人工全膝关节置换术在外翻膝的临床应用

[目的]探讨人工全膝关节置换术在外翻膝中的手术技术和临床疗效.[方法]2004年3月～2008年9月,对14例16个外翻膝行膝前正中、髌旁内侧入路,常规截骨、外侧软组织松解,后方稳定型假体或后交叉韧带保留型假体的人工全膝关节置换术进行回顾性研究.患者男3例,女11例,平均年龄60.5岁(45～77岁).经过随访比较手术前后膝关节屈伸活动度、KSS评分、膝关节X线情况来评估手术临床效果.[结果]术后平均随访42个月(24～54个月),膝关节屈伸活动度由术前平均82°(伸直0°～屈曲120°)提高到术后120°(伸直0°～屈曲150°);KSS评分:临床评分由术前平均43分(10～65分)提高到术后平均83.9分(70～100分),功能评分由术前平均52.9分(30～70分)提高到术后平均89.3分(75～100分);胫股角由术前平均16.5°(8°～30°)改善纠术后平均7°(5°～10°),膝外翻畸形得到良好的矫正.随访中无深静脉血栓、膝关节感染、髌骨半脱位或脱位并发症发生.[结论]膝前正中、髌旁内侧入路,常规截骨、外侧软组织松解,后方稳定型假体或后交叉韧带保留型假体的TKA治疗外翻膝临床疗效满意.     

人工全膝置换在严重膝内翻畸形患者中的应用

目的观察保留后交叉韧带人工全膝置换治疗严重膝内翻畸形患者的临床结果.方法回顾性分析1990年1月～1995年7月间严重膝内翻畸形骨关节炎患者(≥20°)人工全膝置换后的临床结果.假体为Miller-Galante-Ⅰ人工全膝(MG-Ⅰ,Zimmer公司).采用KSS评分对临床结果进行评估.结果38人56膝获完整随访,平均随访6(4～9)年.术前至最后一次随访,平均膝评分从33分提高到91分,其中84%优秀;平均膝关节功能评分自39增加到76分;两者的改善均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).86%的患者膝关节活动度超过90°,多数病例(50/56)术后膝关节力线正常,6例残留5～10°内翻畸形.总翻修率21%(12/56),平均翻修时间为术后5.5年.其它并发症包括髌骨半脱位,膝前痛,浅表感染.无深部感染、假体松动及前后向不稳.结论保留后交叉韧带人工全膝可矫正严重膝内翻畸形,术后内、外向不稳问题常致假体早期失败.     

全膝关节置换术后髌骨骨折的治疗

全膝关节置换术后髌骨骨折在髌骨表面置换和未表面置换中的发生率分别为0.2%～21%和0.05%,在初次全膝关节置换和全膝关节翻修术中分别为1.19%和0.15%～12%[1].发病因素包括患者自身原因、假体设计和手术技术等.根据骨折部位和类型、伸膝装置的完整性、髌骨假体的稳定性和残留髌骨的骨量选择治疗方案,包括非手术治疗、切开复位内固定术、髌骨部分或全切除术、单纯髌骨假体翻修术和全膝关节翻修术等.因髌骨生物力学的重要性,本文就全膝关节置换术后髌骨骨折的治疗及疗效进行简要综述.     

旋转平台假体在全膝关节置换术中的应用及早期疗效观察

[目的]观察旋转平台人工膝关节置换术的临床疗效.[方法]对79例患者93膝行TKA,采用正中切口髌旁内侧入路,安装假体,膝关节均未进行髌骨置换.术后复查X线片观察假体固定情况,采用美国膝关节学会评分(KSS评分)评定膝评分及膝功能评分,观察并发症发生情况.[结果]本组平均随访时间(33.61±7.34)个月(24～48个月).末次随访时,关节总活动度明显增加,由术前68.76°增加至术后107.53°(P相似文献   

微创人工全膝关节表面置换术治疗创伤性膝关节炎的疗效观察

目的对创伤性膝关节炎患者采用微创人工全膝关节表面置换术治疗,术后观察其临床疗效。方法自2006年4月～2009年3月采用微创人工全膝关节表面置换术治疗创伤性膝关节炎共22例22膝,根据KSS评分标准,对术后随访患者进行评分以观察临床疗效。结果 22例术后均获得随访,随访36.0～71.0个月,平均48.6个月,未出现手术切口感染、膝关节假体松动、下沉等相关并发症。在最终的随访中,膝关节评分82～99分,平均90分;功能评分78～94分,平均85分;膝关节屈曲度95°～130°,平均115°;膝关节伸直度0°～5°,平均3°。结论对于创伤性膝关节炎患者,采用微创人工全膝关节表面置换术治疗术后临床疗效令人满意。     

旋转铰链型膝关节假体临床应用30例随访观察

[目的]探讨采用旋转铰链式人工膝关节假体进行全膝关节置换术的早期及中期临床疗效、并发症、假体选择的适应证.[方法]回顾性分析1998年7月～2008年7月10年间使用旋转铰链式膝关节假体行人工全膝关节置换的28例患者(30例膝) 临床效果.其中男7例,女21例;平均年龄62岁(42～75岁);左膝10例,右膝20例.病因: 膝内翻合并重度骨关节炎8膝, 类风湿关节炎2膝,创伤性关节炎3膝,畸形性骨炎1膝,严重膝外翻畸形6膝,全膝关节置换术后假体松动翻修10膝(6例感染后松动,4例无菌性松动).术前术后使用KSS评分进行评价.[结果]本组病例平均手术时间为3 h10 min(1 h 30 min～6 h30 min),术中平均失血量为990 ml(150～3 000 ml),术中及术后平均输异体血1 300 ml.28例病例平均随访51个月(12～120个月).膝关节评分从术前的19.5分增加到术后的平均77.9分(28～93 分),功能评分从术前的22.5(0～50分)增加到术后的50.5分(0～90分).膝关节平均活动范围从术前58.4°( 0°～90°)提高到术后的72.8°(10°～100°).1例发生髌腱断裂,1例发生假体断裂,5例发生>10°的伸膝迟滞,8例出现明显的膝前痛.[结论]旋转铰链式膝关节假体作为治疗严重膝关节疾病的方法,可以一定程度恢复膝关节功能,中期随访结果满意,但因其手术损伤大,要严格把握手术适应证,预防并发症的发生.     

全膝关节置换术治疗膝骨关节炎合并固定性髌骨脱位

目的评估全膝关节置换术治疗膝骨关节炎合并固定性髌骨脱位患者的临床疗效。方法对6例膝骨关节炎合并固定性髌骨脱位的患者(8膝)行全膝关节置换术。采用标准内侧髌旁入路,并行“+”形松解外侧支持带,常规髌骨置换,使用非限制性后稳定假体。比较手术前后的HSS评分和疼痛VAS评分,测量股骨胫骨角(FTA)和伸膝迟滞。结果患者均获得随访,时间1~8年。HSS评分从术前25~63分提高到术后1年75~94分。VAS评分从术前5~8分下降至术后1年0~3分。FTA从术前161°~173°改善至术后1年173°~175°。术前有10°~25°的伸膝迟滞,术后基本消失。结论采用标准内侧髌旁入路结合外侧结构的松解作全膝关节置换术治疗膝骨关节炎合并固定性髌骨脱位可获得良好的临床疗效。     

高屈曲度人工全膝关节置换术的临床疗效

目的 探讨影响人工全膝关节置换术患者术后屈膝的因素,以及获得相对最大屈曲度的技术.方法 自2002年3月至2007年3月,85例患者102膝行高屈曲度人工全膝关节置换术(LPS-Flex knee arthroplasty,LF-KA),男16例17膝,女69例85膝;年龄35～79岁,平均64.9岁.膝关节骨关节炎94膝,类风湿关节炎8膝.膝内翻畸形82膝(平均12.8°±3.1°),膝外翻畸形7膝(平均5.1°±2.4°),屈曲畸形31膝(平均15.6°±4.9°).骨缺损5膝.膝关节骨关节炎患者术前活动度为61°～135°,平均110.5°;类风湿关节炎患者为41°～120.,平均85.5°.手术均采用NexGen,LPS-Flex假体.临床疗效以HSS评分为标准,根据影像学资料评估膝关节假体位置、下肢力线以及骨缺损修复情况.结果 66例81膝随访24～60个月,平均39个月.术前HSS平均(69.6±7.4)分,术后平均(90.9±4.8)分.优64膝,良11膝,中4膝,差2膝,优良率为92.6%.膝关节活动度由术前平均100.5°,改善至术中平均136.8°,终末随访时平均127.5°.结论 膝关节活动度的改善对满足患者的日常生活需要尤为重要.患者术前活动度、手术技术、特殊的假体设计以及积极的术后锻炼都是实现全膝关节置换术后最大屈曲度的重要因素.但肥胖、有膝关节手术史、强直性脊柱炎等患者,人工全膝关节置换术后的活动度都会受到一定的限制.     

应用抗生素骨水泥间隔体二期翻修治疗人工全膝关节置换术后迟发感染

目的探讨应用抗生素骨水泥间隔体二期翻修治疗人工全膝关节置换术后迟发感染的临床疗效。方法 2007年1月-2009年12月,收治23例(23膝)人工全膝关节置换术后迟发感染患者。男15例,女8例;年龄43～75岁,平均65.2岁。置换术后至出现感染时间为13～52个月,平均17.3个月;发生感染至入院翻修时间为15 d～7个月,平均2.1个月。一期清创、取出假体,植入含庆大霉素抗生素骨水泥间隔体;8～10周感染控制后二期植入假体。分别采用美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分及膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)评价翻修前后患膝功能,并统计总体感染控制率。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。2例二期翻修术后发生再感染,余21例感染控制,总体感染控制率91.3%。患者均获随访,随访时间2～5年,平均3.6年。HSS评分由术前(60.6±9.8)分提高至末次随访时(82.3±7.4)分,KSS评分由术前(110.7±9.6)分提高至末次随访时(134.0±10.5)分,手术前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。X线片复查示假体位置良好,无松动、断裂、假体周围透亮影等异常表现。结论应用抗生素骨水泥间隔体二期翻修能有效控制人工全膝关节置换术后迟发感染,并能较好恢复患膝功能。     

膝关节置换术后非感染性翻修的经验体会

目的探讨膝关节置换术后非感染性翻修手术的原因、治疗方案以及功能恢复情况。方法检索北京协和医院骨科1991年5月至2014年12月期间所有入院行膝关节翻修的病例。于病案科进行电脑检索,检索词条为出院诊断"疼痛"或"翻修"或"松动"或"膝关节置换术后"。排除重复住院、非膝关节翻修手术以及资料丢失病例,并进一步排除其中诊断膝关节感染,以及关节液或关节组织培养阴性,但关节液呈脓性并按膝关节感染处理的病例后,共18例患者入院行膝关节置换术后非感染性翻修。根据感染性翻修的病因进行分组,总结各组翻修手术处理方式,分析翻修手术距离初次手术的间隔时间、翻修前后关节力线及关节功能采用美国膝关节协会评分(KSS评分)进行评估。鉴于所收集病例数较少,翻修手术与初次TKA的间隔时间以及翻修前后的关节力线主要进行描述分析;翻修前后的关节功能KSS评分为计量资料,先行Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验,若数据服从正态分布,则行配对t检验分析。结果共筛选出18例(20膝)患者入院行非感染性膝关节翻修术。翻修病因包括:假体无菌性松动10膝[50%(10/20)],其中1膝翻修部分置换了胫骨侧假体,其余9膝均行全膝关节翻修术;膝关节僵直5膝[25%(5/20)],均行手术松解(关节镜下粘连松解1膝);初次置换术后出现垫片脱位有2例[3膝,15%(3/20)],均行垫片置换手术;关节腔异物1膝[5%(1/20)],行膝关节后路异物取出术;髌骨外翻半脱位1膝[5%(1/20)],行髌骨外侧支持带松解、内侧紧缩术。翻修术后66.7%(4/6)膝关节力线得到良好恢复,膝关节功能术后KSS评分平均为(79.1±2.8)分,较术前(56.4±9.9)分改善(t=-7.329,P0.05)。结论导致膝关节无菌性翻修的主要原因是初次膝关节置换术后假体无菌性松动(50%)。针对初次全膝关节置换术后出现假体无菌性松动、关节僵直等问题,全膝关节置换翻修术能够有效地恢复关节力线及膝关节功能。     

Arthroscopy of symptomatic total knee replacements

Between December 1983 and August 1992, 21 knees in 19 patients with symptomatic total knee replacements were arthroscopically diagnosed. The average time between total knee replacement and arthroscopy was 20 months (ranging from 4 to 84 months). All patients were primary total knee replacements. Metal bars, 5 and 8 mm in diameter and 40 cm in length, were made for arthroscopic treatment of fibroarthrosis. Thirteen knees of 11 patients with a diagnosis of arthrofibrosis had an average improvement of 42° arc of motion 1 year after arthroscopic surgery. Three knees with an average of 15° increase of motion were determined to be failures. Another two patients had arthroscopic resection of fibrous bands with complete relief of patella pain. Among six patients who had revision of total knee replacements after arthroscopic diagnosis, four had wear in the metal backed patella components, and two had wear in the tibial insert and loosening of cementless patella component. An early diagnosis of implant failure under arthroscopic control was made, which easily allowed revision of the metal-backed patellar button before the development of metallosis and massive osteolysis caused by the marked wear of polyethylene. With the use of our specially made metal bars for treating arthrofibrosis, we could release the adhesion more easily and avoid damage of valuable arthroscopic instruments.     

Polyethylene failure of metal—backed patellar components: 111 AGC total knees followedfor 7-22 months

In a series of 111 AGC total knee arthroplasties, eight failures of the polyethylene part of the metal—backed patellar component were seen after a period of 7-22 months. All of these patients experienced a characteristic grating sound as the knee was bent, and skyline radiographs revealed direct metal—on—metal contact. At revision, fracture and separation of the polyethylene part were found together with an extensive, black, thickened synovium and abrasive wear of the naked metal backing of the patellar component. The cemented metal backings were all solidly anchored in the patella. Based on this high failure rate, we have abandoned the metal—backed patellar component in favor of an all—polyethylene component.     

Patellar tendon bone grafting for patellectomized patients having total knee arthroplasty

A technique for restoring the moment arm to improve quadriceps leverage after patellectomy has been developed and used in patients treated with total knee arthroplasty. Essentials of the technique involve use of a 2.5-cm diameter by 1-cm thick bone graft sewn into the previous anatomical position of the patella, using a subsynovial pouch for stabilization. Clinically, seven knees in six patients were treated with patellar tendon bone grafting during total knee arthroplasty. The final outcome of these patients was evaluated from 24 to 125 months (mean, 75.4 months). Good to excellent results were demonstrated in six of seven knees (85.7%) with sufficient extension power for normal gait in most cases. Failure to achieve painless, active extension was seen in one patient following revision knee arthroplasty complicated by chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the knee. Patellar tendon bone grafting improves quadriceps leverage in previously patellectomized knees and is useful in restoring extensor function in such patients having primary or revision knee arthroplasty.     

Isolated revision of failed metal-backed patellar components: outcome with minimum 4-year follow-up

Several reports document high failure rates of metal-backed patellar components, but few report the outcome of revising these components to all-polyethylene, cemented implants. At a mean 87.2-month follow-up, we describe a series of 36 patients (40 knees) who underwent isolated metal-backed patellar revision to a cemented, all-polyethylene patellar component. After the patellar revision, 5 patients (6 knees) underwent additional surgery, but no patellar components required revision. The additional surgeries were performed at an average of 77.6 months after patellar revision and included 3 tibial insert exchanges for polyethylene wear, 2 revisions of femoral and tibial components for osteolysis, and 1 realignment procedure for recurrent subluxation of the patella. We conclude that revision of a failed metal-backed patellar component to a cemented, all-polyethylene patella is a durable, successful procedure.     

Advantage of Minimal Anterior Knee Pain and Long-term Survivorship of Cemented Single Radius Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty without Patella Resurfacing

BackgroundThe single radius total knee prosthesis was introduced with the advantage of reduced patellar symptoms; however, there is no long-term follow-up study of the same. The purpose of this study was to determine the survival rate of single radius posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty and patellofemoral complication rates in a consecutive series.MethodsSeventy-one patients (103 knees) who underwent arthroplasty without patellar resurfacing using a single radius posterior-stabilized total knee prosthesis were followed up for a minimum 10 years. Clinical evaluation using Knee Society knee and function scores and radiologic evaluation were performed at regular intervals. Anterior knee pain as well as patellofemoral complications were evaluated with a simple questionnaire. The Kaplan-Meier product-limit method was used to estimate survival.ResultsSeventeen patients (23 knees) were excluded due to death (12 knees) or lost to follow-up (11 knees). Of the 80 knees enrolled, all femoral components and 78 tibial components were well fixed without loosening at final follow-up. Two revisions were performed because of tibial component loosening and periprosthetic joint infection. One patient with tibial component loosening refused to have revision surgery. No obvious tibial insert polyethylene wear was observed. The survivorships at 132 months were 96.7% using revision or pending revision as end points. Anterior knee pain was present in 6 patients (6 knees, 7.5%) at the latest follow-up. No patellofemoral complication requiring revision was encountered.ConclusionsThe single radius posterior-stabilized total knee prosthesis demonstrated an excellent minimum 10-year survivorship. The low rates of implant loosening and 7.5% of anterior knee pain as a patellofemoral complication are comparable with those reported for other modern total knee prosthesis.     

Revision of failed unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.

Little information has been published on the salvage of failed unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. The current authors examined the failure mechanisms, complexity of surgery, and complications in such revisions. Of 39 consecutive unicompartmental knee revisions, two patients died within 2 years of surgery, four had inadequate followup, and one was excluded because of infection before revision. Therefore, 30 patients (32 knees) were followed up a mean 53 months. The patients were a mean age of 59 years at the time of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and were predominantly male (60%). Revisions were done 9 to 204 months after the unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. The predominant failure mechanism was polyethylene wear; however, nine failed because of loosening. The mean polyethylene thickness of the failed arthroplasties was 7.3 mm. Revision procedures were straightforward. Ten patients required local autograft but no allografts were used. Primary femoral components were used in all patients; 25 were cruciate-retaining. Fourteen patients had stemmed tibial components; eight had wedge augments. The mean range of motion after revision was 111 degrees. Six patients had complications not requiring intervention. Three patients had rerevision surgery for polyethylene wear at 76, 77, and 102 months, respectively, two of whom required polyethylene insert and patellar component revision. The third patient also required tibial component revision for osteolysis. Although this is a small series, the simplicity of the procedure and the complications encountered compare favorably with those of total knee revision.     

Long-term clinical results and radiographic changes in the nonresurfaced patella after total knee arthroplasty: 78 knees followed for mean 12 years

We evaluated total knee arthroplasty without patellar resurfacing retrospectively in 50 patients (78 knees; 4 men (7 knees) and 46 women (71 knees) having a mean age of 63 (34-78) years and mean weight of 52 (32-72) kg). The preoperative diagnosis was osteoarthrosis in 26 patients (43 knees) and rheumatoid arthritis in 24 (35 knees). The mean follow-up was 12 (9-14) years. Only 3 patients (4 knees) had patellar pain and they all showed patellar subluxation. The latter was found in 13 other knees, all pain-free. We detected no differences between the knees with osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis concerning the incidence of patellar pain and patellar subluxation. No patient needed revision surgery for patellar problems. We question the need to resurface the patella routinely in total knee arthroplasty if it is congruous and well-aligned.     

Patellar component resection arthroplasty for the severely compromised patella

When severe bone loss precludes reimplantation of a new patellar component during revision knee arthroplasty, the treatment options include patellar bone grafting, patellar component resection arthroplasty, and patellectomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and functional results of patellar component resection arthroplasty for the severely compromised patella for which insertion of another patellar component was not possible. Thirty-five knees (31 patients) were treated with patellar component resection arthroplasty for aseptic patellar component failure associated with severely compromised patellar bone stock. Followup averaged 7.9 years (range, 2-18 years). There was a significant improvement in Knee Society pain and function scores. Pain relief was more dramatic than functional improvement. The range of motion also improved significantly and in particular preoperative extensor lag was resolved in the majority of patients. Patients treated with isolated patellar resection arthroplasty were more likely to have continuing pain and require reoperation compared with patients who had concomitant revision of the tibial and femoral components. Correct positioning and the stability of tibial and femoral components should be tested carefully at the time of patellar resection arthroplasty and considered for revision if malpositioned either axially or rotationally.     

Long-term clinical results and radiographic changes in the nonresurfaced patella after total knee arthroplasty: 78 knees followed for mean 12 years

We evaluated total knee arthroplasty without patellar resurfacing retrospectively in 50 patients (78 knees; 4 men (7 knees) and 46 women (71 knees) having a mean age of 63 (34-78) years and mean weight of 52 (32-72) kg). The preoperative diagnosis was osteoarthrosis in 26 patients (43 knees) and rheumatoid arthritis in 24 (35 knees). The mean follow-up was 12 (9-14) years. Only 3 patients (4 knees) had patellar pain and they all showed patellar subluxation. The latter was found in 13 other knees, all pain-free. We detected no differences between the knees with osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis concerning the incidence of patellar pain and patellar subluxation. No patient needed revision surgery for patellar problems. We question the need to resurface the patella routinely in total knee arthroplasty if it is congruous and well-aligned.