高颈段椎管内肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 应用半椎板锁孔入路肿瘤显微切除、椎板与棘突整体切除加复位、全椎板切除减压等入路显微手术切除高颈段椎管内肿瘤. 方法 回顾分析1999年3月至2010年5月期间收治高颈段锥管内肿瘤33例患者的临床表现、影像学资料及手术方法,并对手术入路、术中技巧等问题进行讨论. 结果 髓外硬膜下肿瘤经椎板锁孔入路全切除23例;硬膜外2例,采取后正中和侧方入路全切除;髓内肿瘤8例,其中5例全切除,3例部分切除,其中4例采用椎板与棘突整体切除加复位的方法.手术后复发3例,1例为脊膜瘤术后多次复发并手术,2例为髓内星形细胞瘤.无手术死亡.出院后神经功能明显改善27例,无变化2例,加重1例,好转后逐渐加重3例.28例恢复健康,3例生活自理,2例严重残疾. 结论 半椎板单或多锁孔入路,可全切3节段内的肿瘤;全椎板切除减压的术式适用于髓内不能全切的恶性肿瘤患者;椎板与棘突整体切除加复位的方法适用于跨4个脊髓节段以上的椎管内肿瘤.     

枕下远外侧经髁入路显微手术切除延髓腹外侧区肿瘤

枕下远外侧经髁入路显微手术切除延髓腹外侧区肿瘤杨卫忠，石松生，张国良，刘才兴，倪天瑞，梁日生，陈建屏延髓腹外侧区的部位深在，且重要结构众多，以致致该区域病变的手术治疗一直是神经外科的难题。９０年代以来，我们采用枕下远外侧经髁入路显微手术治疗延髓腹外侧...     

显微手术治疗高颈段椎管内肿瘤

目的：探讨应用显微手术治疗高颈段椎管内肿瘤的方法及疗效。方法：回顾性总结我院近十年来收治并施行显微手术的36例高颈段椎管内肿瘤病例。结果：行镜下大部分肿瘤切除10例（包括6例星形细胞瘤，3例包裹并紧密粘连椎动脉的哑铃形神经鞘瘤和1例转移性肺癌），镜下全切肿块26例。出院时恢复良好27例，症状改善3例，无明显改善2例，加重2例，住院期间死亡2例。结论：应注意意识别高颈段椎管内肿瘤的相关症状和体征，对可疑病人尽早行MRI检查，避免漏诊、误诊。一旦影像学诊断成立，应尽早显微手术，即使有呼吸、大小便功能障碍也不是手术的绝对禁忌。应综合选择手术入路，应用显微操作，重视微创原则，保护重要组织，维持或重建脊柱稳定，高颈段椎管内肿瘤手术可获得良好效果。     

远外侧枕下入路临床应用的初步经验

目的 改良远外侧枕下入路,适当显露病变,改善延髓和上颈髓腹侧病变的治疗效果。方法 采用远外侧枕下入路的5种改良入路,包括经小关节入路、经枕骨髁后入路、部分经枕骨髁入路、完全经枕骨髁入路和极端外侧经颈静脉孔入路,治疗延髓及上颈髓腹侧和腹外侧肿瘤12例、椎动脉动脉瘤2例,并分析手术治疗的效果和并发症。结果 本组12例肿瘤患者,7例肿瘤全切除,5例肿瘤在部分切除,所有患者术后恢复良好;其中3例术后遗留永久性组颅神经麻痹。2例动脉瘤患者,1例夹闭瘤颈,1例动脉瘤切除的患者因脑干缺血死亡。没有与入路有关的严重并发症。结论 远外侧枕下入路的改良可以满足延髓及上颈髓腹侧和腹外侧病变手术的需要和良好手术野显著,减少不必要的手术步骤,改善治疗效果。     

远外侧入路切除颅颈区肿瘤

目的：介绍颅颈交界处肿瘤切除的经验,探讨远外侧入路的选择及显微手术技巧。方法：对23例患者采用远外侧入路,在显微镜直视下切除肿瘤。结果：肿瘤全部切除17例,近全切除4例,大部切除2例,全切除率74％,无死亡,结论：远外侧入路可以非常直接地显露下斜坡,易于控制动,对脑神经及颅颈交界处提供良好暴露,最小程度牵拉神经血管结构,使手术更加安全和成功。     

颈椎哑铃形椎管肿瘤的手术治疗15例报告

目的：总结颈椎哑铃形椎管肿瘤的手术治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析15例颈椎哑铃形椎管肿瘤的临床表现、影像学特征、病理类型、手术治疗方法和预后。结果：15例均采用颈后正中入路，一次手术切除椎管内外肿瘤，9例随访6个月至5年，患者的症状和神经功能均有不同程度的改善，无肿瘤复发病例．结论：颈椎哑铃形椎管肿瘤可经颈后正中入路一次手术切除。     

前后联合入路一期治疗下腰椎转移性肿瘤(附12例报告)

[目的]探讨下腰椎转移性肿瘤前后联合入路手术治疗的要点.[方法]回顾性分析本院2003～2009年收治的12例下腰椎转移性肿瘤,应用前后联合入路行肿瘤切除及脊柱重建的治疗情况.[结果]本组患者术中无死亡、神经脊髓损害加重及重要脏器损伤,术后随访2～5年,平均随访时间3年2个月,腰背部疼痛及放射性痛基本缓解,75％术后生存期超过1年.[结论]下腰椎转移性肿瘤应用前后联合入路,可以更彻底切除肿瘤、建立更可靠的稳定性,减少并发症,提高生存质量.     

远外侧入路显微手术治疗枕大孔区延髓及颈髓腹侧肿瘤

目的 探讨远外侧入路显微手术切除枕大孔区延髓及颈髓腹侧肿瘤的临床疗效.方法 18例延髓及颈髓腹侧肿瘤均采用远外侧入路,咬除病变侧C1后弓、枕鳞及枕大孔后外缘,保护椎动脉,显露延髓及颈髓的侧方,在手术显微镜下行显微手术治疗.结果 18例中全部切除肿瘤13例(72.2%),次全切除4例(22.2%),未能切除1例(5.6%),术后症状消失11例,症状改善6例,无改善1例.结论 经远外侧入路治疗枕大孔区延髓及颈髓腹侧肿瘤临床效果良好.     

半椎板入路在切除椎管内外沟通性肿瘤中的应用

目的探讨半椎板入路在显微手术切除椎管内外沟通性肿瘤中的临床应用。方法回顾性分析经一侧半椎板入路显微切除11例椎管内外沟通性肿瘤的临床资料。结果9例椎管内外沟通性神经鞘瘤、1例椎管内外沟通性脊膜瘤手术全切除,1例椎管内外脂肪肉瘤次全切除。术后临床症状均得到明显改善。结论采用半椎板入路切除椎管内外沟通性肿瘤,更加有利于对偏侧生长在椎管外侧部分肿瘤的显露和全切除,并能进一步提高脊髓脊柱手术的微创性,并取得了更好的治疗效果。     

经颈侧前入路行高位颈椎前方暴露及操作

目的探讨经颈侧前入路行高位颈椎减压以及内同定的显露效果。方法以下颌角平面为中心沿胸锁乳突肌前缘作5cm切口。在切口下端向内牵开气管、食管，向外牵开颈动脉鞘从而显露C4，并沿间隙向上方分离显露C1-3，最后将颈长肌、头长肌从椎体前面向两侧牵开显露高位颈椎前方。在切口内完成C1、2纤维瘢痕切除松解以及C2、3间骨折切开复位、椎间盘摘除、病灶清除、椎间植骨、自锁钢板内同定等操作。结果11例患者均成功显露出C1-4椎体前方及椎间盘，并完成椎间松解术、病灶清除术、减压融合内固定术；无颈部重要结构损伤，1例患者有一过性声嘶，患者术后的感觉、肌力均有所恢复。结论经颈侧前方入路可显露高位颈椎前方，损伤小、显露简单充分、且切口并发症少，为较理想的暴露途径。     

Lateral and lateral anterior approaches in tumors of the cervical vertebrae

The limit of the standard anterior and posterior approaches on the cervical spine is a small area including the pedicle and transversary process. However, this area contains the vertebral artery and the merging cervical roots. The lateral-anterior route gives access to both structures while the lateral one leads mainly to the intervertebral foramen and nerve roots. Both techniques are described with stress on the great advantages of the lateral-anterior route: easy exposure, large operative field, possibility of complementary arthrodesis and venous graft by-pass on the vertebral artery. Experience on 14 cervical bony tumors resected through the lateral-anterior approach is reported. Complementary techniques were performed in 5 cases: carotid-vertebral artery by-pass in 1, laminectomy in 2 and bone grafting in 2. Therefore, the lateral anterior approach is considered a good way to deal with the intermediate part of the cervical spine.     

介入栓塞椎动脉在颈椎横突部肿瘤的术前应用

目的：针对临床上处理颈椎横突部肿瘤术中椎动脉所采用的解剖、结扎的方法尚存在着许多并发症，提出并应用血管内介入技术于术前栓塞椎动脉，为临床处理椎动脉提供一种新的方法。方法：对７例颈椎横突部肿瘤病人，术前１周行血管内介入可脱性球囊＋钨丝弹簧圈进行椎动脉栓塞，并与传统方法进行比较。结果：７例均获成功而且无任何并发症发生，保证了手术的顺利进行。结论：经术中证实，血管内栓塞椎动脉方法简单、安全可靠、可避免术中椎动脉损伤后的致命性大出血，从而缩短了手术时间，降低了手术难度，利于肿瘤切除及避免神经系统并发症，是一种临床处理椎动脉的新方法     

Anatomic comparison of transarticular screws with lateral mass screws in cervical vertebrae

Objective:To compare the potential incidence of nerve root (ventral and dorsal ramus) injury caused by cervical transarticular screws and Roy-Camille lateral mass screws. Methods:Insertion techniques with Klekamp transarticular screws and Roy-Camille lateral mass screws were respectively performed in this study. Each technique involved four specimens and 40 screws, which were inserted from C3 to C7. And 20-mm-long screws were used to overpenetrate the ventral cortex. The anterolateral aspect of the cervical spine was carefully dissected to allow observation of the screw-ramus relationship. Results : The overall percentage of nerve invasion was significantly lower with Klekamp (45 %) technique than with Roy-Camille (85%) technique (P<0.05). The largest percentage of nerve invasion for Klekamp transarticular screws was found at the dorsal ramus (25%), followed by the ventral ramus (15%) and the bifurcation of the ventral dorsal ramus (5 %). The largest percentage of nerve invasion for Roy-Camille lateral mass screws was found at the ventral ramus (80 %). Conclusion : The potential risk of nerve root invasion is lower with Klekamp transarticular screws than with Roy-Camille lateral mass screws.     

Complete removal of an intraspinal and extraspinal cervical chordoma in one stage using the lateral approach. Technical note

The authors describe a precise surgical technique in which a large intraspinal and extraspinal, multivertebral, cervical chordoma was completely removed in one stage using the lateral approach. The patient in this case was a 29-year-old woman who presented with signs of radicular pain in the left C-3 area. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a large intra- and extraspinal multivertebral tumor from C-2 to C-5, a finding that suggested a cervical chordoma. The tumor was completely removed in one stage using the lateral approach while controlling the vertebral artery (VA), and a partial corporectomy of C2-5 was also performed. Results from a postoperative histopathological examination confirmed that the tumor was a typical chordoma. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Cervical chordomas are typically excised using a posterior-anterior surgical approach with partial resection of the tumor. The lateral approach was appropriate in this patient for complete resection in one stage, because it enabled the surgeons to control the VA and access both extraspinal and intraspinal components of the chordoma.     

颈椎转移瘤全椎节切除与重建术的疗效及预后分析

脊柱是恶性肿瘤最常见的转移部位，其中颈椎转移性肿瘤危害更大，椎体不稳、塌陷、疼痛及脊髓压迫症状常较早被发现，严重时会发生高位瘫痪甚至导致死亡。因此对出现上述症状或具备高椎体塌陷风险的颈椎转移性肿瘤患者行肿瘤病灶清除及稳定性重建有着重要的意义。C3～7椎体及附件转移性肿瘤主要行全椎节切除＋前路钛网、钢板、骨水泥及后路椎弓根钉或侧块螺钉固定，有别于寰枢椎转移性肿瘤行全椎节切除＋后路枕颈融合固定。因而此处只针对在2000年1月～2006年6月间收治并行全椎节切除与重建术的25例C3～7椎体及附件转移肿瘤患者进行回顾性总结分析。     

颈椎转移性骨肿瘤预后因素的Cox模型分析

目的：探讨影响颈椎转移性骨肿瘤预后的因素。方法：统计48例颈椎转移性骨肿瘤患者的性别、年龄、手术切除方式、KPS评分、内脏转移情况，骨转移情况，肿瘤类型及术后放疗，化疗情况，并应用Cox模型进行生存和预后分析。结果：术后随访6个月至3年，术后1、2、3年的生存率分别是91．67％、38．32％、11．27％，KPS评分≥80、肿瘤生长缓慢，无内脏转移，无骨转移，行广泛切除术，术后行化疗和放疗患者的生存期均明显延长（P＜0．01）。结论：Cox模型分析表明，肿瘤类型，术后化疗，内脏转移情况，术后放疗，术前KPS评分和骨转移情况是影响预后的主要因素，颈椎转移性骨肿瘤的治疗应根据患者的预后情况决定具体的治疗方式，从而减轻患者的经济负担，延长生存期，改善患者的生存质量。     

Early radical corrective surgery in congenital deformities of the lateral and posterolateral portion of the vertebrae

The article deals with the techniques of operation for semivertebra extirpation together with one-stage correction of the deformity with a contractor and anterior and posterior fixation of the spine. The operation was performed on 28 children as a result of which the spinal deformity was corrected, on the average, by 75% of the initial deformity in patients with scoliosis and by 50-66% in those with kyphoscoliosis. In 9 patients the initial deformity was corrected by more than 90%. Stable correction of the deformity was achieved in 84% of patients. The poor results (3 cases) were due to the use of a short compressing rod and erroneous choice of the material for spondylodesis. The operation is rekommended in progressing spinal deformities in young children under 3 years of age.