保留勃起和射精功能的单纯膀胱切除术

目的 :探讨保留勃起和射精功能的单纯膀胱切除术的临床应用价值。　方法 :7例病人平均年龄 2 7岁。其中 ,结核性挛缩膀胱 2例 ,腺性膀胱炎 1例 ,晚期神经源性膀胱 4例 ,均需行全膀胱切除。为保留勃起和射精功能 ,病人做了改良的单纯性膀胱切除 ,保留输精管、精囊、前列腺和双侧神经血管束。　结果 :平均手术时间 5h 4 5min ,术中出血少 ,未发生围手术期并发症。随访 9～ 6 0个月 ,勃起功能良好 ,均有遗精或顺行射精。新膀胱术者无排尿困难 ,可控性膀胱者插管顺利。尿路造影示上尿路功能良好。病人自我评价生活质量满意。　结论 :对希望保留生育和勃起功能的病人 ,保留输精管、精囊、前列腺和双侧神经血管束的单纯膀胱切除术是一种简单、有效、实用的手术方法     

保留性功能全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术(附19例报告)

目的探讨保留勃起和射精功能的全膀胱切除术对浸润性膀胱癌的疗效。方法收集2000年1月～2006年6月膀胱移行细胞癌19例，男性，平均年龄50.9岁，为保留性功能，改善控尿，行改良根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术，保留精囊、输精管、双侧神经血管束及大部分前列腺包膜，随访观察手术效果和生活质量。结果术后病理报告T2aN0M013例，T2bN0M06例。平均随访39个月（6～78个月），死亡率0，均未发现局部及远处转移;平均手术时间5h，平均出血400ml;白天控尿率100%（19/19），夜间尿失禁10.5%（2/19）;全部患者均保留勃起及逆行射精功能，IIEF-5平均22分;新膀胱储尿囊容量350～480ml，充盈压13～25cmH2O，残余尿量10～60ml。结论对有选择的病例采用保留性功能的全膀胱切除-原位回肠新膀胱术可以更好的保留阴茎勃起射精及控尿功能。     

勃起神经保留性膀胱全切Roux-y乙状结肠新膀胱的临床结果

目的:观察勃起神经保留性膀胱全切和Roux-y乙状结肠新膀胱术后患者阴茎勃起功能、尿控、排尿和肿瘤复发情况。方法:共有18例患者进行了勃起神经保留性膀胱全切和Roux-y乙状结肠新膀胱术,评价肿瘤复发情况和功能性结果(尿控、排尿、勃起功能)。结果:平均随访41个月,2例分别于术后10个月和15个月死于癌症广泛性转移,这2例均为盆腔淋巴结阳性的患者。白天和夜间尿控率均为100%,11例患者有阴茎勃起功能,勃起率达61.1%,2例患者勃起功能受损,5例无勃起功能,手术前后ⅡEF-5评分为(13.72±6.39)、(10.83±8.25)分,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:勃起神经保留性膀胱全切和Roux-y乙状结肠新膀胱术后患者阴茎勃起功能和尿控情况良好,肿瘤复发情况尚可接受,但仍需要长时间随访和大样本患者证实。     

全膀胱切除术中盆腔神经血管束的保护及对勃起功能的影响

目的:认识海绵体的神经血管束(neurovascular-bundle,NVB)的解剖结构,探讨保留性神经全膀胱切除术的手术技巧。方法:回顾性分析15例行保留NVB的全膀胱切除术患者的临床资料,对15例患者及伴侣于术前、术后采用勃起功能国际问卷5(IIEF-5)调查评估勃起功能状况。12例行开放性保留NVB的全膀胱切除术,3例行腹腔镜保留NVB的全膀胱切除术;其中保留双侧NVB者12例,保留单侧NVB者3例。结果:15例保留NVB的患者术后60.0%(9/15)可获得满意勃起,IIEF-5评分为(18.3±3.7),ED发生率为40.0%(6/15)。结论:熟悉NVB的解剖结构,可以有效地保护勃起神经,对减少医源性阳痿的发生有重要意义。     

保存勃起神经的根治性膀胱切除术(附32例报告)

目的:探讨保存阴茎勃起神经的根治性膀胱切除术临床应用价值。方法:2000年1月~2005年1月我院对32例男性患者施行了保存勃起神经的根治性膀胱切除术。患者年龄38~78岁,病程2d~20年,术前勃起功能正常。术中膀胱全切采用顺行逆行相结合的方法,保留神经血管束。结果:随访6~54个月。术后性功能达到Ⅰ级者3例;Ⅱ级者6例;Ⅲ级者23例,时间为2~14个月,平均4.5个月。结论:保存勃起神经的根治性膀胱切除术治疗效果肯定。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜下保留性神经全膀胱切除术临床应用及疗效分析

目的:初步探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜下保留性神经全膀胱切除术临床应用的可行性及疗效。方法:回顾性分析2016年3月至2018年5月12例施行保留性神经的机器人辅助腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术患者的临床资料。患者年龄45～65岁,术前均有勃起功能, IIEF-5评分17.0分。手术范围包括膀胱前列腺切除和盆腔淋巴结清扫,术中注意保留双侧神经血管束,副阴部内动脉和耻骨膀胱复合体。术后推荐患者进行规律PDE5抑制剂药物治疗,并利用IIEF-5量表随访评估其术后性功能。结果:12例手术均顺利完成,手术切缘阴性,术后病理均为浸润性高级别尿路上皮细胞癌或原位癌,其中11例T_2N_0M_0期及以下,1例T_(3a)N_0M_0期肿瘤,无严重术中、术后并发症。术后随访时间超过12个月[(20.7±8.0)个月],无肿瘤复发转移。术后第3、6、12个月进行IIEF-5评分,分别为(10.9±6.9)分、(12.3±6.9)分和(14.1±8.0)分。随访第12个月时,其中有5例(41.7%)患者在药物辅助下可保持足以获得满意性交的勃起功能,3例(25%)有勃起但无法进行满意性交,4例(33.3%)无勃起功能。结论:对于经过严格筛选的渴望保留性功能的膀胱癌患者,机器人辅助腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术可以最大限度地保护患者的勃起功能。     

男性膀胱癌根治性膀胱切除术的技术改进(附62例报告)

目的:改进男性膀胱癌根治性膀胱切除术的手术技术,减少并发症。方法:改进根治性膀胱切除术,包括顺逆性结合的膀胱前列腺切除、输尿管远端冰冻活检、缝扎背深静脉、保护神经血管束、广泛盆腔淋巴结清扫等。对62例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:患者平均年龄67岁,膀胱前列腺切除及淋巴清扫的手术时间2.2~3.5h,平均2.5h。术中出血量150~1200ml,平均400ml。62例中7例(11.3%)术中冷冻切片证实输尿管残端有肿瘤细胞浸润或上皮细胞不典型增生。切除淋巴结8~16枚/例,阳性率16.1%(10/62)。本组术后6例有轻度肠梗阻,对症治疗好转;1例切口部分脂肪液化,无肺、盆腔感染,无直肠损伤等并发症,无一例围手术期死亡。随访3~52个月,1例术后5个月骨转移死亡,余均未发现盆腔、吻合口及其他脏器的远处转移。有意保留神经血管束的10例,其中4例有勃起功能;无意保留神经血管束,术后有勃起功能者3例(随访30例)。结论:改进的根治性膀胱切除术可有效根治性切除肿瘤,可减少术中后出血,降低并发症发生率。     

改良根治性膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术治疗男性膀胱癌的临床研究

目的探讨改良根治性膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌的临床应用价值。方法 45例膀胱癌患者随机分为对照组（20例）与改良组（25例）,其中对照组行经典根治性膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术,改良组行改良根治性膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术,术中注意对膜部尿道括约肌、神经血管束加以保留。结果①改良组手术时间短于对照组,为（265.1±27.8）min vs.（302.4±46.5）min,出血量少于对照组,为（403.9±156.2）ml vs.（485.3±121.6）ml,P〈0.05。②改良组术后发生并发症12例（48%）,明显低于对照组的18例（90%）,P〈0.01。③两组间最大膀胱容量和充盈期膀胱内压无明显差异（P〉0.05）,但改良组残余尿量少于对照组,为（22.9±7.6）ml vs.（45.3±12.4）ml,最大尿流率高于对照组,分别为（18.3±3.5）ml/s vs.（14.9±3.2）ml/s（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。④改良组患者勃起功能保留率明显高于对照组（82.4%vs.46.7%）,P〈0.05。⑤改良组与对照组间2年生存率（87.5%vs.78.6%）、5年生存率（66.7%vs.71.4%）和平均生存时间（52.6±8.2）个月vs.（56.9±7.8）个月比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论改良根治性膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱术不仅可达到肿瘤根治目的,而且可明显改善患者储尿、排尿、控尿功能,有效保护患者阴茎勃起功能。     

保留性神经的膀胱全切除原位回肠膀胱术34例临床分析

目的研究保留性神经的膀胱全切除原位回肠膀胱术在年轻膀胱癌患者中的临床疗效,为临床诊治提供依据.方法选取1998年 l 月至2010年6月我院诊治的年轻膀胱癌患者34例,平均(37．0±2．4)岁.患者入选条件：肿瘤均未侵袭膀胱颈、后尿道、前列腺,无合并前列腺癌,且患者均行保留性神经的膀胱全切除原位回肠膀胱术治疗,实现原位尿流改道.观察入选患者手术成功率、手术时间、随访情况并采用男性性功能量表(BMSFI)进行术后调查.结果34例手术均成功,手术时间280~410 min,平均(310．0±10．2)min.随访6~80个月,34例均存活,无尿道复发,无转移.术后2个月20例(58．8％)有晨间自发性阴茎勃起现象.治疗后28例(82．4％)可有性生活.结论年轻膀胱癌患者采用保留性神经的膀胱全切除原位回肠膀胱术治疗效果理想,能维持患者勃起功能,改善患者生活质量,值得推广应用.     

保留前列腺包膜的膀胱全切除-原位回肠新膀胱术

目的 探讨保留前列腺包膜的膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及疗效.方法 2002年5月至2008年9月,对35例浸润性膀胱癌患者施行了保留前列腺包膜的膀胱根治性切除-原位回肠新膀胱术,其中开放手术22例,腹腔镜手术13例.术中保留患者的前列腺包膜、精囊、输精管、神经血管束.术后对患者进行定期随访,了解患者的生活质量、排尿情况,并检测患者的残余尿量、新膀胱压力及性功能情况等.结果 全部患者均顺利完成保留前列腺包膜和勃起神经的膀胱根治性切除一原位回肠新膀胱术.其中开放手术时间为210～330 min,平均271 min;术中出血200～800 ml,平均460 ml.腹腔镜手术时间为210～420 min,平均343 min;术中出血80～800 ml,平均377 ml.术后3个月IVU及代膀胱造影检查,显示双肾显影良好,无输尿管返流及梗阻,代膀胱充盈良好,容量约250～350 ml.术后6个月随访,所有患者均能自行排尿,2例患者有夜间尿失禁.术后71.4%(20/28)的患者保留了阴茎勃起功能.无患者出现尿道残端或前列腺包膜肿瘤复发,有2例发生盆腔淋巴结转移,1例骨转移.结论 保留前列腺包膜的膀胱根治性切除术与标准的膀胱前列腺根治性切除术相比,具有操作简单、控尿效果好、可保留勃起神经等特点,适用于对性功能要求较强、肿瘤未累及膀胱颈及前列腺的较年轻的患者.然而,其肿瘤控制效果还有待于进一步观察.     

Modified cystectomy with preservation of erectile andejaculatory functions in men with non-malignant bladder diseases

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a modified cystectomy in the preservation of erectile and ejaculatory functions in men with non malignant bladder diseases. Methods: Seven cases with average age of 27 years presented with bladder diseases necessitating cystectomy, including 2 tuberculous contractile bladder, 1 extensive polypoid cystitis glandularis and 4 late stage neurogenic bladder. We performed a modified simple cystectomy reserving both vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate and neurovascular bundles with the construction of an Indiana pouch or ileal neobladder. Results: The average operation time was 5 h 45 min. There were no perioperative complications. With a follow-up of 9months to 60 months, the erectile and ejaculatory functions were normal in all the cases. All patients remained completely continent without dysuria. The upper urinary tract was in good condition 3 and 24 months after operation. Conclusion: Modified cystectomy with preservation of the vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles,     

ORTHOTOPIC URINARY DIVERSION WITH PRESERVATION OF ERECTILE AND EJACULATORY FUNCTION IN MEN REQUIRING RADICAL CYSTECTOMY FOR NONUROTHELIAL MALIGNANCY: A NEW TECHNIQUE

PURPOSE: Nerve sparing techniques to preserve sexual function in men undergoing cystoprostatectomy have been well documented. The patient who desires to remain fertile with ejaculatory function poses an additional challenge. We describe a new technique for radical cystectomy and orthotopic diversion with preservation of the vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, posterior prostate and neurovascular bundles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four men with a median age of 26 years presented with bladder pathology necessitating cystectomy, including signet ring carcinoma of the bladder dome, leiomyosarcoma of the anterior bladder wall, leiomyosarcoma of the lateral bladder wall, and extensive polypoid cystitis glandularis of the trigone and posterior wall refractory to conservative and transurethral management. All patients wished to maintain fertility and ejaculatory function. We detail the surgical technique of extirpation of the bladder and anterior proximal prostate en bloc with preservation of the vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, posterior prostate and neurovascular bundles as well as construction of an orthotopic reservoir. RESULTS: Followup ranges from 4 months to 5 years. All patients remain completely continent and void to completion without difficulty. Erectile function is normal in all cases. Of 3 patients who ejaculate antegrade 1 has fathered a child. The remaining patient ejaculates retrograde. There has been no tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of cystectomy with preservation of the vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, posterior prostate and neurovascular bundles is an excellent option in men with nonurothelial malignancy or another pathological condition that necessitates cystectomy, and in whom preservation of fertility and potency is desirable. All of our patients are fully potent and achieve ejaculation. Even the patient with retrograde ejaculation remains fertile. In terms of practicality semen retrieval from urine is much simpler than epididymal sperm aspiration and in vitro fertilization.     

Supra-ampullar cystectomy with preservation of sexual function and ileal orthotopic reservoir for bladder tumor: twenty years of experience

OBJECTIVE: We describe the original surgical technique of supra-ampullar cystectomy associated with ileal neobladder, and present our results in terms of preservation of sexual potency, urinary continence and cancer control along twenty years of experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight consecutive patients with bladder tumor-27 transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) and 1 leiomyosarcoma-underwent supra-ampullar cystectomy with ileal orthotopic neobladder (2 Camey I and 26 Camey II) between May 1984 and June 1999. The median age of the patients was 51.0 years (range 23-65). Preoperatively 24 patients had superficial high-risk TCC. Involvement of prostatic urethra was excluded by means of preoperative endoscopic biopsies. The bladder, part of the prostate with the prostatic urethra and regional lymph nodes were removed, while the vas deferens with deferential ampullae, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts and the peripheral portion of the prostate were maintained. Median followup was 90.5 months (range 10-228). RESULTS: Out of 28 patients 6 died of bladder cancer (all with metastases, 2 also with local recurrence); 4 out of the 22 patients who were free of disease at followup died of other causes. Potency was preserved in 26 patients (92.8%), reporting satisfactory sexual intercourses; 15 patients (53.5%) also maintained antegrade ejaculation allowing procreation in 3 cases. In one patient the orthotopic neobladder according to Camey I was converted into an ileal conduit because of the excessive capacity of the reservoir, high post-void residual and recurrent pyelonephritis. Of the remaining 27 patients 16 showed both daytime and nighttime urinary continence (average interval between micturitions = 3 hours), 6 were continent during the day and 5 performed self-intermittent catheterization. CONCLUSION: Supra-ampullar cystectomy with detubularized ileal orthotopic neobladder allows to preserve sexual function in nearly all the cases and to maintain urinary continence in most patients, without compromising oncological outcome. The indication must be restricted to highly selected cases, without potential risk of local recurrences and concomitant prostatic carcinoma.     

改良膀胱全切新回肠膀胱术治疗男性浸润性膀胱癌

目的 探讨根治性全膀胱切除术中保留远端的前列腺包膜及精囊对原位新膀胱功能及勃起功能的影响。方法 对24例男性浸润性膀胱癌患者施行改良根治性全膀胱切除及原位回肠膀胱术：保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，新回肠膀胱与残留前列腺包膜连续缝合；对术后新膀胱的储尿、排尿、控尿功能及患者的勃起功能进行随访和比较。结果 术后病理分期：T2aN0M0 5例，T2bN0M0 9例，T3aN0M0 7例，T3bN1M0 3例。术后随访3—24个月，平均12．7月。无瘤生存22例；带瘤生存2例。新膀胱容量（385±68）mL，最大充盈压（24±16）cmH2O。排尿良好，最大尿流率（18±5）mL／s，剩余尿（35±16）mL；完全控尿22例，夜间尿失禁2例；21例术前勃起功能正常者术后2例发生勃起功能障碍。结论 在改良根治性膀胱全切术中保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，可明显改善患者术后的储尿、排尿、控尿功能和勃起功能，同时可有效防止新膀胱一尿道吻合口狭窄的发生。     

Clinical outcomes after sexuality preserving cystectomy and neobladder (prostate sparing cystectomy) in 44 patients

PURPOSE: We describe the functional outcome on erectile function, continence and voiding, and local and distant cancer recurrence rates in 44 patients after sexuality preserving cystectomy and neobladder (prostate sparing cystectomy). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 44 males underwent cystectomy with preservation of the prostate, seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia, after which a Studer type neobladder was anastomosed to the prostate. Oncological outcome (disease specific survival, distant and local recurrence rates) and functional results (continence, voiding, erectile function) were determined. RESULTS: At a median followup of 42 months, 13 (30%) patients died of cancer. All 13 experienced widespread disease, which was combined with a pelvic recurrence (pelvic recurrence rate 6.9%) in 3. The 3-year survival according to pathological stage was 86% for pT 2N0 or lower, 63% pT3N0 and 39% for node positive tumors (anyT Npos). Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 1 patient 5 years after treatment, and recurrent carcinoma in situ in the prostatic urethra in another patient. Complete daytime and nighttime continence was achieved in 95.3% and 74.4%, respectively. Incontinence during day and night could be managed by 1 pad per day/night in 4.7% and 20.9%, respectively, while 4.7% needed more than 1 pad per night. Erectile function could be determined in 40 patients, and potency was maintained in 77.5%, impaired in 12.5% and absent in 10%. CONCLUSIONS: Functional results with regard to erectile function and urinary continence after prostate sparing cystectomy are good. Oncological results have been promising, but need to be confirmed after longer followup and in larger trials.     

Erection- and ejaculation-preserving cystectomy with orthotopic urinary diversion: is it feasible?

Nerve-sparing techniques to preserve sexual function in men undergoing cystoprostatectomy have been documented by different centers. We evaluated the results of the first 4 erection- and ejaculation-preserving cystectomies performed in our department. The ages of patients ranged between 36 and 43 years. In all cases, patients wished to maintain sexual function. Of the cases, 3 patients had pT1 G3 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) refractory to treatment and one had pT2a adenocarcinoma of the bladder. Extirpation of the bladder and anterior proximal prostate en bloc with preservation of the vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, posterior prostate, and neurovascular bundles was performed after pelvic lymphadenectomy. W-ileal neobladder was performed by using 40 cm of ileum. All patients had erections at the third month. Of the cases, 2 patients had antegrade ejaculation. The ejaculate volumes were 0.8 and 1.2 mL in patients with antegrade ejaculation. Patients in the other cases had retrograde ejaculation. All patients were continent day and night. We started clean intermittent catheterization in 1 case because of residual urine. There were no local recurrences. One patient with TCC died because of systemic disease in the postoperative 32nd month. The most important drawback of potent cases in cystectomy decision is erectile dysfunction after radical cystectomy. This drawback causes delay of the operation and sometimes mortality. As was the case in other reports, our limited number of cases in this study demonstrated that erection and ejaculation could be preserved in selected groups of patients.     

Sexuality preserving cystectomy and neobladder: initial results

PURPOSE: Standard cystectomy for bladder cancer in males and females includes removal of organs that are vital to normal sexual function. We report the initial results of modified cystectomy in males and females meant to preserve all sexual function, called sexuality preserving cystectomy and neobladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sexuality preserving cystectomy and neobladder consists of pelvic lymph node dissection followed by cystectomy alone with preservation of the vasa deferentia, prostate and seminal vesicles in males, and all internal genitalia in females. An ileal neobladder is anastomosed to the margins of the prostate in males and urethra in females. Indications for this type of surgery are bladder cancer stages T1-T3 with absent tumor growth in the bladder neck in males and females, absent tumor in the prostatic urethra in males and absent invasive tumor in the trigone in females. Further requirements are patient motivation for the preservation of sexual function, no prostate cancer and no cervical/uterine abnormalities. Preoperative evaluation in males involves prostate specific antigen measurement and transrectal ultrasound with sextant prostate biopsies, while females undergo gynecological examination with a cervical smear and transvaginal ultrasound. Voiding and sexual function are assessed by a structured interview with preoperative urodynamics. Erectile function is evaluated by RigiScan (UroHealth Systems, Inc., Laguna Niguel, California) nocturnal penile erection measurement. A short course of 20 Gy. external radiation therapy to the bladder is given shortly before surgery. No patient has been lost to followup, which involves repeat RigiScan examination and regular endoscopy. All patients were entered in a prospective clinical trial approved by the medical ethics committee. RESULTS: From 1995 to 1998, 10 males and 3 females 38 to 71 years old (mean age 55) were enrolled in this protocol. Bladder cancer was stage T carcinoma in situ N0M0 in 1 case, Ta multiple grade 3 N0M0 in 1, T1 multiple grade 3 N0M0 in 4, T2 grade 3 N0M0 in 5, T2 grade 3 N1M0 in 1 and T3 grade 3 N1M0 in 1. Mean followup was 3.5 years (range 3 to 6). Two patients died of widespread metastasis without local recurrence. In 1 case prostate cancer developed 5 years after sexuality preserving cystectomy and neobladder, which was treated with external radiation therapy. Erection was normal in 7 men with antegrade ejaculation in 5 and vaginal lubrication was reported to be normal in all women. Daytime continence was achieved in 9 of the 10 males and 2 of the 3 females, while nighttime continence was achieved in 7 and 2, respectively. One woman and 3 men perform intermittent catheterization because of post-void residual urine after voiding. Postoperatively a vaginal fistula and ureteral stenosis developed in 1 case each. CONCLUSIONS: Sexuality preserving cystectomy and neobladder achieves maximal tissue conservation, resulting in preserved normal sexual function and satisfactory urinary tract reconstruction. Using strict criteria oncological results have not been jeopardized to date.     

Nerve-sparing Radical Cystectomy: A New Technique

BackgroundThe results of post–radical cystectomy (RC) erectile function are notoriously disappointing, except when a prostate-sparing technique is used. However, valid concerns regarding oncologic safety still predominate, and protocols for patient selection and technique are not well defined.ObjectiveWe describe a new technique for nerve-sparing RC and orthotopic diversion with preservation of the vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, and neurovascular bundles (NVB). No prostatic tissue is left behind, thus eliminating the risk of local recurrence from bladder cancer (BCa) as well as de novo prostate cancer.Design, setting, participantsBetween March 2008 and October 2009, nine patients with intact erectile function and non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) or stage ≤pT3a away from the trigone underwent this type of procedure. Prostatic carcinoma was excluded by normal digital rectal examination (DRE) and transurethral ultrasound (TRUS), a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value ≤4.0 ng/ml, and a free-to-total PSA ratio >20%.InterventionThe procedure starts as a standard nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (RP). After transection of the urethra with Denonvillier's fascia still intact, vasa deferentia and seminal vesicles are transected at the base of the prostate, and the trigone is undermined to the space of Douglas. The cystectomy is completed in ascending or preferably descending fashion.MeasurementsPatients were evaluated pre- and postoperatively using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. Patients were followed up regularly at 2 mo, 6 mo, and 12 mo.Results and limitationsFour out of nine patients maintained spontaneous complete tumescence, and five patients had partial tumescence using sildenafil as a successful erectogenic aid. PSA was <0.1 ng/ml in all cases. All patients showed no evidence of disease (NED).ConclusionWith correct patient selection, excellent functional results can be obtained.     

The rabbit as a model for neurourologic studies of the lower genitourinary tract

Summary We evaluated the rabbit as an animal model for the elucidation of the neurophysiology of erection, ejaculation, and bladder function. In 24 rabbits, stimulation of the hypogastric nerves resulted in penile tumescence and contraction of the seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia. Stimulation of the sympathetic trunks induced contraction of the penis, seminal vesicles, and vasa deferentia. Cavernous nerve stimulation induced penile erection with a mean intracavernous pressure of 113 cm H₂O. Pelvic nerve stimulation elicited bladder contraction, but the intraluminal pressure was low (mean, 9.6 cm H₂O) in comparison with that in other species. Our results indicate that the rabbit may be an appropriate, relatively inexpensive, and readily available model for the study of ejaculatory and erectile systems in man. However, because of anatomic variations, the rabbit bladder appears to be unsuitable for comparative studies in humans.This work was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Sti 96/1 und Sti 96/2-1).