超声内镜及微超声探头诊治贲门失弛缓症

贲门失弛缓症是以下食管括约肌蠕动停止及不能松弛为特征的食管动力性疾病,传统的诊断方法包括食管测压、钡餐及内镜检查,但难以区别原发性贲门失弛缓症与继发于恶性肿瘤的早期假性贲门失弛缓症．超声内镜（ｅｎｄｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｕｌｔｒａｓｏｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＥＵＳ）及微型超声探头（ｕｌｔｒａｓｏｎｉｃｐｒｏｂｅ,ＵＳＰ）可以获得消化道壁及邻近脏器的高分辨率图象,为消化系疾病诊断增添了新的方法．１９８９年,Ｄｅｖｉｅｒｅｅｔａｌ［１］首先将超声内镜应用于贲门失弛缓症的诊断．１９９６年,Ｈｏｆｆｍａｎｅｔａｌ［２…     

贲门失弛缓症病因及发病机制研究进展

贲门失弛缓症是一种食管动力障碍性疾病,食管下括约肌松弛障碍及食管蠕动异常是其主要特点。贲门失弛缓症患者存在吞咽困难、食物反流、胸痛等症状;严重者无法进食、营养不良,并可伴发吸入性肺炎;食管长期堆积食物,导致食管黏膜水肿、发炎、上皮异型增生,患食管癌的风险增高。贲门失弛缓症的病因尚不明确,认为其发病与遗传、病毒感染、免疫、炎症和环境等因素相关。贲门失弛缓症的发病机制有神经源性、肌源性和先天性学说,其中神经源性学说认为食管的肌间抑制性神经元退行性变导致贲门失弛缓症的发生,该学说被广泛接受。本文就贲门失弛缓症的病因及发病机制进行了综述。     

贲门失弛缓症1例并文献复习

病例：患者男,31岁．因“间断呕吐20余年,加重半月”入院。患者20年前无明显诱因下呕吐胃内容物,带酸臭味．不含胆汁、血液和咖啡样物。进食后症状明显．每5—7d发作1次,每次量约300ml。呕吐为非喷射性,与体位、活动无关．伴反酸、烧心和上腹胀,无吞咽困难,无夜间呛咳,无咳嗽、咳痰．无声音嘶哑．无胸骨后疼痛,故未就诊。近半月来．患者呕吐症状加重,进食、饮水均可诱发．每日发作3～8次,近期体质量下降约10kg。入院前1d于当地医院行胃镜检查示慢性食管炎．幽门梗阻可能,为进一步诊治而入院。     

Ⅱ型贲门失弛缓症患者食管动力学特征的高分辨率测压分析

目的探讨Ⅱ型贲门失弛缓症（AC）患者的食管动力学特征,并评估高分辨率食管测压（HRM）检测的临床应用价值。方法收集20例Ⅱ型AC患者（观察组）和15例健康志愿者（对照组）的HRM检测结果,对比分析两组食管动力学指标的差异。结果观察组患者食管体部以无传导性同步收缩波为主（88．2％,176／200）,对照组均为正常食管蠕动波。食管下括约肌静息压、4s完整松弛压力和食管上括约肌残余压观察组分别为（37．6±12．8）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）、（31．5±13．4）mmHg和（14．0±3．8）mmHg,均明显高于对照组的（23．7±5．6）mmHg（t=3．925,P=0．000）、（10．5±4．3）mmHg（t=5．835,P=0．000）和（7．9±4．5）mmHg（t=4．325,P=0．000）;食管下括约肌松弛率观察组为（23．6±19．6）％,明显低于对照组的（58．1±16．7）％（t=-5．491,P=0．000）。食管下括约肌长度和食管上括约肌静息压两组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论Ⅱ型AC患者以无传导性同步收缩波和4s完整松弛压力增高为HRM的特征性表现,HRM检测有助于对AC进行早期诊断、再分类及预期疗效的评估。     

经口内镜下肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症的初探

目的探讨经口内镜下肌切开术（POEM）治疗贲门失弛缓症（AC）的疗效和可行性。方法研究2010年8月至2010年12月确诊为AC并接受POEM治疗的8例患者的临床资料。患者年龄16～62岁,平均43岁,病程2-20年,平均8．4年。POEM的主要步骤包括：食管黏膜层切开;分离黏膜下层,建立黏膜下“隧道”;胃镜直视下切开环形肌;金属夹关闭黏膜层切口。结果8例患者均成功接受POEM术,手术时间45-115min,平均68．5min,黏膜下隧道长度8～13cm,平均9．5cm,环形肌切开长度7～11cm,平均8．5cm,无1例出现与POEM相关的严重并发症。术后随访1～4个月,平均2．5个月,7例吞咽困难明显得到解除;1例术后15d出现进食困难及呕吐,胃镜检查发现黏膜下窦道形成,行内镜下窦道切开。结论作为一种新的微创治疗方法,POEM治疗AC短期疗效肯定,可以迅速解除AC患者吞咽困难,但其长期疗效及远期并发症仍有待随访观察。     

自制气囊治疗贲门失弛缓症14例

目的通过对14例贲门失弛缓症进行气囊扩张治疗,以探讨自制气囊对贲门失弛缓症的疗效及临床应用价值方法将气囊固定于内镜前部,留出可曲部5cm,然后将气囊中央置于贲门LES处,固定气囊后注气扩张.每次由20mL开始,直到100mL～120mL,停留5min后抽出气囊气体,再扩张,共3次.根据治疗需要可调整气囊的位置从而调整扩张压力,扩张压力为25 kPa～34 kPa.结果共扩张34例次,扩张3次7例,扩张2次6例,扩张1次1例.经过扩张治疗后所有病例症状消失.6例出现贲门粘膜轻度撕裂,经治疗痊愈.随访5 a,2例于扩张后5,12 mo进食滞留感,经扩张后症状消失,中远期疗效达86%.结论自制气囊能达到扩张治疗的目的,且经济实用     

贲门失弛缓症的治疗进展

贲门失弛缓症是一种病因不明的食管功能性疾病,目前对其治疗主要是缓解临床症状,本文比较四种治疗贲门失弛缓症的方法即药物治疗、肉毒毒素治疗、球囊扩张以及肌切开术的疗效,用于选择治疗贲门失弛缓症的最佳方案。     

贲门失弛缓症的治疗进展

贲门失弛缓症是一种少见的食管运动障碍性疾病, 其病因及发病机制至今仍未确定. 目前本症的治疗多以缓解症状为主, 主要的治疗方法包括: 药物治疗、内镜下治疗及外科手术治疗. 本文就近年来贲门失弛缓症的治疗进展作一综述.     

经口内镜下环形肌切开术治疗老年贲门失弛缓症的疗效

目的 探索经口内镜下环形肌切开术（POEM）治疗老年贲门失弛缓症（AC）的安全性、可行性、围手术期及远期疗效。 方法 回顾性分析2010年8月至2014年12月期间在复旦大学附属中山医院确诊为AC并接受POEM治疗、可获得完整随访资料的老年（≥65岁）患者共41例,观察手术相关并发症、治疗前后Eckardt评分及食管下段括约肌压力变化,并分析远期食管反流及治疗失败的发生情况。 结果 41例患者均成功完成POEM手术,中位手术时间42 min,中位住院天数为3 d,共4例（975%）患者出现主要围手术期不良事件,均为因围手术期不良事件导致住院时间长于5 d。中位随访时间40个月（四分位数区间 24~57个月）,Eckardt评分中位数从术前8分下降为术后1分（P<0001）,食管下段括约肌压力中位数从术前2385 mmHg (1 mmHg=0133 kPa) 下降为术后905 mmHg (P=0005)。术后随访12例（2927%）患者出现临床反流,5年临床治疗成功率8780%(36/41)。 结论 POEM治疗老年AC患者安全可靠,近期和远期疗效均较好。     

经口内镜肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症并发症及其防治探讨

目的探讨经口内镜下肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症并发症及其防治情况,为该手术的进一步开展提供经验指导。方法收集2010年8月至2011年7月采用经口内镜下肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症119例患者资料,总结术中、术后以及随访过程中并发症的发生及治疗情况。结果术中并发症包括出血16．0％（19／119）,黏膜层破损7．6％（9／119）,皮下和纵隔气肿22．7％（27／119）,气胸2．5％（3／119）。手术当晚并发症包括疼痛36．1％（43／119）、气胸5．9％（7／119）。术后并发症包括：气胸19．3％（23／119）、迟发性出血0．8％（1／119）、胸腔积液48．7％（58／119）、肺部少量炎症或节段性肺不张49．6％（59／119）、纵隔及皮下气肿63．9％（76／119）、隔下气体或气腹39．5％（47／119）。随访过程中并发症：黏膜层狭窄致进食困难1例和隧道开121裂口,食物蓄积1例。全组无一例与手术相关死亡病例,所有并发症经对症、保守治疗痊愈,无一例追加外科手术病例。结论POEM术的主要并发症是纵隔、皮下气肿,气胸,气腹,以及出血等,经对症保守治疗均可及时有效处理。     

暂时性金属支架扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症对食管动力中远期的影响

目的:探讨暂时性金属支架治疗贲门失弛缓症对食管动力中远期的影响.方法:19例贲门失弛缓症患者在X线下置入国产可扩张带膜金属支架,术后3-7d由胃镜取出.治疗前、后2wk及2a测定LES静息压、松弛率、食管内24h pH监测,12例健康人测定下食管括约肌(LES)静息压、松弛率.结果:扩张后2wk和2a LES静息压显著低于扩张前LES静息压(12.32±5.87 mmHg,14.21±7.34 mmHg vs 47.43±9.84 mmHg,P<0.05),松弛率显著高于扩张前松弛率压(76.66%,73.46% vs 13.33%,P<0.05),但他们均与正常人无显著差异.扩张后2a GER阳性率显著高.于扩张后2wk及扩张前(66.12% vs 27.72%,2.95%;P<0.01).结论:中远期暂时性金属支架扩张术仍能显著降低贲门失弛缓症患者的LES压力.但GER也显著增加.     

Endoscope-guided pneumatic dilation for treatment of esophageal achalasia

Pneumatic dilation(PD) is considered to be the first line nonsurgical therapy for achalasia.The principle of the procedure is to weaken the lower esophageal sphincter by tearing its muscle fibers by generating radial force.The endoscope-guided procedure is done without fluoroscopic control.Clinicians usually use a lowcompliance balloon such as Rigiflex dilator to perform endoscope-guided PD for the treatment of esophageal achalasia.It has the advantage of determining mucosal injury during the dilation proce...     

内镜下扩张结合肉毒杆菌毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症术后随访分析

目的 研究内镜下贲门扩张结合肉毒杆菌毒素注射术治疗贲门失弛缓的临床疗效、术后的食管动力学变化.方法 选择29例贲门失弛缓患者,经临床评估、内镜及食管动力学检测后,在内镜下对贲门进行水囊扩张,再于贲门四壁分4点注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素.分别于术后1周、1个月、6个月、12个月对患者密切随访,评估临床表现,检测相关的食管动力学指标,然后对结果 进行统计学处理,再比较分析.结果 患者在内镜术前出现不同程度的吞咽困难、胸痛和呕吐,内镜术后1周、6个月、12个月吞咽困难、胸痛及呕吐发生率较术前显著降低.术后12个月吞咽困难、胸痛发生率较术后1周、6个月组显著升高,呈现明显升高趋势.内镜术后下段食管的平均压力较术前显著降低,术后6个月较1个月显著升高.内镜术后1个月开始,与术前相比,下段食管的平均收缩间期显著缩短,下段食管的顺行性则显著改善.内镜治疗术后食管下括约肌静息压较术前显著降低,术后6个月食管下括约肌(LES)静息压较术后1个月则明显升高.内镜术后LES松弛率较术前显著升高,术后6个月食管下括约肌松弛率较术后1个月则明显降低.内镜术后1个月开始食管顺行性收缩比例较术前显著升高,而非协调性收缩的比例则显著降低.内镜治疗术后食管体部收缩幅度较术前显著降低.结论 内镜下贲门扩张及肉毒杆菌毒素注射术能显著改善贲门失弛缓症患者的临床表现及食管动力学状况,但术后1个月开始临床复发率逐步升高、食管动力学异常逐渐加重.     

Gastrotracheal fistula:Treatment with a covered self-expanding Y-shaped metallic stent

A 67-year-old man had a sev-ere cough and pulmonary infection for 1 wk before seeking evaluation at our hospital.He had undergone esophagectomy with gastric pull-up and radiotherapy for esophageal cancer 3 years previously.After admission to our hospital,gastroscopy and bronchoscopy revealed a fistulous communication between the posterior tracheal wallnear the carina and the upper residual stomach.We measured the diameter of the trachea and bronchus and determined the site and size of the fistula using multislice computed tomography and gastroscopy.A covered self-expanding Y-shaped metallic stent was implanted into the trachea and bronchus.Subsequently,the fistula was closed completely.The patient tolerated the stent well and had good palliation of his symptoms.     

Comparison of temporary stent insertion with pneumatic dilation of the same diameter in the treatment of achalasia patients: A retrospective study

Background and Aim: To retrospectively analyze and compare the clinical efficacy of temporary stent insertion with pneumatic dilation of the same diameter in the treatment of achalasia based on a long‐term follow up. Methods: A total of 101 treated achalasia patients were divided into a pneumatic dilation group (Group A, n = 38) and a temporary stent insertion group (Group B, n = 63). The diameter of the balloon or stent used was 30 mm. The total symptom scores (TSS) and esophageal manometry were used to assess the symptoms and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure improvement. Barium swallow–esophageal studies were used to assess esophageal emptying objectively. TSS and LES pressure improvement were assessed, recorded, and compared during the regular interval follow up. Results: Forty‐nine pneumatic dilations and 65 stent insertions were successfully performed in all patients under fluoroscopy. Complications included pain, reflux, and bleeding, which occurred in nine (23.6%), eight (21.1%), and three (8%) patients in Group A, and in 27 (42.9%), eight (12.7%), and 10 (15.9%) patients in Group B, respectively. The stent was retained approximately 4–7 days and was retrieved via endoscope. TSS, esophageal manometry, and barium esophagram post‐treatment significantly improved compared to those given pretreatment (P < 0.0001). At the end of follow up, TSS and LES pressure in Group B were 4.00 ± 1.00 and 43.67 ± 12.66 mmHg, compared to 10.20 ± 0.45 (P = 0.0096) and 58.60 ± 8.65 mmHg (P = 0.1687) in Group A. The Kaplan–Meier method revealed better symptom remission in Group B compared to Group A (log–rank test, P = 0.0212). Conclusion: Retrievable stent placement is more effective than the same diameter pneumatic dilation for the treatment of achalasia with a long‐term follow up.     

内镜下短期放置食管支架与气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效与安全性比较

目的 比较内镜下短期放置特制可回收防反流支架与气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的近远期疗效及安全性,探讨贲门失弛缓症有效、安全的治疗方法.方法 129例贲门失弛缓症患者按治疗方式分为两组：气囊扩张组63例;特制可回收食管支架组66例.观察比较两组患者治疗前、治疗后1个月、6个月和1年的有效率、吞咽困难症状评分、食管宽度变化、并发症、住院时间及费用.结果 （1）两组患者治疗后随访期间吞咽困难症状较前均明显改善（P〈0.05）,气囊扩张组治疗1个月、6个月、1年后症状缓解有效率分别为100.0%,96.7%,91.5%,食管支架组治疗后同期有效率为100.0%,98.0%,97.1%.（2）治疗后1个月、6个月两组吞咽困难评分改善程度差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,治疗后1年食管支架组吞咽困难评分改善程度优于气囊扩张组（P〈0.05）.（3）治疗后两组患者食管最狭窄处均较前明显增宽、食管最宽处均较前明显缩小（P〈0.05）,且食管宽度变化相似,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.（4）气囊扩张组1例发生食管穿孔,4例发生消化道出血.食管支架组无穿孔、出血等严重并发症发生,1例发生肉芽组织增生,2例发生支架移位,1例患者发生支架脱落.（5）两组患者住院时间比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,食管支架组住院费用高于气囊扩张组（P〈0.05）.结论 与内镜下气囊扩张比较,特制可回收食管支架治疗贲门失弛缓症的近期疗效与其相似,但远期疗效更优,且安全性高,是治疗贲门失弛缓的较理想选择.     

不同形状食管支架术后病理形态变化观察

目的通过食管再狭窄动物模型的制作，研究实验犬食管支架术后不同时间局部组织的病理形态，并比较“喇叭状”和“酒杯状”支架术后再狭窄形成有无不同。方法选择健康成年实验犬6条，随机分成2组，采取自体阔筋膜移植固定法分别置人“喇叭状”或“酒杯状”支架，术后第1、3、8周分别处死，取出置架部位的食管组织，进行大体标本观察、光学显微镜检查，并比较2组的差异。结果肉眼观察：随着时间的延长，支架上下端增生越显严重，食管壁厚度相应增加，局部肉芽组织形成及纤维化。术后第1、3、8周2组支架上下端未覆膜处食管组织、食管管腔、支架金属丝被增生组织覆盖情况等表现基本一致，只是在第8周“酒杯状”支架下端金属丝多处断裂，食管组织增生明显较上端轻。结论再狭窄均发生于支架两端未覆膜处，“喇叭状”和“酒杯状”2种形状食管支架术后病理学变化基本没有差异。     

A temporary self-expanding metallic stent for malignant colorectal obstruction

AIM:To investigate the clinical safety and efficacy of a temporary self-expanding metallic stent(SEMS) for malignant colorectal obstruction.METHODS:From September 2007 to June 2012,33 patients with malignant colorectal obstruction were treated with a temporary SEMS.The stent had a tubular configuration with a retrieval lasso attached inside the proximal end of the stent to facilitate its removal.The SEMS was removed one week after placement.Clinical examination,abdominal X-ray and a contrast study were prospectively performed and both initial and follow-up data before and at 1 d,1 wk,and 1 mo,3 mo,6 mo and 12 mo after stent placement were obtained.Data collected on the technical and clinical success of the procedures,complications,need for reinsertion and survival were analyzed.RESULTS:Stent placement and removal were technically successful in all patients with no procedurerelated complications.Post-procedural complications included stent migration(n = 2) and anal pain(n = 2).Clinical success was achieved in 31(93.9%) of 33 patients with resolution of bowel obstruction within 3 d of stent removal.Eleven of the 33 patients died 73.81 ± 23.66 d(range 42-121 d) after removal of the stent without colonic re-obstruction.Clinical success was achieved in another 8 patients without symptoms of obstruction during the follow-up period.Reinsertion of the stent was performed in the remaining 12 patients with re-obstruction after 84.33 ± 51.80 d of follow-up.The mean and median periods of relief of obstructive symptoms were 97.25 ± 9.56 d and 105 ± 17.43 d,respectively,using Kaplan-Meier analysis.CONCLUSION:Temporary SEMS is a safe and effective approach in patients with malignant colorectal obstruction due to low complication rates and good medium-term outcomes.     

Covered self expandable metallic stent with flared plastic one inside for pancreatic pseudocyst avoiding stent dislodgement

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage has recently been recommended for increasing the drainage rate of endoscopically managed pancreatic fluid collections and decreasing the morbidity associated with conventional endoscopic trans-mural drainage. The type of stent used for endoscopic drainage is currently a major area of interest. A covered self expandable metallic stent (CSEMS) is an alternative to conventional drainage with plastic stents because it offers the option of providing a larger-diameter access fi stula for drainage, and may increase the fi nal success rate. One problem with CSEMS is dislodgement, so a metallic stent with flared or looped ends at both extremities may be the best option. An 85-year-old woman with severe comorbidity was treated with percutaneous approach for a large (20 cm) pancreatic pseudocyst with corpuscolated material inside. This approach failed. The patient was transferred to our institute for EUS-guided transmural drainage. EUS confi rmed a large, anechoic cyst with hyperechoic material inside. Because the cyst was large and contained mixed and corpusculated fluid, we used a metallic stent for drainage. To avoid migration of the stent and potential mucosal growth above the stent, a plastic prosthesis (7 cm, 10 Fr) with flaps at the tips was inserted inside the CSEMS. Two months later an esophagogastroduodenoscopy was done, and showed patency of the SEMS and plastic stents, which were then removed with a polypectomy snare. The patient experienced no further problems.     

Management of an occluded biliary metallic stent

In patients with a malignant biliary obstruction who require biliary drainage,a self-expandable metallic stent(SEMS) provides longer patency duration than a plastic stent(PS).Nevertheless,a stent occlusion by tumor ingrowth,tumor overgrowth and biliary sludge may develop.There are several methods to manage occluded SEMS.Endoscopic management is the preferred treatment,whereas percutaneous intervention is an alternative approach.Endoscopic treatment involves mechanical cleaning with a balloon and a second stent insertion as stent-in-stent with either PS or SEMS.Technical feasibility,patient survival and cost-effectiveness are important factors that determine the method of re-drainage and stent selection.