussusception requiring emergent laparotomy several months after RYGBP. Both patients underwent exploratory laparotomy after the diagnosis was made with abdominal CT scan. Each patient had an uneventful postoperative course after bowel resection and revision of the enteroenterostomy. Small bowel obstruction due to intussusception may occur many months after RYGBP and may present with non-specific symptoms such as crampy abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The diagnosis of this rare entity is typically made via abdominal CT scan. Treatment mandates urgent abdominal exploration with reduction.     

PHYTOBEZOARS- AN OVERLOOKED CAUSE OF SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION FOLLOWING VAGOTOMY AND DRAINAGE OPERATIONS FOR DUODENAL ULCER

Phetobezoar impaction is an important cause of small bowel obstruction in patients who have had previous vagotomy and drainage procedures for duodenal ulcer. Most casesl present with typical symptoms and signs of small bowel obstruction, but in some there are no definite radiological signs of bowel obstruction and plain X- ray. In these the phytobezoar is often located by barium studies. Operation is required in the majority of cases and the phytobezoar milked into the large bowel or removed at enterotomy. Before laparotomy is performed, it is essential to endoscope these patients to avoid overlooking gastric phytobezoars which are easily removed via a gastrotomy at the time of the laparotomy. The incidence of phytobezoar obstruction will be reduced by the giving of simple dietary advice and by employing highly selective vagotomy whenever possible in the surgery of duodenal ulcer.     

老年癌性结直肠梗阻诊治体会--附58例临床分析

目的　探讨老年癌性结、直肠梗阻的诊治方法。方法　分析５８ 例老年癌性完全性结、直肠梗阻的临床表现,腹部Ｘ线检查、Ｂ超、ＣＴ、钡灌肠和腹腔穿刺等检查, 以及血清肌酸磷酸激酶和血清乳酸脱氢酶的测定, 对老年癌性结、直肠梗阻可能出现的绞窄性肠梗阻作出早期诊断,全面评估老年患者各脏器功能后,早期手术治疗。结果　本组５８ 例患者中有５５ 例行手术治疗。从入院至手术时间３ 小时至５ 天。术中诊断１３ 例为绞窄性肠梗阻,其中５ 例术前做出诊断,符合率３８％ 。５５ 例手术患者术后发生并发症３４ 例,死亡５ 例,病死率９ ％ ,其中绞窄性肠梗阻死亡３ 例。结论　对于老年癌性结、直肠梗阻, 能够早期并准确地认识到绞窄性肠梗阻的发生,对治疗和预后具有重要意义。     

Computed tomography in the assessment of suspected large bowel obstruction

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of computed tomography (CT) scanning in the diagnosis of acute large bowel obstruction. METHODS: Forty-four patients (22 men; 22 women, ages 39-94 years, mean 71 years) with clinical features and abdominal radiographic findings suggesting acute large bowel obstruction (LBO) or pseudo-obstruction were examined with CT. Supine scans were obtained with i.v. contrast medium (unless contraindicated), but (in the majority) without oral contrast. Additional prone and/or decubitus scans were obtained in 33 patients when clarification of a possible transition point on the supine scan was required. CT diagnosis of LBO was made by finding a transition point +/- mass. Final diagnosis was confirmed by surgery, further imaging and/or clinical course. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients had proven mechanical acute LBO of whom 18 had an obstructing carcinoma; 22 patients had no mechanical obstruction. Sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value of CT for diagnosis of mechanical LBO were each 91%. Positive and negative likelihood ratios were 10.1 and 0.1, respectively. There were two false-negative CT scans, although one of these was reported as showing segmental mural thickening. A mass was identified on 14 of 17 patients with true-positive CT, subsequently found to have carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Computed tomography with additional selective prone and/or decubitus scanning is highly effective in the diagnosis of mechanical LBO. It is suggested that it replace contrast enema as the initial imaging method.     

A rare cause of small bowel obstruction due to bezoar in a virgin abdomen

IntroductionBezoar is an unusual cause of small bowel obstruction accounting for 0.4–4% of all mechanical bowel obstruction. The common site of obstruction is terminal ileum.Case reportA 28-year-old male with no past surgical history, known to have severe mental retardation presented with anorexia. CT scan demonstrated dilated small bowel loops and intraluminal ileal mass with mottled appearance. At exploratory laparotomy, a bezoar was found impacted in the terminal ileum 5–6 inches away from the ileocecal valve and was removed through an enterotomy.DiscussionBezoars are concretions of fibers or foreign bodies in the alimentary tract. Small bowel obstruction is one of common clinical symptoms. The typical finding of well-defined intraluminal mass with mottled gas pattern in CT scan is suggestive of an intestinal bezoar. The treatment option of bezoar is surgery including manual fragmentation of bezoar and pushing it toward cecum, enterotomy or segmental bowel resection. Thorough exploration of abdominal cavity should be done to exclude the presence of concomitant bezoars. Recurrence is common unless underlying predisposing condition is corrected.ConclusionsBezoar-induced small bowel obstruction remains an uncommon diagnosis. It should be suspected in patients with an increased risk of bezoar formation, such as in the presence of previous gastric surgery, a history suggestive of increased fiber intake, or patient with psychiatric disorders. CT scan is helpful for preoperative diagnosis.     

急性上尿路梗阻性无尿的诊断

目的 提高急性上尿路梗阻性无尿的诊断水平。方法 对58例急性上尿路梗阻患者的临床表现、影像学检查结果和梗阻原因进行总结、分析。结果 临床表现为无尿58例、肾区疼痛41例、肾区叩击痛33例、高血压20例、血尿素氮和肌酐升高57例、高血钾8例。MRU、B超、x线（包括KUB、IVU、逆行肾盂造影）、CT、MRI等影像学检查为主要辅助检查。对上尿路梗阻的检出率，MRU为100％（25／25），B超为88％（50／57），CT／MRI为60％（6／10），X线为49％（19／39）；MRU、B超检出率显著高于X线和CT／MRI（P〈0．05）。对梗阻病因的检出率，MRU为88％（22／25），B超为46％（26／57），X线为46％（18／39），CT／MR为50％（5／10）；MRU检出率显著高于B超、X线和CT／MRI（P〈0．05）。梗阻病因为结石27例、肿瘤18例、输尿管狭窄4例、腹膜后纤维化3例、药物结晶2例、肾结核1例，不明原因3例。结论 影像学检查对急性上尿路梗阻性无尿的诊断具有重要价值，MRU、B超对梗阻的检出率较高，MRU在病因诊断方面具有优势。结石是最常见的上尿路梗阻病因，其次为肿瘤。     

Laparoscopic diagnosis and treatment of intestinal obstruction

Background: Intestinal obstruction is a common reason for general surgical referral. The traditional approach has been conservative management, followed by laparotomy if conservative measures are unsuccessful. However, with the advent of minimally invasive surgery, the need for laparotomy for this common problem is being challenged.Methods: From May 1991 to April 2001, 167 patients underwent laparoscopy for diagnosis and/or treatment of intestinal obstruction. Average patient age was 62 years (range, 21–98). The site of obstruction was the stomach in seven patients, small bowel in 116 patients, and colon in 44 patients.Results: Laparoscopy successfully diagnosed the site of obstruction in all patients. In addition, 154 patients (92.2%) were successfully treated laparoscopically without conversion to laparotomy. Both intraoperative and postoperative complication rates were low (3.5 and 18.6%, respectively) and compared favorably with those of published reports.Conclusions: Intestinal obstruction can be approached safely and effectively by laparoscopy with the intent not only to correctly diagnose the patient but also to render treatment.     

Small bowel obstruction: Is routine colonoscopy necessary after resolution?

Background: Small bowel obstruction is common in clinical practice and is most often due to adhesions. The aim of this study was to determine the significance of colon cancer presenting as a small bowel obstruction at a single institution and to find out whether routine colonoscopy was necessary in patients who had spontaneous resolution of their small bowel obstruction. Methods: A retrospective review of the medical records of patients presenting with small bowel obstruction from 1995 to 2000 at the Prince of Wales Hospital was performed. The clinical outcomes were obtained from the medical records and the clinical notes of each surgical consultant. Results: Over the study period, 251 patients presented with small bowel obstruction. The mean age at presentation was 63.8 years (range 21?95 years). A total of 149 patients (59.4%) were treated conservatively with an average hospital stay of 4.6 days (range 1?20 days). Another 100 patients (39.8%) were treated operatively with a mean time from presentation to operation of 2.2 days (range <24 h?14 days). The remaining two patients (0.8%) were managed palliatively because of known metastatic disease. At laparotomy, 13 patients (13%) had a colon cancer identified. A further three patients were identified to have a colon cancer on follow up colonoscopy. However, only one of the three patients had had a previous laparotomy, that is, only 0.7% (1/149) of patients with a spontaneously resolved small bowel obstruction (presumably secondary to adhesions) had actually had colon cancer. Conclusions: The overall incidence of small bowel obstruction secondary to colon cancer is significant at 6.4%. However, as the incidence of colon cancer in patients who had had a previous laparotomy and spontaneous resolution of their obstruction was very low at 0.7%, routine colonoscopy does not seem warranted.     

生长抑素(施他宁)在结直肠术后早期炎性肠梗阻治疗中的应用

目的:探讨生长抑素(施他宁)在结直肠术后早期炎性肠梗阻治疗中的作用。方法:将2002年2月至2006年10月期间29例结直肠术后早期炎性肠梗阻患者,随机分为生长抑素加常规治疗组(治疗组,15例)和常规治疗组(对照组,14例),观察两组病例治疗前后临床症状、体征、胃肠减压量、腹部平片、腹部CT、实验室检查及明确肠梗阻后的平均住院时间等各项指标,对结果分别进行对比。结果:治疗组肛门排气时间、腹胀症状消失时间较对照组提前,胃肠引流量减少,红细胞比容接近正常,平均住院时间明显缩短,两组患者的影像学检查均得到改善。结论:生长抑素能抑制消化道内液分泌,减轻肠壁水肿,缓解扩张,促进肠蠕动,对治疗结直肠术后早期炎性肠梗阻有明显作用。     

Early intervention in intersigmoid hernia may prevent bowel resection-A case report

INTRODUCTION

Intersigmoid hernia is a rare internal hernia presenting with symptoms of bowel obstruction. Preoperative diagnosis is uncommon but computerised tomography (CT) may show signs to suggest internal hernia.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 63-year-old female presented with abdominal pain, vomiting and absolute constipation. Examination revealed a tense distended abdomen. A plain abdominal radiograph showed features of small bowel obstruction. Conservative management was initiated without success and a CT scan was performed which showed a dilated distal oesophagus, stomach and small bowel with a non-dilated length of distal ileum and large bowel. Internal hernia was suggested as a possible cause and the patient underwent a laparotomy where a loop of small bowel was found to be strangulated and gangrenous within the intersigmoid fossa. The gangrenous bowel was resected, an end-to-end anastamosis was performed and the fossa was closed. The patient made an uneventful recovery.

DISCUSSION

Hernias of the sigmoid mesocolon account for 6% of internal hernias with internal hernias themselves causing between 0.2 and 4.1% of intestinal obstruction. This report presents a case of intersigmoid hernia, a rare internal hernia which should be suspected in patients presenting with acute obstruction, no past surgical history and no external hernia. Patients with these symptoms should receive an urgent CT scan to facilitate early surgery and minimise strangulation and prevent bowel resection.

conclusion

Intersigmoid hernia presents with acute obstruction, no past surgical history and no external hernia. Urgent CT scanning and early surgery may minimise strangulation, conserve bowel and reduce patient morbidity and mortality.     

Is laparoscopy safe and effective for treatment of acute small-bowel obstruction?

Background: Acute small bowel obstruction (SBO) has been a relative contraindication for laparoscopic treatment due to the potential for bowel distention and the risk of enteric injury. However, as laparoscopic experience has increased, surgeons have begun to apply minimal access techniques to the management of acute SBO. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all patients with acute SBO in whom laparoscopic treatment was attempted. Patients with chronic symptoms and elective admission were excluded. Patients treated by laparoscopy were compared to those converted to laparotomy for differences in morbidity, postoperative length of stay, and return of bowel function as evidenced by toleration of a liquid diet. Results: Laparoscopy was performed in 40 patients for acute SBO. The etiologies of obstruction included adhesions (35 cases), Meckel's diverticulum (two cases), femoral hernia (one case), periappendiceal abscess (one case), and regional enteritis (one case). Laparoscopic treatment was possible in 24 patients (60%), but 13 patients required conversion to laparotomy for inadequate laparoscopic visualization (two cases), infarcted bowel (two cases), enterotomy (four cases), and inability to relieve the obstruction laparoscopically (five cases). There were ten complications—one in the laparoscopic group (pneumonia) and nine in the converted group (prolonged ileus, four cases; wound infection, two cases; pneumonia, two cases; and perioperative myocardial infarction, one case). Respectively, the laparoscopic and converted groups had mean operative times of 68 and 106 min a mean return of bowel function of 1.8 and 6.2 days, and a mean postoperative stay of 3.6 and 10.5 days. Long-term follow-up was available in 34 patients. One recurrence of SBO requiring operation occurred in each group during a mean follow-up of 88 weeks. Conclusions: Laparoscopy is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of acute SBO in selected patients. This approach requires surgeons to have a low threshold for conversion to laparotomy. Laparoscopic treatment appears to result in an earlier return of bowel function and a shorter postoperative length of stay, and it will likely have lower costs. Received: 31 March 1998/Accepted: 25 August 1998     

Acute pelvic inflammatory disease as a rare cause of acute small bowel obstruction

Introduction: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common presentation to emergency abdominal surgery. The most frequent causes of SBO are congenital, postoperative adhesions, abdominal wall hernia, internal hernia and malignancy.

Patients: A 27-year-old woman was hospitalized because of acute abdominal pain, blockage of gases and stools associated with vomiting. Abdominal computed tomography showed an acute small bowel obstruction without any obvious etiology. In view of important abdominal pain and the lack of clear diagnosis, an explorative laparoscopy was performed. Diagnostic of pelvic inflammatory disease was established and was comforted by positive PCR for Chlamydia Trachomatis.

Results: Acute small bowel obstruction resulting from acute pelvic inflammatory disease, emerging early after infection, without any clinical or X-ray obvious signs was not described in the literature yet. This infrequent acute SBO etiology but must be searched especially when there is no other evident cause of obstruction in female patients. Early laparoscopy is mostly advised when there are some worrying clinical or CT scan signs.     

Computed Tomography Patterns in Small Bowel Obstruction after Open Distal Gastric Bypass

Background: Life-threatening small bowel obstruction (SBO) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass can present with surprisingly minimal laboratory and plain x-ray findings. Based on a 10-year (1994-2003) experience of 1,409 open distal gastric bypasses, we present clinical and radiological findings in 29 patients with unusual forms of bowel obstruction. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted. A radiologist experienced in reviewing these in gastric bypass patients reviewed all computed tomography (CT) scans. Results: CT findings: The normal appearance and 7 recurring patterns of small bowel obstruction were identified. These include: 1) intussusception, 2) internal hernia through Petersen's space, 3) through Petersen's space and the mesenteric defect at enteroenterostomy, 4) through the mesenteric defect from the entero-enterostomy, 5) isolated biliary limb obstruction, 6) segmental non-anastomotic ischemia, and 7) internal hernia through bands. Clinical findings: 1 had peritonitis, and 1 had free air on plain film. WBC count was normal in 20/27 patients (74%) including 5/6 (83%) with dead bowel. 9/14 patients (62%) had "non-specific" findings on x-rays. 7 of these had an internal hernia (2 with volvulus and 2 with dead bowel), 1 had biliopancreatic limb obstruction, and 1 had peritonitis. Conclusion: Patients with SBO after distal gastric bypass may present with vague complaints and confusing laboratory and non-specific findings on x-rays. Delayed diagnosis can have catastrophic consequences. CT imaging with oral and intravenous contrast can be life-saving, and should be obtained in all gastric bypass patients with abdominal pain, particularly when all other parameters seem "normal". Unexplained abdominal pain should prompt exploration.     

Complications of misdiagnosed Bochdalek hernia in adults. Literature review

AIM OF THE STUDY: To report 3 new cases of complicated Bochdalek hernia (BH) in adulthood and to review the literature about this rare condition. CASE REPORT: Three adult patients were operated on for a BH undiagnosed until occurrence of acute complication. The first patient, 27 years-old, had small bowel obstruction and the diagnosis of BH, unrecognized on chest X-ray, was established on barium meal and CT scan. The second patient, 38 years-old, had epigastric pain and gastric obstruction: diagnosis of BH, unrecognized at a previous laparotomy, was established on CT scan and barium enema. The third patient, 88 years-old, had respiratory failure and gastric obstruction: diagnosis of BH, unrecognized on chest X-ray, was established on CT scan. The 3 patients were operated on through laparotomy (n = 2) ou thoracotomy (n = 1) with one post-operative death. DISCUSSION: In adulthood, BH can remain asymptomatic for a long time before occurrence of a acute digestive or respiratory complication. Chest X-ray can be normal or misinterpreted. CT scan seems to be the most reliable examination to diagnose BH. CONCLUSION: In adulthood, diagnosis of BH should be evocated in case of respiratory or upper digestive symptoms.     

Prospective evaluation of oral gastrografin in postoperative small bowel obstruction

BACKGROUND: Orally administered gastrografin has been used for early resolution of postoperative small bowel obstruction (POSBO) and to reduce the need for surgery in various studies. However the studies have reported conflicting results as patients with complete obstruction and equivocal diagnosis of bowel strangulation were also included. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of gastrografin in patients with partial adhesive small bowel obstruction. Patients with suspected strangulation, complete obstruction, obstructed hernia, bowel malignancy, and radiation enteritis were excluded. Sixty-two patients with partial adhesive small bowel obstruction were given an initial trial of conservative management of 48 h. Thirty-eight patients improved within 48 h and the other 24 were given 100 ml of undiluted gastrografin through the nasogastric tube. In 22 patients the contrast reached the colon within 24 h. In the remaining two patients the contrast failed to reach the colon and these underwent surgery. RESULTS: The use of gastrografin avoided surgical intervention in 91.3% (22 of 24) patients who failed conservative management of POSBO. Gastrografin also decreased the overall requirement for surgical management of POSBO from the reported rate of 25 to 30% to 3.2% (2 of 62). CONCLUSION: Use of gastrografin in patients with partial POSBO helps in resolution of symptoms and avoids the need for surgical management in the majority of patients.     

急性肠梗阻69例诊治分析

目的:提高对急性肠梗阻的论断治疗水平.方法:回顾性分析我 急性肠梗阻手术病人的论断治疗经验,结果:69例病人的主要原发病患 是:肠粘连17例,肿瘤23例,论断主要依靠病史和体征以及典型腹部立卧位平片(90%),B超或CT对30%病人有论断价值.69例病人均经手术治疗,充手术残废,结论:急性肠梗阻最常见的原因为肿瘤和粘连,急性肠梗阻的论断主要靠典型的病史体征,以及腹部立臣平自主 ,B超或CT.急性肠梗阻保守无效应积极手术.     

腹部手术后早期小肠内疝的诊治

目的 研究术后早期小肠内疝的临床特点. 方法回顾性研究1994-2006年38例腹部手术后早期小肠梗阻(early postoperative small bowel obstruction,EPSBO)患者的临床资料.结果 手术治疗术后早期小肠梗阻(发生于术后30 d内)的38例中各种原因所致小肠内疝占9例(23.7%).男6例,女3例,平均年龄53.6岁(32～72岁).术后出现症状的平均时间为7.8 d(2～17 d),平均行保守治疗时间为3.4 d(1～8 d).术后早期内疝的主要临床表现为:完全性机械性梗阻表现,症状重,进展快,可早期出现肠绞窄.影像学检查可能发现特征性内疝表现,以增强CT检查最佳.本组术中见6例患者已发生肠绞窄,其中4例患者发生肠坏死.本组共行肠切除术5例.术后平均住院时间为15.8 d(8～42 d).1例患者术后发生切口感染,无围术期死亡患者.结论 小肠内疝可发生于术后早期,易于发生绞窄坏死,应积极外科手术治疗,可获得理想的效果.