3-氯丙二醇及2,3-氧丙醇合并用药对大白鼠附睾超微结构的影响

本研究用电镜(辅以半薄切片的光镜检查)观察了3-氯丙二醇及2,3-氧丙醇合并用药对大白鼠附睾起始部及尾部超微结构的影响。同时,对二者单独使用时的作用进行了对比观察。结果表明:在较低有效抗生育剂量合并用药(α-ch 5mg gly 75mg/kg/天×2)3天后,多数动物附睾管的主细胞、顶端细胞、基底细胞及亮细胞,管壁平滑肌细胞以及间质微血管内皮细胞的线粒体出现了不同程度的肿胀和退变。部分动物附睾上皮主细胞的高尔基大泡,吞饮小泡、多泡小体、不动纤毛及顶部滑面内质网亦有减少。细胞核未见明显改变。随着停药时间的延长,正常形态的线粒体的数量有相对增加的趋向,其它因药物作用而变化的细胞器亦趋向恢复。在高剂量合并用药组(α-ch 20mg gly 100 mg/kg/天×2),除见有上述变化外,在部分动物的少数附睾管断面见到上皮细胞坏死、脱落,精子的质膜破裂、线粒体肿胀及核固缩等改变。单独使用3-氯丙二醇及2,3-氧丙醇对附睾超微结构的影响与合并用药相似。但二者影响的程度不及合并用药明显。这类药物在较低有效抗生育剂量下引起的附睾上皮细胞线粒体的损伤,主细胞高尔基复合体、滑面内质网及吞饮小泡的减少或功能降低,可能导致附睾正常生理功能的改变,从而造成不利于精子成熟的环境而产生抗生育作用。此外,药物对附睾管壁平滑肌细胞的线粒体及附睾微血管内皮细胞线粒体均引起不同程度的损伤,其程度严重者可能导致精液囊肿的产生。     

3-氯丙二醇和2,3-氧丙醇小剂量合并长期间歇用药后某些器官的组织学检查

本实验每日以5mg/kg体重3-氯丙二醇和75mg/kg体重2,3-氧丙醇合并用药给雄大鼠灌胃,连续2天,停药8天,以10天为一疗程,共给药9疗程。于给药3、6、9疗程及3、6疗程停药后90天,9疗程停药后120天,分别对大鼠睾丸、附睾的组织学改变以及内脏器官组织学变化、末梢血液细胞计数及分类、骨髓细胞增生度及骨髓细胞微核率进行检查。研究结果表明,合并用药引起睾丸生精上皮功能抑制和附睾内精子退变所产生的抗生育作用是可逆的;对造血功能以及内脏的组织学结构、骨髓细胞微核率的影响不明显,或无统计学意义。因此,以小剂量3-氯丙二醇和2,3-氧丙醇间歇(疗程)长期给药,无明显毒性和副作用。     

性成熟期大鼠实验性精索静脉曲张对附睾显微和超微结构的影响

目的 探讨性成熟期大鼠实验性精索静脉曲张(EVC)附睾显微和超微结构的改变及其在不育中的作用。方法 部分结扎左肾静脉建立大鼠EVC模型，常规制作附睾各段光镜及电镜标本。结果 EVC大鼠附睾各段均出现程度不同且有区段特异性的损害。光镜下主要表现有间质血管充血扩张，淋巴细胞浸润、积聚，间质内出现精子肉芽肿。附睾管萎缩，上皮细胞变性，甚至出现空泡化，上皮内晕、亮细胞数明显增多；管腔内出现大量未成熟生精细胞、畸形精子等。电镜下主要表现为主细胞内溶酶体增多、变大，残余小体增加，细胞器(内质网、线粒体、高尔基复合体等)受损，部分主细胞内出现大空泡。晕细胞、亮细胞内溶酶体也增大、增多，亮细胞常膨大，游离面突入管腔。上皮细胞游离面微绒毛稀少，可见局灶性断裂和破坏。上皮基膜增厚。结论 性成熟期大鼠EVC可致附睾管上皮显微及超微结构明显改变，这可能是精索静脉曲张相关不育的一个主要原因。     

癫痫对雄性大鼠睾丸及附睾组织病理学和超微结构的影响

目的：探讨癫痫发作对雄性Wistar大鼠睾丸及附睾组织病理和超微结构的影响。方法：运用氯化锂一匹罗卡品建立Wistar雄性大鼠癫痫模型,取睾丸、附睾分别制片观察组织病理及超微结构的形态学改变。结果：光镜观察下,A组（造模成功组）及B组（造模不成功组）大鼠睾丸生精小管内各级生精细胞排列基本整齐,结构未见明显紊乱现象,但生精细胞层次呈不同程度的减少,睾丸生精小管管腔内精子数目减少,可见坏死脱落的生精细胞,睾丸间质结构缺如,间质细胞明显减少。附睾中,A组管壁柱状细胞,基细胞层次清晰,结构整齐,微绒毛排列整齐,但管腔中精子数目明显减少,有较多的非精子细胞成分。B组附睾管腔中精子数目未见明显下降,有时可见散在的生精细胞。电镜观察下,A组大鼠睾丸生精细胞细胞核明显畸形,线粒体肿胀,线粒体膜仍然完整,但脊消失,粗面内质网肿胀明显,精子头部细胞核清晰,顶体形态不规则,尾部“9＊2＋2”结构整齐,周围包绕的线粒体鞘明显肿胀,线粒体数目明显减少。B组中仍可见上述不同程度的损害表现,附睾中,A组及B组均可见处于同一层面的主细胞,细胞核未见明显异常,核周围可见大量溶酶体,同时核周内质网均处于明显肿胀状态。C组（正常对照组）鼠睾丸及附睾切片的光镜、电镜表现皆正常。结论：癫痫不同程度的发作可引起大鼠睾丸及附睾组织病理和超微结构不同程度的改变,进而造成了雄性Wistar大鼠生殖系统相关指标的改变。     

实验性精索静脉曲张诱导青春期大鼠附睾细胞凋亡的研究

目的：研究实验性精索静脉曲张（EVC）大鼠附睾细胞凋亡及其显微、超微结构的变化。 方法： 采用青春期雄性Wistar大鼠复制左精索静脉曲张模型，以末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）检测细胞凋亡,常规制作附睾体部光镜、电镜标本，观察附睾组织细胞形态变化。 结果： 实验组（VG）细胞凋亡率显著高于假手术组（SOG）（P<0.01），实验组左、右侧细胞凋亡率有差别，但无显著意义（P>0.05）。光镜下主要改变有附睾管萎缩，上皮细胞出现空泡化，上皮内晕、亮细胞数明显增多。电镜下主要表现为主细胞内溶酶体增多、变大，残余小体增加，内质网扩张，线粒体嵴模糊，高尔基复合体空泡化；核染色质致密，形成大小不等的团块，边集于核膜处；上皮细胞游离面微绒毛稀少，可见局灶性断裂和破坏。 结论： 青春期大鼠实验性精索静脉曲张可致附睾组织细胞凋亡过度，使其显微及超微结构明显改变，这些变化可能是影响精索静脉曲张患者生育能力的机制之一。     

镉对大鼠输精管损伤及锌保护的超微结构与葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶细胞化学的研究

目的研究小剂量氯化镉对大鼠输精管近、远段的影响及锌的保护作用。方法用１％氯化镉（２ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重）腹腔注射雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠后４ｈ到６０ｄ及镉、锌联合注射后３ｄ、１５ｄ取材。采用电镜观察和葡萄糖－６－磷酸酶（Ｇ－６－Ｐａｓｅ）电镜细胞化学定量研究。结果镉注射４ｈ后,输精管主细胞出现超微结构改变,３～７ｄ改变最明显,１５ｄ后有所减轻,６０ｄ后基本恢复正常。主细胞的主要改变为线粒体肿胀,内质网扩张及髓样结构增多。镉注射后４ｈ,远段主细胞Ｇ－６－Ｐａｓｅ反应产物明显减少,３ｄ最少,１５ｄ反应产物增多。镉、锌联合注射后超微结构及Ｇ－６－Ｐａｓｅ活性损伤均较单纯镉组轻。结论锌对镉所致大鼠输精管主细胞超微结构损伤及远段主细胞Ｇ－６－Ｐａｓｅ活性影响有明显保护作用。     

棉酚对大鼠生精上皮支持细胞影响的电镜观察

本实验用电子显微镜观察了大鼠口饲棉酚后睾丸生精上皮中支持细胞的超微结构的改变。棉酚每日剂量30毫克/公斤体重,连服4～6周后分别杀死取材,制成超薄切片观察。结果表明服棉酚后支持细胞呈现一系列细胞功能活跃与吞噬功能有关的胞器超微结构改变:溶酶体及脂滴增多,线粒体增生和多形性变化,服药6周后,内质网扩张明显,脂滴堆积,细胞开始处于不活跃状态。结合上述结果,本文对服棉酚后支持细胞超微结构变化的性质及其意义进行了讨论。     

大鼠D-氨基半乳糖中毒后肝细胞超微结构及G-6-P酶活性的变化

在大鼠腹腔内注射D-氨基半乳糖造成肝损伤后,电镜下观察肝细胞超微结构和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活性变化。结果表明,损伤组肝细胞中常染色质减少,核仁颗粒部消失,粗面内质网扩张,核糖体脱落,数量减少,滑面内质网扩张,其切面呈小泡状,次级溶酶体增多,糖原颗粒消失,葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活性下降。本文为进一步探讨D-氨基半乳糖造成肝损伤的机理,提供了一些新的资料。     

早期糖尿病大鼠肺超微结构与氧化应激的观察

目的：了解糖尿病1周、2周及3周肺脏超微结构及氧化应激变化。方法：采用透射电镜对四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病1周、2周及3周大鼠肺组织进行观察并测定肺组织的超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛含量。结果：糖尿病1周和2周大鼠肺Ⅱ型细胞可见粗面内质网扩张，糖尿病2周大鼠肺Ⅱ型细胞可见细胞核周隙轻度扩大，糖尿病3周大鼠肺Ⅱ型细胞粗面内质网明显扩张，偶见脱颗粒现象，扩张网池内颗粒物质电子密度低于周围胞质。糖尿病1、2、3周大鼠肺组织超氧化物歧化酶活性与对照组比较无明显差别（P>0.05），而糖尿病2周和3周大鼠肺组织丙二醛含量明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：糖尿病病程早期存在Ⅱ型肺泡细胞结构变化，且伴有肺脏的氧化应激改变。     

镉对大鼠前列腺损伤及锌保护的超微结构与硫胺素焦磷酸酶细胞化学的研究

目的　研究镉对大鼠前列腺腹侧叶的超微结构影响及锌保护作用。　方法　小剂量氯化镉 (2 m g/ kg体重 )及锌腹腔内注射后用透射电镜观察及硫胺素焦磷酸酶 (TPPase)电镜细胞化学定量分析。　结果　镉注射后 4h,前列腺上皮主细胞出现轻微的超微结构改变 ,3～ 7d呈明显退变 ,15 d退变减轻 ,出现粗面内质网 (RER)形成的同心圆性小体 ,30～ 6 0 d基本恢复正常。镉注射后 4h,TPPase反应产物较正常组减少 ,3d和 15 d进一步减少。锌保护组较相应的单纯镉组的超微结构损伤轻 ,且 TPPase反应产物也较多。　结论　镉对大鼠前列腺腹侧叶上皮主细胞早期直接损伤较轻 ,所致 TPPase反应产物减少明显。锌对镉所致主细胞超微结构损伤及 TPPase活性降低均有保护作用     

Reproduction in the male honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus: Marsupialia): The epididymis

The epididymis of the adult honey possum, Tarsipes rostratus, is enclosed by a heavily pigmented tunica vaginalis and lies with the testis in a prominent prepenile scrotum. It is connected to the testis by a single ductus efferentis and is lined by approximately equal numbers of cuboidal ciliated and principal cells. It is unusual for marsupials in having no well-defined compartments or fibrous septae and in having extensive convolutions of the duct only at the caudal flexure. Three principal functional zones (initial, middle, and terminal segments) were identified in the epididymis, based on epithelial type and ultrastructural evidence of sperm maturation. Luminal diameter increases progressively throughout the tract, and epithelial height variations (from about 2 to 20 μm) are greatest in the terminal segment. The epithelium itself is remarkably low (maximum of 21.6 μm) compared with that seen in the epididymis of other mammals. The thickness of the peritubular smooth muscle coat increases close to the junction of the epididymis and ductus deferns. Sperm concentrations were estimated from counts of sperm nuclei and thus can be no more than approximations. The figures are consistent, however, with a rapid increase in concentration in the initial segment, indicating extensive fluid resorption. Sperm concentrations appear to peak in the distal zone of the terminal segment, although sampling problems and wide variations in count make such a conclusion only tentative. Principal and basal cells are the predominant cell types in the epididymal epithelium. Basal cells are most abundant in the initial and distal middle segment. Principal cells show structural evidence of active exchange with the luminal contents and have abundant apical stereocilia, the structure of which depends on the epididymal zone. Other cell types occur less commonly in the epithelium. Lipid-rich and phagocytic principal cells are restricted to the middle and distal zones of the middle segment, respectively. Clear cells, restricted to the terminal segment, and halo cells were found in very low numbers. As in some other marsupials, principal cells (possibly specialized for this function) selectively remove cytoplasmic droplets and probably other cellular debris from the luminal contents. In Tarsipes, however, this process is not very efficient, and many discarded droplets pass through to the terminal segment where they form large masses of debris associated with aggregates of degenerating spermatozoa.     

Epithelial cells of the epididymis show regional variations with respect to the secretion of endocytosis of immobilin as revealed by light and electron microscope immunocytochemistry.

The localization of immobilin, a glycoprotein known to be present and to immobilize spermatozoa in the lumen of the epididymis, was investigated using light and electron microscope immunocytochemistry. In the light microscope, a distinct immunoperoxidase reaction product was observed in the lumen over the brush border of the epithelial nonciliated cells of the efferent ducts, while only a faint reaction was seen over their supranuclear region. In the proximal area of the initial segment of the epididymis no immunoperoxidase staining was observed either over epithelial cells or in the lumen. In the middle area of the initial segment, several epithelial principal cells became intensely immunostained but the majority were unstained; a weak reaction appeared in the lumen. In the distal area of the initial segment, more principal cells became immunostained, and while some were intensely reactive, others were moderately or weakly stained or unreactive. In the intermediate zone and proximal caput epididymidis, the principal cells showed the maximal immunoreactivity with all principal cells being reactive; staining in the lumen also reached its maximal reactivity in these areas. Immunostaining of principal cells gradually decreased along the epididymal duct and disappeared in the cauda epididymidis, however, an intense reaction persisted in the lumen. In the distal area of the cauda epididymidis, clear cells were reactive. In the electron microscope, immunogold labeling of reactive principal cells of the middle and distal areas of the initial segment, intermediate zone, and caput epididymidis was detected over cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, stacks of Golgi saccules, and spherical electron lucent (200-400 nm in diameter) vesicles. The latter were present on the trans face of the Golgi stack, in the vicinity of th Golgi apparatus, and close to the apical cell surface; they are considered as secretory vesicles involved in the secretion of immobilin. In the distal area of the cauda epididymidis, epithelial clear cells showed an intense immunogold labeling over their endocytic apparatus. Immunogold labeling in the lumen of the epididymis was found over a fine flocculent material dispersed between the sperm. This material was especially abundant in the cauda epididymidis and did not appear to be bound to the surface of the sperm. The present results suggest that principal cells of the epididymis are involved in the secretion of immobilin, but that a differential secretory pattern exists between epididymal segments with maximal secretory activity occurring in the intermediate zone and proximal caput epididymidis, while no secretion takes place in the cauda epididymidis. Excess immobilin appears to be endocytosed for degradation by clear cells of the cauda epididymidis.     

实验性隐睾诱导小鼠生精细胞凋亡的研究

目的 研究手术隐睾所致成年小鼠生殖细胞凋亡及相关调节因子ｂｃｌ－２、ｂａｘ蛋白在曲细精管中的定位、变化。方法 以末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的ｄＵＴＰ缺口末端标记法（ＴＵＮＥＬ）检测凋亡的生殖细胞,生物素－抗生物素蛋白ＤＣＳ体系间接免疫荧光法检测Ｂｃｌ－２、Ｂａｘ蛋白在曲细精管中的定位、分布。结果 隐睾术后３ｄ,手术侧睾丸重量及细胞凋亡数量与对侧地无明显区别。而６￣１５ｄ,睾丸重量明显减轻,凋亡细胞     

家兔附睾管尾段吸收功能的研究

家兔输精管低位结扎后附睾管尾段结构出现明显变化，外形和光电镜观察显示其管径增大，管腔扩张，腔内精子密集。附睾的平均重量增加。主细胞顶部胞膜向胞质内凹陷增多，并形成施工吞饮小泡，核上区出现许多与吸收作用有关的小泡、大泡、多泡体、溶酶体和线粒体等超微结构。出现上述变化的时间是术后的第３个月。输精管中位结扎组的变化情况基本相似于低位结扎组。输精高位结扎后因不能排出的睾网液可在附睾的近段被大部吸收，少量的     

Epithelial cells of the epididymis show regional variations with respect to the secretion or endocytosis of immobilin as revealed by light and electron microscope immunocytochemistry

The localization of immobilin, a glycoprotein known to be present and to immobilize spermatozoa in the lumen of the epididymis, was investigated using light and electron microscope immunocytochemistry. In the light microscope, a distinct immunoperoxidase reaction product was observed in the lumen over the brush border of the epithelial nonciliated cells of the efferent ducts, while only a faint reaction was seen over their supranuclear region. In the proximal area of the initial segment of the epididymis no immunoperoxidase staining was observed either over epithelial cells or in the lumen. In the middle area of the initial segment, several epithelial principal cells became intensely immunostained but the majority were unstained; a weak reaction appeared in the lumen. In the distal area of the initial segment, more principal cells became immunostained, and while some were intensely reactive, others were moderately or weakly stained or unreactive. In the intermediate zone and proximal caput epididymidis, the principal cells showed the maximal immunoreactivity with all principal cells being reactive; staining in the lumen also reached its maximal reactivity in these areas. Immunostaining of principal cells gradually decreased along the epididymal duct and disappeared in the cauda epididymidis, however, an intense reaction persisted in the lumen. In the distal area of the cauda epididymidis, clear cells were reactive. In the electron microscope, immunogold labeling of reactive principal cells of the middle and distal areas of the initial segment, intermediate zone, and caput epididymidis was detected over cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, stacks of Golgi saccules, and spherical electron lucent (200–400 nm in diameter) vesicles. The latter were present on the trans face of the Golgi stack, in the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus, and close to the apical cell surface; they are considered as secretory vesicles involved in the secretion of immobilin. In the distal area of the cauda epididymidis, epithelial clear cells showed an intense immunogold labeling over their endocytic apparatus. Immunogold labeling in the lumen of the epididymis was found over a fine flocculent material dispersed between the sperm. This material was especially abundant in the cauda epididymidis and did not appear to be bound to the surface of the sperm. The present results suggest that principal cells of the epididymis are involved in the secretion of immobilin, but that a differential secretory pattern exists between epididymal segments with maximal secretory activity occurring in the intermediate zone and proximal caput epididymidis, while no secretion takes place in the cauda epididymidis. Excess immobilin appears to be endocytosed for degradation by clear cells of the cauda epididymidis.     

结扎输出小管前后小鼠附睾表皮生长因子受体表达的变化

目的：观察结扎输出小管(EDL)前后小鼠附睾表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的变化,探讨睾丸网液成分是否影响附睾EGFR的表达。方法：应用免疫组化和图像分析方法观察并比较EDL前、EDL后3d、7d、14d小鼠(n=7)附睾起始部和体部的结构和EGFR表达。结果：EDL后,小鼠附睾起始部和体部EGFR表达强度降低。起始部EGFR阳性面积自EDL后第3天明显减少,第7天较第3天有所增加,第14天恢复到正常水平。小鼠附睾体部EGFR阳性面积在结扎早期无明显变化,到EDL后第14天明显增加。EDL后第3天起,小鼠附睾起始部管壁和管腔面积显著减少。EDL后第14天附睾体部管壁和管腔面积减少。结论：睾丸网液的成分通过不同作用机制影响附睾起始部和体部的结构和EGFR的表达。     

出生后10—90天大鼠附睾管上皮主细胞超微结构的观察

本文应用透射电镜观察了生后第10至90天大鼠附睾管上皮主细胞的超微结构。结果表明:第10天上皮细胞处于未分化状态,胞浆内充满了大量游离核糖体,其它细胞器均少见;第19天上皮细胞已开始分化,游离缘出现少量短粗微绒毛和微吞饮内褶,Golgi复合体渐发达且数量增加;第50天上皮细胞已具成年大鼠主细胞的超微结构,微绒毛发达,微吞饮内褶和多泡体丰富,Golgi复合体发达。本文对生后大鼠附睾管主细胞出现上述超微结构变化的意义进行了讨论。     

Morphological and histochemical changes in the epididymis of hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) subjected to short photoperiod

The morphological involution and histochemical changes of the Syrian hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ) epididymis induced by a short light period were investigated. Under short-day conditions, the epididymis showed marked morphological changes including a decrease in luminal diameter, disappearance of spermatozoa, increase of interductal tissue, increase of intraepithelial lipofuscin deposits, the presence of phagolysosomes in the principal cells and macrophage-like cells, and a considerable modification of most clear cells. With lectin histochemistry changes were found in the glycoconjugates of principal cells of the regressed epididymis, either a decrease (PNA, WGA, HPA and DBA) or an increase (MAA) in the affinity of lectins to the Golgi area, or a decrease (HPA) or an increase (PNA) in lectin binding to stereocilia. Both morphological and histochemical results showed that, under this light condition, the cauda epididymidis presented the most prominent alterations, and that the epididymis showed increased absorptive activity and a decreased synthesis of glycoproteins. All these changes are probably due to the decrease in testosterone levels.