盐酸维拉帕米脉冲胶囊的制备及其体外释药考察

目的:制备一种新型脉冲式胶囊给药系统,探索影响药物在一定的时滞后脉冲释放的因素。方法:以蘸胶工艺制备不溶性半透膜囊体,灌装药物粉末或药物与渗透促进剂混合物,以果胶直接压片制备胶塞,塞入囊体后,套上胃溶性囊帽和囊体后外包肠溶衣,进行体外释放试验。结果:该给药系统在人工胃液中不变形,药物不释放,在pH7.4人工肠液中药物的脉冲释放受肠溶包衣厚度、不溶性囊体中致孔剂含量和填充物渗透促进剂比例的影响。结论:胶囊系统设计原理简单,各组成部分可单独制备,药物释放可根据要求来设计调节,可应用于多种药物,有望开发成一种新型药物脉冲释放系统。     

多糖凝胶骨架结肠定位给药缓释系统的体外释放研究

目的: 筛选多糖材料作为水凝胶骨架,以达到结肠定位释药目的.方法: 选用海藻酸钠、果胶、壳聚糖、瓜木耳胶与药物混和制粒,灌装肠溶或结肠溶胶囊,考察其在人工胃液,人工肠液及人工结肠液中的释放情况.结果: 难溶性药物的海藻酸钠骨架结肠溶胶囊在人工胃液和小肠液中均不释放,人工结肠液中3 h释药低于30%;果胶骨架肠溶胶囊在人工胃液亦不释药,人工肠液中5 h释药仅为15%.水溶性药物在人工肠液中5 h释放可达50%.结论: 难溶性药物的海藻酸钠/结肠溶胶囊和果胶/肠溶胶囊体外释放度结果符合结肠定位的要求,可以作为建立酶触发体外释放评价方法和体内评价的制剂形式.水溶性药物的果胶/肠溶胶囊是较理想的缓释剂型.     

肠康宁结肠靶向胶囊体外释放度的评价

目的 对pH依赖型肠康宁结肠靶向胶囊体外释放性能进行评价,探讨制备中药结肠靶向制剂的可行性.方法 以木犀草素为评价指标,采用体外释放度测定法对该制剂的体外释放性能进行评价.结果 体外释放度试验结果表明,木犀草素在人工胃液2h后未见释放,在人工小肠液4h后未见释放,在人工结肠液1h后有一定的释放,2h后释放较高.结论 该制剂能在结肠定位释药.     

酶控渗透泵型结肠定位微丸的制备及体外释放度考察

目的制备以果胶钙和醋酸纤维素为包衣材料,5-氨基水杨酸（5-ASA）为模型药物的酶触发渗透泵型结肠定位微丸,并考察其体外释药特征及释药机制。方法采用包衣锅法制备含药丸芯,选用L9（3）4正交实验设计,以体外释放度为评价指标优化包衣液处方及丸芯中渗透剂的用量,并进行体外释药模型拟合。结果制备5-ASA渗透泵酶触发微丸最佳工艺参数为：包衣增重25%;药物与NaCl（丸芯）比为3∶1;醋酸纤维素与果胶钙（包衣液）用量比为2∶3。所得微丸在人工胃液中2 h,人工小肠液中4 h累计释放率〈8%,人工结肠液12 h累计释放率〉70%,表明结肠定位性较为突出,且可以在结肠持续释放药物以维持局部药物浓度,进一步研究释药机理表明为零级释放。结论采用果胶钙与醋酸纤维素为包衣材料制备渗透泵酶触发结肠定位微丸可实现结肠定位作用。     

甲硝唑缓释微球结肠溶胶囊的制备及体外释放

目的：研制甲硝唑缓释微球并装于结肠溶胶囊，评价其体外释放特性。方法：用乳化交联法制备甲硝唑羧甲基壳聚糖微球，测定平均粒径、载药量、包封存率等指标；将微球和原料药分别装于结肠溶胶囊，测定微球、原料药及结肠溶胶囊剂型在人工胃液、人工小肠液、人工结肠液中的释放性能。结果：重复制备6批微球，微球平均粒径为（197．1±3．9）μm，载药量为（48．2±1．5）％，包封率为（37．5±1．9）％；体外释放甲硝唑原料药0．75h释放完全，甲硝唑微球7h释放完全；甲硝唑原料药结肠溶胶囊和甲硝唑微球结肠溶胶囊，在人工胃液、人工小肠液5h均无释放，移至人工结肠液后，前者于6．25h释放完全，后者于13h释放完全。结论：甲硝唑羧甲基壳聚糖微球的制备工艺稳定，甲硝唑羧甲基壳聚糖微球结肠囊胶囊具有结肠定位及缓释性能。     

苦参碱壳聚糖微球的制备及体外释药

目的:以壳聚糖为囊材制备苦参碱结肠靶向给药微球及评价其体外释药情况。方法:用乳化化学交联法制备微球,以微球的粒径分布百分数、载药量及包封率为优化指标对影响微球制备的主要因素用正交试验设计优化制备条件;并对最佳制备工艺制得的微球进行3种不同递质(人工胃液、人工肠液及大鼠结肠液)中的体外释放度评价。结果:制得的苦参碱壳聚糖微球在电镜下,球形表面圆整,粒径分布适宜,微球平均粒径为(68.3±2.7)μm,平均载药量为(16.0±0.5)%,平均包封率为(66.3±4.2)%。苦参碱壳聚糖微球在人工胃液中2h不释药;在人工肠液中4h内释放不到1%,96h释药不到10%;在含大鼠结肠内容物的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.8)中4h释放10%左右,36h释药近50%,此后释药趋于缓慢,96h释药近80%。结论:苦参碱壳聚糖微球几乎不在上消化道释药,而是在结肠靶向释药。     

结肠定位壳聚糖包衣氟尿嘧啶脂质体的制备、形态与体外释放

目的探讨药物结肠定位壳聚糖包衣脂质体的制备、形态及其在体外释药特性。方法用罗丹明B异硫氰酸(RBITC)和Bodipy-PC分别标记壳聚糖和磷脂,用前体脂质体方法制备氟尿嘧啶脂质体,利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察壳聚糖包衣脂质体的形态;考察壳聚糖包衣脂质体在人工胃液、人工肠液和人工结肠液中的释放。结果 脂质体包衣前后粒径分别为2.071和2.750 μm。壳聚糖能较好地包覆脂质体;3种脂质材料不同的包封率分别为99%,61%,72%。未包衣的脂质体在人工胃液中4 h已释放完全,而包衣脂质体在人工胃液4 h释放6.3%,在人工肠液中8 h仅释放6.8%,但在人工结肠液中释药明显加快,t1/2为3.63 h。结论结肠定位壳聚糖包衣脂质体制备可行,在人工结肠液中,体外释放符合Higuchi方程。     

美沙拉嗪结肠靶向微丸的制备和体外评价

目的以结肠溶型丙烯酸树脂为包衣材料制备美沙拉嗪pH控制型结肠靶向微丸,评价其体外释药特性。方法挤出滚圆法制备美沙拉嗪微丸,采用L934正交设计实验优化工艺条件,流化床包衣机包衣,采用U884均匀设计试验优化工艺参数,考察了微丸圆整度、收率及体外释药特性。结果优化条件所得的微丸外观圆整,粒径分布均匀,收率高,在人工胃液中2h、人工小肠液中4h累计释放率<5%,人工结肠液1h累计释放率>95%,具有明显的结肠靶向释药特性。结论美沙拉嗪结肠靶向微丸具有良好的体外结肠靶向释药特性,可进一步进行体内释药行为考察。     

5-氨基水杨酸结肠定位柱塞型脉冲胶囊的制备与体外释放

目的:制备5-氨基水杨酸结肠定位柱塞型脉冲胶囊并对其体外释药行为进行评价。方法:用灌注法制备非渗透性胶囊体,粉末直接压片法压制柱塞片,湿法制粒法制备含药速崩片,将速崩片与柱塞片密封于非渗透性胶囊体内制备脉冲胶囊,考察影响释药时滞的各种因素。结果:胶囊在体外呈明显的脉冲释放,释药时滞随柱塞片中高酯果胶-乳糖或羟丙甲纤维素-低酯果胶比例的增加而增加,具有相同处方柱塞片的脉冲胶囊在模拟结肠溶出介质中释药时滞明显缩短,当高酯果胶-乳糖为4∶6和6∶4,低酯果胶/羟丙甲纤维素为9.5∶0.5和9∶1时,可达到结肠定位所需的4~5h释药时滞。结论:调节柱塞片处方组成可获得具有适当释药时滞的脉冲胶囊,以满足结肠定位释药的目的。     

pH敏感时滞型Combretastatin A4磷酸酯二钠结肠定位片的制备

目的制备pH敏感时滞型CA4P结肠靶向片(CA4P-CT)。方法以一定比例的EC和PEG6000为时滞型材料,采用压制包衣法制备时滞层,以肠溶丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ、Ⅲ为pH敏感层材料,采用喷雾包衣法制备pH敏感层。结果当EC-PEG6000(8∶1)、压制包衣后片子硬度为14.340 kg.cm-1时,时滞层可控制药物在人工肠液中4 h后释药;pH敏感层增重5%,可保证靶向片的时滞不受胃排空的影响。结论通过调整时滞层材料比例、压制包衣片硬度及肠溶层包衣厚度,包衣片可基本达到结肠定位释药的预期效果。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.