微型腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟腱外露及缺损

目的探讨微型腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小创面跟腱外露及缺损的手术方法和治疗效果。方法采用微型腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟腱外露及缺损患者20例。皮瓣切取面积2 cm×2 cm～3 cm×4 cm。结果患者均获得随访,时间3～24个月。皮瓣全部成活且弹性及质地良好。结论微型腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣手术切取简便,是修复跟腱外露及小面积皮肤缺损较满意的方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟腱周围软组织缺损的临床疗效

目的探讨应用逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟腱周围软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法自2011年7月至2016年12月,回顾性分析跟腱断裂修复术后软组织缺损21例,其中13例为跟腱开放性损伤清创修复术后创面感染,皮肤坏死伴跟腱外露,8例为跟腱闭合性损伤修复术后皮肤坏死。创面面积为2.5 cm×3.0 cm^7.0 cm×9.0 cm。应用逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复创面,切取皮瓣面积为3.5 cm×4.0 cm^9.0 cm×11.0 cm。术后定期随访。结果本组21例皮瓣,2例糖尿病皮瓣远端部分表皮出现坏死,经换药后安放VSD装置及抗感染治疗后愈合,余19例皮瓣成活良好。术后平均随访30(24~36)个月,受区皮瓣及蒂部质地、色泽与周围组织接近,厚度略高出正常皮肤,外观满意,所有患者对受区及供区的美观均满意,踝关节功能良好。所有患者术后早期出现腓肠神经支配区域短暂的感觉麻木,在3~6个月都痊愈。所有患者没有出现疼痛的神经瘤。结论逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣解剖层次清楚,切取简单,是修复跟腱周围软组织缺损的理想选择。     

小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复踝周创面

目的探讨小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复踝周创面的方法。方法2006年3月至2008年2月,对13例踝周皮肤软组织缺损创面应用小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣进行修复,其中隐神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣3例,腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣10例。皮瓣切取面积为5．0cm×6．0cm～10．5cm×8．0cm。结果术后13例皮瓣,11例全部成活;1例远端部分坏死,经换药后痊愈;1例大部分坏死,患者拒绝再手术。随访5～15个月,皮瓣质地柔软、弹性好,外形满意,颜色接近正常,踝关节活动正常,患者对皮瓣外形及功能满意。供区植皮全部成活,外形满意。结论小腿皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣是修复踝周皮肤软组织缺损创面的一种理想手术方法。     

应用带腓肠肌腱膜复合组织的腓肠神经营养血管组织瓣修复跟腱及复合组织缺损

目的：探讨应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣及腓肠肌腱膜复合组织瓣修复跟腱及周围皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法2008年1月-2013年12月，对跟腱及周围皮肤等复合组织缺损28例应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣及腓肠肌腱膜复合组织瓣修复，切取皮瓣面积：10 cm×6 cm～15 cm×8 cm。结果28例皮瓣全部成活，经6～24个月随访，肢体功能恢复满意。结论腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣及腓肠肌腱膜复合组织瓣是修复跟腱及周围皮肤复合缺损较理想的方法。     

应用皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复组织缺损24例

目的 探讨应用皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复组织缺损的临床效果.方法 根据创面的部位、大小及功能需要,应用桡神经浅支营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复虎口开大术创面3例、手背皮肤软组织缺损2例,切取皮瓣面积4 cm × 6 cm～5 cm×7 cm;应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复胫前区、足踝部创面14例,切取皮瓣面积6 cm×6 cm～8 cm×13 cm;应用隐神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部创面5例,切取皮瓣面积5 cm×6 cm～7cm×10 cm.结果 20例皮瓣完全成活,3例皮瓣远端边缘少许坏死,经换药愈合.1例坏死.术后随访1个月～2年,皮瓣质地良好,外观及功能良好.结论 皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣具有血供可靠、不损伤主干血管、操作简便等诸多优点,病例选择恰当可收到良好的临床效果.     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损

目的　观察应用腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法　对 1 8例足部软组织缺损患者 ,以其腓肠神经营养血管为蒂 ,于小腿后侧切取皮瓣逆行转移修复缺损区。观察术后患者皮瓣成活情况及供区创面愈合情况。　结果　术后皮瓣均成活 ,切取的最大皮瓣为 1 0 .5cm× 1 6.5cm。供区创面愈合良好 ,除外观略受影响外活动功能基本正常。　结论　腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣切取简便 ,移植成活率高 ,是修复足部软组织缺损的较好方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣在修复儿童足踝部软组织缺损中的临床应用

目的 报道腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣逆行转移修复儿童足踝部软组织缺损效果. 方法 2006年5月至2010年10月,对11例儿童足踝部创面应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣逆行转移修复,切取皮瓣最大15.0 cm×10.0 cm,最小10.0 cm× 7.0 cm.修复足背创面最远达趾蹼平面,皮瓣切取上界最高可达腘窝水平. 结果 术后11例全部成活良好,均获得随访,随访3～24个月,皮瓣质地优良,无肿胀、发硬,受区外形与功能恢复满意. 结论 应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣可以修复儿童趾蹼平面以近的足背、踝部创面并可获得良好的临床效果.     

应用腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复踝周软组织缺损

目的 报道应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣修复踝周皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣修复踝周皮肤软组织缺损13例,创面面积最大20 cm×15 cm,最小10 cm×8 cm,切取皮瓣面积最大22 cm×16 cm,最小11 cm×9 cm,在转移皮瓣时将小隐静脉与创面周围静脉吻合.结果 13例皮瓣术后均无明显肿胀、淤血等现象.其中11例顺利成活,2例出现远端边缘表皮小部分愈合不良,换药后愈合.随访6个月～3年,皮瓣外形、色泽及踝部功能满意.结论 应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复踝周皮肤软组织缺损,并将远端小隐静脉与创面周围静脉吻合,皮瓣成活率高,临床效果好.     

腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面的临床疗效。方法采用腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面18例。其中,足后跟软组织缺损伴骨感染4例,跟腱部缺损3例,内踝部缺损3例,外踝缺损伴死腔8例,皮肤缺损范围9 cm×4 cm～16 cm×9cm。皮瓣切取面积10 cm×6 cm～18 cm×10 cm,携带的深层腓肠肌肉面积4cm×3 cm～9cm ×6cm。供区直接拉拢缝合7例,游离植皮11例。 结果 术后18例肌皮瓣完全成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。随访5～14个月,无并发症,皮瓣质地优良,外观满意,行走正常,术后皮瓣感觉恢复欠佳。 结论 腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣,血供可靠,转移方便,是修复足踝部软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面的好方法。     

跟骨骨折外侧入路术后皮肤坏死缺损的治疗

目的 探讨应用逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣治疗跟骨骨折外侧入路术后皮肤坏死缺损的临床疗效.方法 2009年9月-2011年12月,应用逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复跟骨骨折外侧入路术后皮肤坏死缺损24例,创面缺损面积：3.0 cm×1.5 cm～5.0 cm×2.5 cm,皮瓣切取面积：4.0 cm×3.0 cm～6.0cm×4.0 cm,腓肠神经与受区皮神经接合重建感觉.结果 24例皮瓣全部成活,受区创口一期愈合,皮瓣供区切口一期愈合.皮瓣术后未出现明显肿胀及血管危象.随访6～15个月,皮瓣外形恢复满意,质地柔软,无臃肿,弹性好,无明显色素沉着及瘢痕挛缩,无窦道及皮肤溃疡形成,皮瓣两点辨别觉7～12mn.结论 逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣具有操作简便、血运可靠、皮瓣成活率高、术后受区外观、功能恢复满意等优点,是跟骨骨折外侧入路术后皮肤坏死缺损较为理想的治疗方法.     

腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损与骨髓炎创面

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部创面的临床疗效.方法 采用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复足踝部创面26例,创面缺损范围5 cm×3.5 cm~18 cm×10 cm,皮瓣切取面积6.0 cm×4 cm～18 cm×12 cm.结果 26例均得到随访,时间3～12月.患者皮瓣均存活.术后发生皮瓣血管危象2例,予拆除缝线、高压氧治疗好转;皮瓣边缘部分坏死2例,供区植皮坏死1例、感染2例,均经换药治愈.皮瓣外观及功能满意.结论 腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,损伤小,不需要显微外科技术,是修复足踝部软组织缺损的较理想皮瓣.     

以腓动脉远端穿支血管供血为蒂的小腿后外侧（复合）组织瓣的临床应用

目的探讨腓动脉穿支供血的小腿后外侧（复合）组织瓣在足踝部软组织缺损、骨感染修复中的临床效果。方法2007年3月至2010年9月,对23例足踝部软组织（跟腱）缺损及骨感染的患者,设计以腓动脉终末穿支为血管蒂,沿腓肠神经营养血管轴线切取皮瓣转位修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损。采用腓动脉下段穿支供血携带腓肠神经逆行岛状（复合）皮瓣或肌皮瓣进行修复。皮瓣切取范围3cm×5cm～10cm×18cm。结果术后21例皮瓣完全成活,创面一期愈合,2例皮瓣边缘部分坏死,后经过二期扩创游离植皮后痊愈,平均住院时间21d。随访2～9个月,皮瓣质地优良,外观满意,无色素沉着、溃疡,皮瓣感觉恢复约S2,跟腱重建患者踝关节达功能位,恢复了劳动能力。结论以腓动脉远端穿支血管供血为蒂的小腿后外侧（复合）组织瓣血供可靠,变异率低,切取方便,供区隐蔽,可恢复部分感觉,且不牺牲肢体主要血管,是修复小腿中下部、踝关节周围及足部软组织缺损的一种良好方法。尤其对修复足踝部骨外露,骨髓炎,跟腱缺损,复合组织瓣（携带跟腱及肌肉）是一种较好的选择。     

腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管游离皮瓣修复手足软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣游离移植的手术方法及临床应用效果.方法 切取由腓动脉发出单一皮穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,游离移植修复手背及涉及足前部的足踝部皮肤软组织缺损.皮瓣穿支动脉、小隐静脉分别与受区邻近的主干动脉分支及头静脉或大隐静脉吻合建立血液循环;亦可单纯吻合穿支动、静脉供血.皮瓣腓肠神经与受区皮神经吻合.结果 2005年1月至2007年12月,于临床应用12例.皮瓣切取面积12 cm× 7 cm～18 cm×11 cm,皮瓣全部成活.术后随访7～27个月,皮瓣外观、质地优良,两点辨别觉7～12 mm,肢体功能恢复满意.结论 本术式综合了游离皮瓣、穿支皮瓣与皮神经营养血管皮瓣的优点,皮瓣设计灵活,切取方便,惨复位置随意,血供可靠,是修复手足皮肤软组织缺损的较好方法.     

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects around the Achilles region with distally based extended peroneal artery perforator flap

IntroductionAchilles tendon rupture and soft tissue infections with wound dehiscence and tendon exposure following the tendon repair are not infrequent. Various procedures have been described for the reconstruction of soft tissue defects at the Achilles tendon region, yet there is lack of consensus on the ideal method. In this article we report our experience using the distally based peroneal artery perforator flap in reconstruction of combined defects of the Achilles tendon and overlying soft tissue.Methods7 patients with Achilles tendon injury and full-thickness soft tissue defects over the Achilles region underwent tendon repair and soft tissue reconstruction with the distally based peroneal artery perforator flap. Perforator vessels were identified at the septum between the peroneus longus and soleus muscles. After choosing the perforator with the largest diameter, meticulous deep dissection of the perforator was performed and completed 6 cm proximal to the lateral malleolus. The peroneal artery was transected and ligated and transposition of the flap to the defect was performed through a subcutaneous tunnel.ResultsThe size of the soft tissue defects and flaps ranged between 2×3 cm to 4×10 cm and 4×5 cm to 5×12 cm, respectively. Six out of 7 flaps survived completely without any complications. Post-operative venous congestion was observed in one patient which resulted in partial tip necrosis of the flap. The resulting wound healed with conservative treatment. Donor sites healed uneventfully in all patients. All flaps had excellent contour and provided stable soft tissue coverage.ConclusionDistally based peroneal artery perforator flap can be considered as a reliable alternative for the reconstruction of soft tissue defects around the Achilles tendon region. Advantages include (1) extended reach of the flap for the defects around the plantar and dorsal aspects of the foot, provided by the perforator dissection, (2) convenience with footwear and walking, provided by the skin texture similarity with the target region, (3) creating a protective surface to allow tendon gliding and prevent tissue adhesions after the tendon repair, provided by the crural fascia included in the flap, (4) obviating the need for microsurgical anastomosis and associated length of the operation.     

逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损

目的评价逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对25例足踝部软组织缺损的患者采用逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复。其中,以腓动脉终末穿支的升支为蒂19例,以其降支为蒂6例。软组织缺损大小10cm×9cm～4cm×3cm,皮瓣面积11cm×9.5cm～6cm×5cm。结果 23例皮瓣完全存活,另2例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后植皮修复。皮瓣术后轻度肿胀,无瘀血。术后随访6～18个月,皮瓣质地优良,蒂部无臃肿。结论以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠、质地优良,是修复足、踝软组织缺损的良好选择。     

Foot and ankle reconstruction: An experience on the use of 14 different flaps in 226 cases

The aim of this report was to present our experience on the use of different flaps for soft tissue reconstruction of the foot and ankle. From 2007 to 2012, the soft tissue defects of traumatic injuries of the foot and ankle were reconstructed using 14 different flaps in 226 cases (162 male and 64 female). There were 62 pedicled flaps and 164 free flaps used in reconstruction. The pedicled flaps included sural flap, saphenous flap, dorsal pedal neurocutaneous flap, pedicled peroneal artery perforator flap, pedicled tibial artery perforator flap, and medial plantar flap. The free flaps were latissimus musculocutaneous flap, anterolateral thigh musculocutaneous flap, groin flap, lateral arm flap, anterolateral thigh perforator flap, peroneal artery perforator flap, thoracdorsal artery perforator flap, medial arm perforator flap. The sensory nerve coaptation was not performed for all of flaps. One hundred and ninety‐four cases were combined with open fractures. One hundred and sixty‐two cases had tendon. Among 164 free flaps, 8 flaps were completely lost, in which the defects were managed by the secondary procedures. Among the 57 flaps for plantar foot coverage (25 pedicled flaps and 32 free flaps), ulcers were developed in 5 pedicled flaps and 6 free flaps after weight bearing, and infection was found in 14 flaps. The donor site complications were seen in 3 cases with the free anterolateral thigh perforator flap transfer. All of limbs were preserved and the patients regained walking and daily activities. All of patients except for one regained protective sensation from 3 to 12 months postoperatively. Our experience showed that the sural flap and saphenous flap could be good options for the coverage of the defects at malleolus, dorsal hindfoot and midfoot. Plantar foot, forefoot and large size defects could be reconstructed with free anterolateral thigh perforator flap. For the infected wounds with dead spce, the free latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap remained to be the optimal choice. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:600–604, 2013.     

带皮穿支血管的皮神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨带皮穿支血管与皮神经营养血管相结合的皮瓣手术方法及临床应用效果。方法以深部知名血管发出的皮肤穿支为皮瓣转轴点,切取皮神经营养血管带蒂皮瓣或岛状皮瓣,转位修复肢体远端皮肤软组织缺损创面。结果临床已应用43例,其中腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣13例,面积30 cm×12 cm~16 cm×8 cm;胫后血管穿支隐神经营养血管皮瓣9例,面积17 cm×9 cm~5 cm×4 cm;以骨间前血管腕背穿支前臂背侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣8例,面积16 cm×6 cm~10 cm×4 cm;以掌指动脉指蹼穿支手背皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣13例,皮瓣面积6.0 cm×3.5 cm~2.5 cm×1.5 cm;皮瓣完全成活42例,1例因静脉回流障碍远端1/4坏死。随访6~24个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与功能恢复满意。结论该术式结合了穿支蒂皮瓣与皮神经营养血管皮瓣的优点,扩大了皮瓣切取面积与修复范围,皮瓣设计灵活,切取方便,血供可靠,是修复肢体皮肤软组织缺损的一种可取的方法。     

Modified distally based sural neuro-veno-fasciocutaneous flap: anatomical study and clinical applications

The distally based sural neuro-veno-fasciocutaneous flap has been used widely for reconstruction of foot and ankle soft-tissue defects. The distal pivot point of the flap is designed at the lowest septocutaneous perforator from the peroneal artery of the posterolateral septum, which is, on average, 5 cm (4-7 cm) above the lateral malleolus. A longer neuro-veno-adipofascial pedicle would be needed to reversely reach the distal foot defect when the flap is dissected based on this perforating branch, which may result in more trauma in flap elevation and morbidity of the donor site. In this article, we explored new pivot points for this distally based flap in an anatomic study of 30 fresh cadavers. The results showed that the peroneal artery terminates into two branches: the posterior lateral malleolus artery and lateral calcaneal artery. These two branches also send off cutaneous perforators at about 3 and 1 cm above the tip of lateral malleolus, respectively, which can be used as arterial pivot points for the flap. A communicating branch between the lesser saphenous vein and the peroneal venae comitantes was found, accompanied by the perforator of the posterior lateral malleolus artery. This modified, distally based sural flap with lower pivot points was successfully transferred for repair of soft-tissue defects in 21 patients. The size of flaps ranged from 4 x 3 cm to 18 x 12 cm. All flaps survived without complications. Neither arterial ischemia nor venous congestion was noted. In conclusion, the vascular pivot point of a distally based sural flap can be safely designed at 1.5 cm proximal to the tip of the lateral malleolus. This modified flap provides a valuable tool for repair of foot and ankle soft-tissue defects.     

以骨间后血管为蒂的前臂后侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣在手部创伤修复中的应用

目的 报告应用改进前臂后侧皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣的手术方法及临床效果.方法 设计以骨间背侧血管下段为蒂的前臂后侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣逆向转位修复手腕背以远的皮肤缺损创面.临床应用22例,皮瓣最远修复至近侧指间关节,皮瓣最大切取面积为14cm×10 cm,蒂部最长12 cm.结果 术后22例皮瓣全部存活,未发生血管危象.随访时间为6～12个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与功能恢复满意.结论 经改进后的前臂后侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣可用于修复手部较大面积的皮肤软组织缺损.     

A reversed superficial peroneal neurocutaneous island flap based on the descending branch of the distal peroneal perforator: clinical experiences and modifications

The distally based neurocutaneous flaps have been popular for lower leg and foot reconstruction. On the basis of pre-existing anatomic studies and clinical experiences, we designed a reversed superficial peroneal neurocutaneous island flap with the descending branch of the distal peroneal perforator as the pedicle. The flap is supplied through both axial perforator and longitudinal chain-linked vascular plexuses. This modified neurocutaneous island flap, measuring around 5 cm x 4 cm to 12 cm x 13 cm in size, was transferred for coverage of foot soft-tissue defects in 21 cases with a low complication rate. Compared to the original neurocutaneous flap, the rotation point of this flap is more distal and the pedicle is thinner. It could provide good texture and contour matching to the recipient area. In conclusion, the modified neurocutaneous island flap provides a reliable tool for repairing soft-tissue defects of the ankle and foot.