高分辨率熔解曲线分析法检测非小细胞肺癌KRAS和BRAF基因突变

目的探讨高分辨率熔解曲线分析(HRM)法检测非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中KRAS和BRAF基因突变用于临床检测的可行性。方法用HRM法检测64例NSCLC患者KRAS基因第2外显子和BRAF基因第15外显子的突变情况,用直接测序法对结果进行验证。结果 HRM法检测结果表明有9例NSCLC患者发生KRAS基因突变(14.06%)、4例发生BRAF基因突变(6.25%),直接测序法证实两法的结果完全一致;共检测出4种KRAS基因突变类型,G12C(GGT>TGT)的突变率最高(44.4%),BRAF基因突变型均为V600E。结论用HRM法检测临床样本KRAS和BRAF基因突变,具有操作简便、结果准确、成本低的优点,适用于临床检测。     

非小细胞肺癌患者肿瘤组织中EGFR和KRAS基因突变的 分子病理检测分析

目的:探讨非小细胞肺癌患者肿瘤组织中EGFR和KRAS基因各亚型突变情况。方法:应用直接测序方法检测非小细胞肺癌石蜡组织中1 273例EGFR基因和1 062例KRAS基因突变情况。结果:非小细胞肺癌肿瘤组织中EGFR基因总突变率为36.68%(467/1 273),外显子18、19、20和21的突变率分别为1.02%(13/1 273)、18.93%(241/1 273)、2.59%(33/1 273)和15.95%(203/1 273);EGFR基因各外显子之间双重突变共17例(1.34%),其中18外显子与20外显子双重突变3例(0.24%),19外显子与20外显子双重突变7例(0.55%),19外显子与21外显子双重突变4例(0.31%)和20外显子与21外显子双重突变3例(0.24%);EGFR基因各外显子内双重突变共2例(2.18%),均为21外显子双重突变。KRAS基因总突变率为3.01%(32/1 062),外显子2的密码子5、12、13和25的突变率分别为0.09%(1/1 062)、2.64%(28/1 062)、0.18%(2/1 062)和0.09%(1/1 062),外显子3密码子61的突变率为0.09%(1/1 062)。结论:非小细胞肺癌患者中EGFR基因存在较高的突变率,尤其为19和21外显子突变,其基因突变亚型分类能指导EGFR-TKI的肿瘤靶向治疗,KRAS基因突变率虽低但不容忽视,其基因突变预示着EGFR-TKI原发耐药。     

高分辨率熔解曲线分析在血友病B F9基因突变检测中的应用

目的 利用高分辨率熔解曲线(HRM)技术建立简便有效的血友病B(HB)基因诊断的方法.方法 收集2005年1月至2010年6月就诊于上海瑞金医院的55例HB患者的外周血标本,抽提外周血基因组DNA.采用PCR扩增结合测序的方法对40例HB患者进行F9基因突变检测,利用其中21例带有F9基因1～7号外显子突变的HB患者标本建立相应的HRM突变筛查方法.采用F9基因1～7号外显子的PCR-HRM突变筛查方法及8号外显子的DNA直接测序方法,对15例未知F9基因突变的HB患者进行基因诊断.结果 通过PCR扩增结合测序,40例HB患者均检测到F9基因突变.21例带有F9基因1～7号外显子突变的HB患者标本中,19例(90％)患者的突变可通过PCR-HRM技术进行检测.通过F9基因1～7号外显子PCR-HRM突变筛查及8号外显子的DNA直接测序,15例未知F9基因突变的HB患者均检测到F9基因突变.55例HB患者中共检测到34种F9基因突变.结论 HB基因诊断的新方法,即PCR-HRM筛查F9基因1～7号外显子突变结合8号外显子的DNA测序法操作简便、结果可靠.     

非小细胞肺癌838例EGFR、KRAS基因突变状态及临床意义

目的探讨非小细胞肺癌(NSCKC)中EGFR、KRAS基因突变与患者临床病理特征的相关性。方法采用ARMS法和Sanger测序法检测838例NSCLC样本中EGFR和KRAS基因的突变情况,同时收集患者的临床病理资料,并分析之间的相关性。结果 EGFR、KRAS突变率分别为42.24%、10.98%。EGFR突变以21外显子L858R和19外显子Del突变为主,占所有突变的87.85%; EGFR突变在女性患者中的突变率明显高于男性(P0.01),在腺癌中的突变率明显高于非腺癌(P0.01),在不吸烟患者中的突变率明显高于吸烟患者(P0.01)。KRAS突变以外显子2突变为主,占所有突变的92.39%,其中12密码子突变占86.96%; KRAS突变在男性患者中的突变率明显高于女性(P0.01),在腺癌中的突变率明显高于非腺癌(P0.01),在吸烟患者中的突变率明显高于不吸烟者(P0.01)。EGFR、KRAS突变与患者年龄、有无淋巴结转移无相关性(P0.05)。结论潍坊地区NSCLC患者中EGFR突变以21外显子L858R和19外显子Del突变为主; KRAS突变以外显子2第12密码子突变为主; EGFR和KRAS基因突变与患者性别、组织学类型及吸烟密切相关。     

2种方法检测非小细胞肺癌EGFR基因突变的比较

目的比较测序法和Taqman实时荧光PCR法检测表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因19、21外显子基因突变的一致性,为寻找适宜临床应用的EGFR基因突变检测方法提供实验依据。方法收集60例非小细胞肺癌患者肿瘤组织,应用测序法和Taqman实时荧光PCR法分别检测EGFR基因19、21外显子基因突变,比较两种方法的有效性。结果两法检测EGFR基因19、21外显子突变结果符合率分别为96.7%(58/60)和98.3%(59/60),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 2种方法均可用于EGFR基因19、21外显子突变检测,测序法更适合指导临床分子靶向治疗。     

华南地区172例非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体和KRAS突变分析

目的:完善华南地区非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)和KRAS基因突变谱,探讨其与临床表型的关系。方法:直接测序法对172例NSCLC患者肿瘤组织DNA的EGFR 18-21外显子和KRAS 2号外显子进行突变鉴定并分析。结果:EGFR和KRAS在本群体中突变率分别为32%(55/172)和8.1%(14/172),其中热点突变为EGFR 19号外显子缺失,21号外显子L858R和KRAS 12位密码子点突变。女性、无吸烟史患者与男性、吸烟者相比,EGFR突变率显著增高,而KRAS突变率显著降低。腺癌患者EGFR突变率显著高于非腺癌患者,KRAS突变则无显著差别。结论:华南地区人群EGFR具有丰富的突变谱。完善该地区的突变数据库,确证各种突变对TKI的治疗敏感性的影响,对靶向治疗在NSCLC患者中更深入、广泛开展具有重要的指导作用。     

NSCLC患者肿瘤组织中EGFR和K-Ras基因各亚型的突变情况及意义

目的探讨非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者肿瘤组织中EGFR和KRAS基因突变状况以及临床意义。方法选取2015年2月至2018年1月在我院治疗的NSCLC患者110例,采用荧光PCR检测EGFR和KRAS基因突变状况。结果 110例患者中共检测到EGFR基因突变为33.64%,其中外显子18、19和20突变分别占为27.03%、32.43%、16.22%,外显子18和20共同突变占13.51%,外显子19和20共同突变占10.81%;110例患者中共检测KRAS基因突变为2.73%;未检测到EGFR与KRAS基因双重突变;女性患者EGFR基因突变率为62.79%,明显高于男性患者(P0.05);腺癌患者EGFR基因突变率为42.17%,明显高于非腺癌患者(P0.05);KRAS基因突变与患者年龄、性别、吸烟史、病灶大体类型、肿瘤直径、TNM分期、分化程度以及淋巴结转移无关(P0.05)。结论 NSCLC患者肿瘤组织中EGFR突变率较高,而KRAS基因突变率较低,其中EGFR突变与患者性别、病理类型有关。     

胰腺癌中EGFR、KRAS、BRAF基因突变状况分析及意义

目的:检测胰腺癌组织EGFR、KRAS、BRAF基因突变状况,为胰腺癌EGFR靶向治疗研究奠定基础.方法:提取胰腺癌及胰腺良性病变石蜡组织切片中基因组DNA,PCR扩增EGFR 18、19、21外显子片段,KRAS2、3外显子片段,BRAF15外显子片段,采用直接测序法检测其突变状况.结果:32例胰腺癌患者中有24例患者存在KRAS基因突变,10例良性病变组织均未发现突变,两者差异具有统计学意义(x2=14.57,P=1.35× 10-4),其中22例12密码子突变(G12D14例,G12V8例);2例61密码子突变(Q61L).所有检测样本中未见BRAF突变.共3例EGFR突变,其中包括1例19外显子突变(de1746-750),2例21外显子突变(L858R),10例良性病变组织未见突变.结论:在胰腺癌中KRAS基因突变可能为EGFR通路失调的主要原因,其次是EGFR突变,BRAF突变未见.     

某地区结直肠癌患者KRAS基因及BRAF基因突变状态的检测分析

目的 检测某地区结直肠癌患者KRAS基因和BRAF基因的突变状态及其与年龄、性别的关系.方法 由某地区30例结直肠癌患者石蜡组织中提取DNA,通过直接测序法及荧光定量PCR法检测KRAS基因及BRAF基因突变状态.结果 KRAS基因突变率为43.3%,共发现6种突变类型,主要位于12、13密码子,其中以c.38G>A突变率最高(38.5%).单因素及多因素分析均提示KRAS突变与年龄或性别无相关性.BRAF基因突变率为0.结论 某地区结直肠癌患者KRAS基因突变率高,靶向治疗前进行突变状态检测具有重要临床价值.     

HRM法检测结直肠癌组织KRAS基因密码子12和13点突变

目的 建立HRM法检测大肠癌患者肿瘤组织KRAS(v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog)基因突变的方法 .方法 采用HRM法对含不同比例KRAS基因突变型质粒的系列混合样本进行检测,以评价其灵敏度.应用HRM法检测60份大肠癌患者新鲜肿瘤组织KRAS基因密码子12和13的突变状况,并与直接测序法的结果 进行比较分析.结果 HRM法只需在PCR结束后直接运行高分辨熔解,即可获得检测结果 .HRM法可检出系列混合样本中突变型质粒比例为10%的突变,其检测灵敏度达10%.HRM法从60份大肠癌患者组织标本中,检出17份KRAS基因密码子12或13突变(28.3%);直接测序法检出15份(25.0%)突变,2份未检出KRAS基因突变.HRM法检测的敏感度为100%(15/15),特异度为96%(43/45).结论 HRM法在筛选大肠癌标本的KRAS基因突变类型时,具有操作简便、快速、灵敏,单管避免污染等优点,完全符合临床个体化治疗的要求,值得推广.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.