急性胆囊炎的CT和MRI诊断价值

目的 探讨CT及MRI诊断急性胆囊炎的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析我院2008年1～5月确诊为急性胆囊炎并行CT或MRI检查且资料完整的21例患者的资料.其中11例行多排螺旋CT平扫和双期增强扫描,10例行MRI多序列多期动态增强扫描.结果 急性胆囊炎的主要影像征象包括:胆囊轮廓模糊不清19例(90.5%);胆囊壁均匀增厚15例(71.4%),胆囊壁不均匀增厚6例(28.6%);不同程度的胆囊壁强化21例(100%);胆汁密度增高或T1信号增高11例(52.4%);胆囊周围游离性积液10例(47.6%);胆囊周围粘连或脂肪肿胀16例(76.2%);胆囊床邻近肝组织出现动脉期一过性片状强化16例(76.2%);合并胸水和(或)腹水12例(57.1%);胆囊穿孔并腹膜炎、胆囊腔积气和囊壁小脓肿以及胆囊憩室各1例.结论 胆囊轮廓模糊不清、胆囊周围粘连或脂肪肿胀、胆囊床邻近肝组织出现动脉期一过性片状强化等征象诊断急性胆囊炎价值较高,CT及MRI多期增强扫描有助于急性胆囊炎的早期诊断和并发症的发现.     

肾结核的螺旋CT多期扫描的表现和病理关系

目的:探讨肾结核的螺旋CT多期扫描的表现和病理之间的关系。方法:肾结核32例,分别经手术(19例)和实验室检查(13例)证实。综合其螺旋CT多期扫描的表现、手术和病理结果,结合文献资料予以分析。结果:32例肾结核,30例呈大小数量不一的囊状低密度区;2例以肾盂肾盏壁增厚伴肾功能下降为主;11例有钙化;27例有肾盂和输尿管壁增厚,其中2例部分膀胱壁增厚。结论:肾结核是肾脏的慢性炎症性病变,各期的CT表现差异较大,但仍有相对的特征性,螺旋CT多期扫描能客观地显示各期肾结核的病理特征,是目前肾结核最佳的影像诊断方法之一。     

脐尿管占位性病变的CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的 探讨CT检查在诊断和鉴别诊断脐尿管占位性病变方面的价值。方法根据临床病理证实的24例脐尿管占位性病变患者的CT影像学特征，分析其大小、部位、形态、性质、Retzius间隙影像学变化及增强后的影像学特征。结果 24例均明确诊断。4例为脐疝，其中3例疝囊内容物为网膜组织，另1例为肠管。20例为脐尿管占位性病变，均位于Retzius间隙内的脐尿管行走区，其中单纯性脐尿管囊肿6例，CT表现为长条椭圆形完整囊状包块，囊壁薄、光滑，囊内容物呈均匀低密度回声，增强后无强化；感染性脐尿管囊肿7例，CT表现为内部回声不均，灶周Retzius间隙内可见絮状或条索状密度增高影，其中4例囊壁明显增厚，3例囊壁不完整，2例呈多房性囊肿；脐尿管憩室伴结石3例，CT表现为中线处膀胱壁内可见高密度结石影；脐尿管肿瘤性病变4例，均于膀胱顶壁区中线处发现不规则软组织肿块影，增强后明显强化。结论 脐尿管占位性病变并不常见，多为感染性囊肿，结合临床术前确诊并不困难。CT是脐尿管占位性病变术前明确诊断和鉴别诊断的重要措施之一。     

胆囊穿孔的螺旋CT诊断分析

目的分析胆囊穿孔的螺旋CT的表现。方法对18例胆囊穿孔患者的螺旋CT表现进行回顾性分析,总结其特征。结果 18例患者中17例行全腹部平扫+增强扫描,1例患者因病情重仅行全腹部平扫检查。18例均可见胆囊壁连续性中断及缺损,增强后可见强化胆囊壁黏膜连续性中断和局部缺损。16例见胆囊周围积液,表现为胆囊周围低密度液性物质,仅局限于胆囊附近。13例患者可见胆囊壁不规则增厚,表现为胆囊壁的局限性增厚和分层现象;8例患者并发胆囊结石,表现为胆囊内部强回声;6例患者可见胆囊附近脂肪密度升高;3例患者可见肝脏周围积液,在CT上表现为肝脏周围液性低密度影;4例并发肝脓肿,可见肝脏内部环形强化低密度,与胆囊分界不清晰,其中1例与胆囊缺损部相通;1例患者可见胆囊不规则肿大,增强后明显强化,经病理证实为胆囊癌。结论螺旋CT可以清晰显示胆囊壁的缺损、中断以后及胆囊周围结构变化,能够为诊断胆囊穿孔提供较为准确的诊断依据。     

多层螺旋CT鉴别诊断女性阑尾周围脓肿与右侧输卵管卵巢脓肿

目的观察多层螺旋CT(MSCT)鉴别诊断女性阑尾周围脓肿与右侧输卵管卵巢脓肿的价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的42例女性阑尾周围脓肿及35例右侧输卵管卵巢脓肿术前患者的CT资料,对比CT征象差异。结果阑尾周围脓肿与右侧输卵管卵巢脓肿患者之间,盆腔积液、盲肠壁增厚、盲肠或阑尾周围脂肪密度增高、盲肠周围积液、阑尾壁厚度3 mm、阑尾直径6 mm、阑尾区肿块、子宫阔韧带前移、肠腔外气体、阑尾粪石、卵巢周围脂肪密度增高、右侧附件区肿块、子宫骶韧带增厚、病变呈管状及是否合并左侧输卵管卵巢脓肿出现率差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),而乙状结肠/直肠壁增厚、阑尾不显示概率差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论女性阑尾周围脓肿与右侧输卵管卵巢脓肿各有其特征性CT表现;MSCT对鉴别诊断二者具有重要价值。     

MSCT对肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤诊断中的价值。方法：对手术证实的38例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的术前多层螺旋CT资料进行回顾性分析,并在工作站行MPR、MIP图像重建,分析肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的MSCT表现,并与手术病理结果对照。结果：38例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤中,CT诊断血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的病灶被手术病理证实正确诊断的有32例,另外6例被病理证实为上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的病灶,其中3例CT误诊为肾癌,后期的3例被正确诊断。总诊断准确率达92.1%（35/38）。32例的血管平滑肌脂肪瘤CT平扫呈等、低、高低混杂密度的,其中31例显示有脂肪密度,多期增强扫描该31例皮质期肿块呈均匀或不均匀强化,但低于肾皮髓质强化,脂肪、坏死囊变、出血区无强化,分泌期肿块持续强化;1例整个病灶显示为高密度出血灶,多期增强扫描无明显异常强化;6例上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤CT平扫呈均匀等密度,多期增强扫描显示皮质期明显强化,分泌期强化减弱。MIP显示其中31例血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的肿内迂曲、增粗的血管,其中1例无明显增粗迂曲血管影;6例上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤内显示细小血管。结论：多层螺旋CT及多期增强扫描能对术前正确诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤有重要价值,但对上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的诊断尚需结合临床和实验室检查,甚至需要穿刺活检。     

肝细胞癌与肝内周围型胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT动态增强与病理分析

目的 分析肝细胞癌与肝内周围型胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT动态增强特征.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的80例肝细胞癌和21例肝内周围型胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT动态增强特点.结果 80例肝细胞癌共116个癌灶,增强动脉期均呈明显强化.门静脉期多表现为相对低密度(97/116),其中86个瘤灶高于动脉期密度,延迟扫描116个瘤灶强化程度不同程度下降,与邻近正常肝实质相比呈相对低密度,其中73个瘤灶高于动脉期密度;116个HCC中,64个呈现马赛克征,37个呈现假包膜征.肝内周围型胆管癌增强动脉期19例呈边缘环状强化,2例无强化,门静脉期14例呈中心片状、团簇状强化,5例延迟扫描中心强化更明显.结论 螺旋CT多期增强扫描特别是肝动脉期和延迟扫描,是肝细胞癌和肝内周围型胆管细胞癌诊断和鉴别诊断的关键扫描技术,肝细胞癌和肝内周围型胆管细胞癌增强后时间密度变化及对比剂在瘤内分布的差别,能大致反映肿瘤的病理学特征,为二者的诊断和鉴别诊断提供了重要的影像学依据.     

多房囊性肾细胞癌12例CT及MRI诊断分析

目的分析研究多房囊性肾细胞癌(MCRCC)的CT及MRI影像特征,为提高MCRCC的术前诊断率提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实为MCRCC患者12例的临床资料及CT、MRI影像学表现。结果 (1)病灶均位于肾皮质内由多个囊腔和分隔构成,多为圆形或类圆形向表面隆起或突入肾窦,边界较清楚伴肾轮廓改变;(2)病灶囊壁及间隔多薄而清晰,形态规则,少见强化且无明显实性结节;(3)CT平扫病灶呈液性低密度,可见稍高于水样密度影,动态增强扫描囊性病变壁及分隔呈轻中度进行性延迟强化;(4)MRI囊腔边界清晰T1WI呈低信号、T2WI囊壁呈高信号,分泌期囊壁、间隔强化最明显。结论 CT和MRI对多房囊性肾细胞癌的正确诊断有显著优越性,为提高MCRCC的术前诊断率提供理论依据     

多房性囊性肾癌一例报告及文献复习

目的 提高多房性囊性肾癌的诊治水平.方法多房性囊性肾癌患者1例,男,49岁.体检B超偶然发现右肾下极多囊性肿物1个月.囊内无回声区,其间混杂低回声区;CT检查右肾下极见多囊性低密度病变,边界清楚、光整,内见薄壁分隔,增强扫描分隔可见强化;MRI检查示右肾下极多囊性病变,增强扫描囊壁可见强化.行右肾部分切除术,完整切除肿瘤.结果 病理报告:肾被膜下见多房状肿物,大小约3.0 cm×2.0 cm×2.0 cm,囊壁光滑,腔内含清亮的浆液性及血性液体,囊壁厚约0.1～0.2 cm,与肾周脂肪粘连.镜下多数囊腔内衬单层或复层立方状透明细胞,细胞核小而圆,位于细胞中央,无明显核仁;有的囊腔内衬扁平上皮细胞或无内衬上皮,偶见由透明细胞覆盖的小乳头;囊腔间隔由胶原纤维组成,部分间隔内可见灶状透明细胞,但未形成肉眼可见的结节.病理诊断:多房性囊性肾癌.术后随访20个月未见复发和转移.结论 多房性囊性肾癌是肾癌的一种罕见亚型,发病率低,是一种完全由囊腔构成的肿瘤;影像学检查可提供直接依据,确诊需依靠病理学检查;外科手术治疗预后良好.     

原发性肾脏罕见恶性肿瘤的CT影像学表现分析

目的分析和探讨肾脏罕见恶性肿瘤的CT影像学表现特点。 方法回顾性分析2008年12月至2018年10月，广州市第一人民医院及红十字会医院18例经手术及病理证实的肾脏罕少见恶性肿瘤的CT影像学资料。 结果18例恶性病变分别为恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例，CT平扫肿瘤边界不清，密度不均，瘤内见片状密度减低区，增强扫描肿瘤轻度延迟强化。平滑肌肉瘤1例，CT平扫肿瘤边界略清，密度不均，瘤内见大片状密度减低区，增强扫描肿瘤轻度延迟强化。肾实质浸润型尿路上皮癌1例，CT平扫双肾多发不规则软组织肿块，平扫密度不均匀，增强扫描强化不均匀。囊性肾癌6例，呈囊性病灶，增强扫描囊性成分未见明确强化，病灶内可见强化分隔及絮状强化影。嫌色细胞癌9例，平扫密度均匀或不均匀，增强扫描6例呈轻中度延迟强化，3例呈"快进快退"表现。CT扫描对18例肿瘤的诊断准确率为72.2%（13/18）。 结论肾脏罕见恶性肿瘤具有一定的CT影像学特点，可为临床诊断及术前评估提供重要依据，但确诊仍需依靠病理学。     

多层螺旋CT尿路造影在肾结核诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT尿路造影(CTU)在肾结核诊断中的应用价值.方法 经术后病理证实的肾结核患者30例.男16例,女14例.平均年龄44(19～73)岁.左肾结核17例,右肾结核13例.临床表现尿路刺激症状者18例、腰痛18例、血尿6例、发热者2例、体检偶然发现2例、左阴囊肿大为主要症状者1例.术前均采用螺旋CT薄层增强扫描及三维重建技术诊断,评估CTU检查的应用价值.结果 30例患者中,CTU诊断肾结核29例(97%).其中肾实质内多发囊性低密度灶肾盂无扩张积液25例,结核钙化18例,肾盂输尿管管壁增厚、输尿管管腔狭窄17例,肾皮质变薄12例,膀胱挛缩充盈不良2例.IVU诊断肾结核9例(30%),肾盂、肾盏未能显影20例.1例CTU示左输尿管下段结石、左肾盂及输尿管扩张积液,IVU示左输尿管结石、左肾积水,术后病理检查证实左肾结核.结论 CTU具有快速薄层扫描、容积重建及图像后处理功能,对于中晚期IVU 不显影的肾结核有较高的诊断价值.     

Analysis of 39 cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with emphasis on CT findings

OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective study a review of the clinical, laboratory and radiologic features of 39 cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is presented. CT characteristics of XGP are analyzed in detail and the relevant literature is reviewed in order to determine the most typical among them. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pathologic material from 39 patients suffering from XGP was reviewed in order to confirm the initial diagnosis. Data compiled from the previous history of the patients, clinical, laboratory, urographic and CT findings, preoperative diagnosis, operative findings and postoperative period were analyzed. RESULTS: Diffuse and focal forms of XGP were recognized in 38 and 1 cases, respectively. Fever, pain in the flank or abdomen, chills and malaise were the commonest symptoms. A non-functioning kidney and/or staghorn calculus were the commonest urographic findings. When available (15 cases), CT revealed multiple fluid-filled cavities in the affected kidney and demonstrated the extension of the disease to the perinephric spaces in all cases. All patients had undergone nephrectomies, which were characterized as difficult in 60% of cases, whereas two patients developed postoperative complications requiring re-exploration. CONCLUSIONS: Nephrectomy for XGP may be followed by severe complications and appropriate patient preparation and operation planning is of great importance. CT is considered the imaging technique of choice for diagnosing the disease preoperatively and a plethora of CT characteristics have been described to date. Low-density fluid-filled areas within the renal parenchyma and findings indicating perinephric extension should be considered the most typical CT features of XGP.     

黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎的误诊原因分析

目的提高黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎的诊治水平.方法总结18例黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎患者的诊治资料.男5例,女13例.平均年龄47岁.左侧6例,右侧12例.术前误诊为肾结石伴积水4例,输尿管结石伴肾重度积水3例,肾结核3例,肾癌8例.结果18例患者术中快速冰冻切片7例,诊断为黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎,另11例肾切除术后病理检查确诊.病理报告：病灶处有大量炎性细胞,胞质内有大量含类脂的泡沫细胞,核较小且一致,无核分裂及异形性.18例术后随访6～124个月,未见复发.结论黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎术前诊断困难,尿液涂片有泡沫细胞、CT值为低密度值以及抗炎治疗无效等为本病的临床特点,综合分析临床资料,提高对此病的临床认识是避免误诊的关键.     

Coexistence of renal replacement lipomatosis with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

We report on a case of coexistence of replacement lipomatosis with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) in the same kidney associated with staghorn calculi. A 63-year-old man was admitted to hospital complaining of a right abdominal mass. Computed tomography (CT) showed renal parenchymal atrophy with extremely increased perirenal fat. Right nephrectomy was performed. Postoperative diagnosis was renal replacement lipomatosis with XGP. Renal replacement lipomatosis and XGP have several similarities in terms of clinical background and CT findings. Sometimes it is difficult to differentiate them from malignant diseases. It is extremely rare that both conditions coexist in the same kidney. To our knowledge, only one such case has been reported.     

Bone scintigraphy in acute renal failure with severe loin pain and patchy renal vasoconstriction.

To evaluate the patterns of renal images and the diagnostic value as a screening test of the whole-body bone and renal scintigraphy with technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) or -pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP), we performed bone scintigraphy in 6 patients with acute renal failure (ARF) with severe loin pain and patchy renal vasoconstriction on postcontrast renal computed tomography (CT). All 6 patients were young and previously healthy but experienced severe loin pain after track events. Five took analgesics. Postcontrast renal CT showed patchy low-density areas or diffuse enhancement immediately after radiocontrast injection and then patchy wedge-shaped enhancement 24 or 48 h later, which subsequently disappeared 72 h later. On the whole-body bone scintigrams with 99mTc-MDP or 99mTc-PYP before obtaining renal CT, there was no increased uptake of isotope in the soft tissue, and multiple patchy increased accumulations of the isotope in the kidney were observed in 5 patients. In 2 patients, renal scintigraphies with technetium-99m-dimercaptosuccinate showed photon-deficient areas in the same areas of patchy isotope accumulation in the whole-body bone scintigraphies. Whole-body image and renal scintigraphy with bone-seeking agents may be useful as a screening test and in the search for the theoretical evidence of ARF with severe loin pain and patchy renal vasoconstriction.     

A clinical study of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) with special emphasis on the magnetic resonance imaging]

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is an uncommon form of granulomatous inflammation characterized by destruction and replacement of the renal parenchyma by masses of lipid-laden macrophages. We report the first case of the pyonephrotic type of XGP in which Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used in Japan, and summarize the clinical characteristics of 163 cases with XGP in the Japanese literature for age, sex, laboratory data, preoperative diagnosis and operation. A 56-year-old female was admitted with left flank pain. Left nephrectomy was performed following diagnosis of XGP by computed tomography (CT) and MRI. Histopathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of XGP. Furthermore, we evaluated the MR images in XGP. MR images correlated well with the CT images showing an enlarged multiloculated kidney. The internal portion of the loculated areas were of intermediate intensity on T1-weighted images, and became very intense on the T2-weighted sequences, indicating a long T2. MRI appears to be of value in the investigation of renal mass lesions.     

Angiographic features of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.

Preoperative diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is possible in numerous cases by renal angiography, thus permitting the differentiation of this disease from renal adenocarcinoma. Angiographic features are reviewed in patients with proved XGP. The most useful findings are: (1) presence of hypervascularised areas; (2) dilated renal capsular and perforating arteries, and (3) heterogenous aspect of the kidney during the nephrographic period.     

Perinephric liposarcoma mimicking cystic renal tumor

Liposarcoma is one of the most common primary retroperitoneal neoplasms, and the perinephric region is a frequent location for them. Liposarcomas show a variety of radiographic features in terms of histological types and tumor sizes, so the specific diagnosis of liposarcoma is often difficult. We present a unique case of perinephric dedifferentiated liposarcoma mimicking cystic renal tumor. A 71-year-old man presented himself at our hospital with a palpable mass in his upper right abdomen. Abdominal computerized tomography (CT) revealed a well-defined cystic mass at the lower pole of the right kidney that contained heterogeneous solid components and small foci of fat. There were no signs of lymphadenopathy or tumor thrombus in the renal vein. Metastatic evaluation by chest x-ray and bone scan was negative. The probable diagnosis was cystic renal cell carcinoma or atypical angiomyolipoma. Because we could not exclude the possibility of cystic malignancy, a right radical nephrectomy was performed. Grossly, the tumor was predominantly encapsulated by a unilocular fibrous capsule and was filled with bloody fluid and debris. The anterior portion of the tumor was composed of various-sized soft and rubbery masses covered with necrotic tissue. The histological diagnosis was dedifferentiated liposarcoma arising in the perinephric retroperitoneum with extensive necrosis, and the cyst wall was composed of a necrotic tumor with a well differentiated liposarcoma and a fibrous capsule. Although the tumor widely covered the right kidney, there was no microscopic invasion of the kidney. No signs of tumor recurrence were noted six months after the operation.     

酷似肾囊肿的肾盏憩室7例临床分析

目的 提高对临床表现酷似肾囊肿的肾盏憩室的认识,探讨其诊治方法.方法 报告7例经本院收治的肾盏憩室患者的临床资料,回顾性分析其临床特征及影像学表现.7例患者以腰部胀痛为主要表现者2例,5例无明显症状.术前超声检查均诊断为肾脏囊肿,2例患者静脉肾盂造影检查怀疑肾盏憩室,5例行增强CT并延迟扫描后确诊为肾盏憩室.分析所有患者临床资料并检索Pubmed和CBM数据库,对该疾病相关文献进行复习.结果 1例患者行保守治疗,1例按单纯囊肿行去顶手术后出现漏尿,后行肾部分切除术.5例成功行腹腔镜肾盏憩室切除术,术前放置输尿管导管并于术中通过导管注射美蓝帮助确定憩室开口.术后随访6～24个月,未发现憩室复发.结论 肾盏憩室临床上少见,容易误诊.静脉肾盂造影及增强CT扫描对诊断该病有较大帮助,特别是CT延迟扫描.腹腔镜肾盏憩室切除术治疗该病安全有效.