动态血糖监测系统在儿童1型糖尿病中的应用和护理

目的 比较动态血糖检测系统(GGMs)和传统血糖检测方法,并对CGMs在儿童中应用和护理的情况进行观察分析.方法 2003年1月至2006年8月对23例1型糖尿病儿童进行CGMS检测.患儿均使用CGMS动态血糖仪连续测定血糖3d,同时每天测定末梢毛细血管全血葡萄糖浓度,两组教据进行校正和比较.结果 1例由于探头原因而需重新操作,3例局部有少量出血,1例固定胶布部位有红肿,血糖输入时出现差错2次,外周血与CGMS不匹配报警3次.CGMS所测葡萄糖值与指端毛细血管血糖值呈正相关(r=0.8742,P＜0.001).发现凌晨高血糖14例,餐后血糖高峰值在餐后1～3h出现,有14例惠儿血糖值有超出CGMS检测的高限和(或)低限,发生低血糖事件24例次.结论 CGMS在糖尿病的诊断和治疗过程中会起到指导性的作用,但目前尚不能完全替代传统的血糖检测方法.     

利用动态血糖监测早期发现无症状低血糖症对脑卒中合并糖尿病患者康复治疗的意义

目的:评价动态血糖监测系统(continuous glucose monitoring system,CGMS)对脑卒中合并糖尿病患者在康复治疗中发生无症状低血糖症的意义。方法:35例康复医学科脑卒中合并糖尿病患者入院后在康复治疗介入时均安装CGMS,连续佩戴72h,同时使用便携式末梢血糖仪和试纸进行每日末梢血糖监测(三餐前、三餐后2h、睡前及凌晨3∶00),比较两种方法对低血糖及无症状低血糖检出情况。结果:CGMS监测出无症状低血糖例数比末梢血糖监测高,差异有显著性意义(P0.01)。35例患者无症状低血糖多发生在3∶00—8∶00,占22.86%,血糖值平均为(3.25±1.07)mmol/L,最低值为2.3mmol/L。结论:CGMS能及时监测无症状低血糖现象,避免风险发生。     

老年糖尿病患者动态血糖监测48例临床分析

目的通过动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）与指尖血糖监测方法相比较,评价CGMS在老年糖尿病患者中的指导意义。方法对48例老年糖尿病患者连续72h同时使用CGMS和手指尖血糖监测,分别记录患者的血糖值（手指血糖记录三餐前后、夜间22：00及凌晨4：00血糖值）,对相同时间段的血糖值进行分析比较,同时根据血糖监测的情况调整降糖治疗方案。结果（1）48例患者在相同时间段内比较,出现高血糖时间段为餐后1-2h,CGMS监测血糖的最高值为（18．66±1．55）mmol/L,相同时间段的手指血糖值仅为（15．82±1．23）mmol/L,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;（2）发生低血糖（血糖值〈3．9mmol/L）时间段多为22：00-4：00,CGMS监测中发现低血糖19例,其中9例（18．75％）发生低血糖时无任何症状,10例（20．83％）发生低血糖时伴有心慌、头昏等症状,最低血糖值（2．6±0．44）mmol/L;而同时段指尖血糖监测仅发现有8（16．67％）例无症状低血糖,5例（10．41％）发生低血糖时伴有心慌、头昏等症状,最低血糖值（3．2±0．23）mmol/L;差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。结论CGMS更能发现老年糖尿病患者餐后高血糖及夜间低血糖,较手指尖血糖监测能指导临床医师为患者调整降糖治疗。     

实行分餐进食对糖尿病患者餐后血糖的影响

目的探讨分餐对糖尿病患者血糖的影响,为糖尿病患者更好地控制血糖提供依据。方法根据随机排列表对48例确诊为2型糖尿病患者进行分组。受试者均连续测试末梢血糖4 d,每天查5次即空腹、早餐后2 h、午餐前(12N)、晚餐后2 h、临睡前(11 PM)各查1次血糖值。实施分餐者7Am和6Pm先进食早、晚餐的2/3量,2 h后查完血糖再进食早、晚餐的1/3量。将各例患者各个相同时点血糖值进行比较分析。结果早、晚餐后2 h分餐与未分餐比较,血糖值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);空腹、午餐前、临睡前分餐与未分餐比较,血糖值有变化,但差异无统计学意义。结论早、晚餐实行分餐进食可以降低糖尿病患者的餐后2 h血糖,持续分餐有利于长期稳定血糖水平,并可减少低血糖发生可能性。     

快速血糖仪测定末梢血糖的护理质控

目的：通过护理质控探讨快速血糖仪测定末梢血糖的血糖值和实验室测定静脉血糖值的相关性研究。方法：选择诊断为糖尿病的住院患者320例,分为实验组170例,质控组150例,对血糖仪和试纸的选择、标本采集、患者因素等进行护理质控。结果：两组患者快速血糖仪测定末梢血糖的血糖值分别和实验室测定静脉血糖值比较有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论：通过护理质控使快速血糖仪测定末梢血糖值和实验室测定的静脉血糖值有较好相关性,较准确反映患者血糖水平。     

传统皮下胰岛素注射与持续皮下胰岛素输注联合动态血糖监测系统治疗糖尿病的比较

目的观察传统多次皮下胰岛素注射（MSⅡ）与持续皮下胰岛素输注（CSⅡ）联合动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）治疗对血糖控制的区别。方法将200例糖尿病患者,随机分为两组,CSⅡ联合CGMS为实验组,传统皮下胰岛素注射（MSⅡ）为对照组。实验组采用CGMS连续监测血糖72h,后者采用指尖血糖仪检测血糖72h。两组均进行胰岛素治疗。结果两组治疗后血糖均明显降低,治疗前后比较差异均有显著意义（P〈0.01）,治疗后实验组血糖波动值小于对照组,两组比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0.01）。经胰岛素治疗后,实验组低血糖的发生率为2.0%,明显低于对照组低血糖发生率（15.0%）（P〈0.05）。结论两组治疗均能达到目标血糖值,但CSⅡ联合CGMS应用能及时发现低血糖事件,使低血糖发生率明显下降,故对指导糖尿病治疗具有积极意义。     

动态血糖监测仪在老年2型糖尿病患者中的应用

【摘要】目的：了解老年2型糖尿病患者24h的血糖波动特点及动态血糖检测系统在老年人中应用的优势。方法：对70例老年2型糖尿病患者进行了动态血糖检测,并与指端毛细血管血糖比较,分别进行 分析。结果：老年人血糖较高的时间段为早餐后2h及中餐、晚餐后3h,共有25例次出现低血糖,其中8例次无自觉症状,17例次低血糖发生在22：00至凌晨6：00,同时进行的指端毛细血管血糖仅发现l0例次发生低血糖,与CGMS检测比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.637,P<0.01)。结论：对糖尿病患者进行动态血糖监测,能全面、客观地反映患者各时段血糖水平,为临床制定更为合理的治疗方案提供较为完整和及时的信息,及时有效的进行糖尿病教育,减少急慢性并发症的发生,特别适合老年人应用。     

前臂毛细血管采血检测血糖的可行性研究

目的探讨采用快速血糖仪检测前臂毛细血管血糖的可行性。方法对67例2型糖尿病住院患者同期于空腹、餐后2 h、出现第1次低血糖时3个时间点采静脉血检测血浆血糖,同时使用快速血糖仪检测前臂和指尖毛细血管全血血糖;比较前臂、指尖两种不同采血方法测定血糖值的准确性以及患者对采血时的疼痛感。结果 3种方法的空腹、低血糖时血糖值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),餐后2 h静脉血血糖值高于同期前臂、指尖所测血糖值,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);前臂采血比指尖采血的疼痛感低(P<0.01)。结论虽然前臂毛细血管血糖所反映的餐后2 h血糖值的准确性低于静脉血血糖值,但与指尖所测的血糖值无差异,且疼痛感明显轻于指尖部位,故前臂可作为检测血糖的采血部位。     

罗氏活力型血糖仪测定血糖与生化血糖对比分析

目的评价罗氏活力型血糖仪测定的精确性及该血糖仪测定毛细血管血糖(CBG)与实验室生化分析仪测定的静脉血浆血糖(VPG)的相关性。方法选取160例住院的糖尿病患者,采用实验室生化分析仪和罗氏活力型血糖仪测定空腹和餐后2 h静脉血浆血糖和末梢毛细血管血糖。结果在空腹和餐后2 h,使用罗氏活力性血糖仪测定的末梢血糖与生化仪测定的静脉血浆血糖值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论罗氏活力型血糖仪的准确性和精确性高,在空腹和餐后不同血糖浓度下均能较准确地反映血糖的真实水平,可以作为临床床边血糖测定及糖尿病患者的家庭自我检测。     

糖尿病患者HbA1c与空腹血糖联合测定的临床意义

目的探讨糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）和空腹血糖（FPG）联合测定的临床意义。方法使用DREW-DS5全自动糖化血红蛋白分析仪检测HbA1c,HITACHI 7060全自动生化分析仪检测FPG,对其相关性进行分析。结果通过对227例门诊患者同时测定HbA1c和FPG,确诊了38例糖尿病患者。其中19例FPG正常,HbA1c异常,经OGTT或餐后2h血糖复查,最后确诊11例为Ⅱ型糖尿病患者;33例FPG和HbA1c均异常的患者,经OGTT或餐后2h血糖复查确诊27例糖尿病患者。38例确诊患者的平均血糖值与HbA1c密切相关,两者之间的关系为：HbA1c增加1％,平均血糖值增加1．33～1．61mmol／L,HbA1c与平均血糖值的最佳符合点在餐后2h,FPG的相关性最差。结论HbA-C对糖尿病的筛选较FPG有更高的敏感性,对糖尿病的诊断和长期血糖水平的监控和观察有重要意义,可作为轻症、Ⅱ型糖尿病的早期诊断指标。     

Limitations of conventional methods of self-monitoring of blood glucose: lessons learned from 3 days of continuous glucose sensing in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Children with type 1 diabetes are usually asked to perform self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) before meals and at bedtime, and it is assumed that if results are in target range, along with HbA(1c) measurements, then overall glycemic control is adequate. However, the brief glimpses in the 24-h glucose profile provided by SMBG may miss marked glycemic excursions. The MiniMed Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) has provided a new method to obtain continuous glucose profiles and opportunities to examine limitations of conventional monitoring. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 56 children with type 1 diabetes (age 2-18 years) wore the CGMS for 3 days. Patients entered four fingerstick blood samples into the monitor for calibration and kept records of food intake, exercise, and hypoglycemic symptoms. Data were downloaded, and glycemic patterns were identified. RESULTS: Despite satisfactory HbA(1c) levels (7.7 +/- 1.4%) and premeal glucose levels near the target range, the CGMS revealed profound postprandial hyperglycemia. Almost 90% of the peak postprandial glucose levels after every meal were >180 mg/dl (above target), and almost 50% were >300 mg/dl. Additionally, the CGMS revealed frequent and prolonged asymptomatic hypoglycemia (glucose <60 mg/dl) in almost 70% of the children. CONCLUSIONS: Despite excellent HbA(1c) levels and target preprandial glucose levels, children often experience nocturnal hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia that are not evident with routine monitoring. Repeated use of the CGMS may provide a means to optimize basal and bolus insulin replacement in patients with type 1 diabetes.     

动态血糖监测评估孕中晚期妊娠期糖尿病患者的血糖波动

目的探讨动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)在妊娠期糖尿病患者中的应用价值。方法将30例孕妇分为50 g葡萄糖负荷试验(GCT)正常组、异常组及妊娠糖尿病(GDM)组,每组10例,采用CGMS进行连续3 d血糖监测。结果GDM组整体血糖波动系数,空腹血糖平均值,餐后血糖平均值,患者早、中、晚餐三餐达到餐后血糖峰值,低血糖及高血糖事件发生次数均明显高于其他两组(P均<0.05)。结论 CGMS能够准确反映出GDM患者的完整血糖变化,可增强患者对饮食控制、运动疗法、胰岛素治疗的依从性,对改善母婴结局具有重要意义。     

Continuous glucose monitoring and the reality of metabolic control in preschool children with type 1 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To determine using the MiniMed continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) 1) whether twice-daily insulin injection therapy achieves adequate control in preschool children with type 1 diabetes and 2) whether the CGMS is more informative than self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) regarding glucose control and well tolerated by preschool children and their families. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Ten children <6 years of age with type 1 diabetes were monitored twice using the CGMS. The distribution of glucose values was analyzed, particularly the frequency, duration, and distribution of hypoglycemia. We analyzed the accuracy of the CGMS in detecting hypoglycemia as well as the clinical relevance of the difference between CGMS and SMBG values. RESULTS: Although hypoglycemia was more frequent during the night (0.8 nighttime episodes . subject(-1) . 24 h(-1) vs. 0.3 daytime episodes . subject(-1) . 24 h(-1)), the difference did not reach statistical significance (P=0.07). However, nighttime episodes lasted longer than daytime episodes (1.2 vs. 0.2 h . subject(-1) . 24 h(-1), P=0.006). Hypoglycemia accounted for 7% and normoglycemia for 24%, while hyperglycemia occurred 64% of the time, with postprandial hyperglycemia being an almost universal feature (94 +/- 7% of all postmeal values). The CGMS correlated well with SMBG without significant clinical discrepancy. The CGMS sensitivity to detect hypoglycemia was 70% with a specificity of 99%; however, the CGMS detected twice as many total episodes as SMBG (82 vs. 40). CONCLUSIONS: Twice-daily insulin injection rarely achieves control in preschool children with type 1 diabetes. The CGMS is well tolerated by patients and has the advantage of revealing daily glucose trends missed by SMBG.     

动态血糖监测期间护理问题的研究

目的评价采用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)进行血糖监测期间,糖尿病(DM)和CGMS知识教育及加强护理观察的重要性。方法对91例DM患者进行教育和护理指导,然后进行CGMS检查,观察血糖监测期间的不良反应和监测结果的完整性。结果患者行CGMS检查的耐受性良好,不良反应少。93.4%(85/91)的患者顺利完成CGMS检查并获得完整数据,初次检查故障发生率为6.6%(6/91),原因包括探头脱落,电信号弱,输入血糖值不及时,血糖记录器报警后未及时处理等。连续3dCGMS血糖曲线具有较好的重叠性。结论加强DM以及CGMS知识的宣教和护理观察,有助于DM患者顺利完成CGMS检查,并且获得完整可靠的血糖变化数据。     

Dichotomous responses of inter and postprandial hyperglycaemia to short-term calorie restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: In type 2 diabetes the effects of short-term calorie restrictions on glycaemia are usually judged on fasting plasma glucose. As fasting duration rarely exceeds 2-3 h, we determined the effects of calorie restriction over different daytime periods using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in noninsulin-using patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Fourteen poorly controlled (mean HbA1c = 9.3%) overweight or obese patients (mean body mass index = 30.1 +/- 0.7 kg m(-2)) with type 2 diabetes were investigated twice with a CGMS, at baseline and at the end of a 18-day calorie-restricted diet (1490 kcal day(-1)). Areas under curves (AUCs) of 24-h glucose monitoring were measured and divided into postprandial and interprandial AUCs according to meal times. RESULTS: Areas under curves of 24-h glucose monitoring were significantly decreased after dieting: -37%, P = 0.0047. Both post and interprandial AUCs were significantly diminished (-26%, P = 0.0186 and -48%, P = 0.0037, respectively), but changes in interprandial AUCs were more marked than changes in postprandial AUCs (P = 0.0060). Nycthemeral peaks of glucose were observed at mid-morning times and were not significantly different before (242 +/- 15 mg dL(-1)) and after dieting (227 +/- 16 mg dL(-1)). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term calorie restriction in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes resulted in dichotomous responses between interprandial and postprandial glycaemic excursions. The resistance of mid-morning glucose peaking to calorie restriction should result in additional dietary or pharmacological measures at breakfast.     

动态血糖监测系统在初诊2型糖尿病患者中的应用与护理

目的:探讨动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)在初诊2型糖尿病患者中的应用与护理特点。方法:将2006年1月～2009年12月住院的65例初诊2型糖尿病患者随机分为常规组34例和CGMS组31例,常规组采用常规血糖监测,CGMS组应用持续动态血糖监测系统监测血糖。分析两组血糖达标时间、达标率、胰岛素剂量、低血糖频次以及治疗不同时期血糖情况。结果:CGMS组患者所需达标时间更短,达标率更高,低血糖发作次数更少(P均<0.05),两组间胰岛素剂量无差别。治疗结束时,两组患者平均FBG和2 h PBG均达标,但CGMS组2 h PBG控制更佳(P<0.05)。结论:在制定初诊2型糖尿病治疗方案时采用CGMS有助于血糖更好、更快达标,安全性更高。     

Impact of pramlintide on glucose fluctuations and postprandial glucose,glucagon, and triglyceride excursions among patients with type 1 diabetes intensively treated with insulin pumps

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of adjunctive treatment with pramlintide, an analog of the beta-cell hormone amylin, on 24-h glucose fluctuations and postprandial glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride excursions in patients with type 1 diabetes intensively treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this study, 18 patients (16 of whom could be evaluated) with type 1 diabetes (age 44 +/- 11 years, HbA(1c) 8.2 +/- 1.3% [mean +/- SD]) were given mealtime injections of 30 micro g pramlintide t.i.d. for 4 weeks in addition to their preexisting CSII regimen (16 lispro, 2 regular insulin). Mealtime insulin boluses were reduced by a minimum of 10% during the first 3 days, and re-adjusted thereafter based on clinical judgment. At weeks 0 (baseline), 4 (on treatment), and 6 (2 weeks off treatment), 24-h interstitial glucose concentrations were measured using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS), and postprandial plasma glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride concentrations were measured in response to a standardized test meal. RESULTS: At baseline, patients had excessive 24-h glucose fluctuations, with 59% of the CGMS measurements >140 mg/dl, 13% <80 mg/dl, and only 28% in the euglycemic range (80-140 mg/dl). After 4 weeks on pramlintide, measurements in the hyperglycemic range declined to 48% and measurements within the euglycemic range increased to 37%. This shift from the hyperglycemic to the euglycemic range occurred with a concomitant 17% reduction in mealtime insulin dosages and without relevant increases in measurements below the euglycemic range (15%) or any severe hypoglycemic events. After 4 weeks on pramlintide, postprandial glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride excursions were reduced by approximately 86, approximately 87, and approximately 72%, respectively (incremental areas under the curve, all P < 0.05 vs. baseline). At week 6 (off treatment), the 24-h glucose profile and postprandial glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride excursions approached pretreatment values. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the addition of pramlintide to insulin therapy reduced excessive 24-h glucose fluctuations as well as postprandial glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride excursions in patients with type 1 diabetes intensively treated with insulin pumps.     

Continuous glucose monitoring-guided insulin adjustment in children and adolescents on near-physiological insulin regimens: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: This randomized controlled trial assesses the effect on glycemic control of continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS)-guided insulin therapy adjustment in young people with type 1 diabetes on intensive diabetes treatment regimens with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or glargine. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Pediatric subjects were recruited if they had an HbA(1c) (A1C) <10% and had been on CSII or glargine for at least 3 months. Thirty-six subjects were randomized to insulin adjustment on the basis of 72 h of CGMS every 3 weeks or intermittent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) for 3 months. A1C and fructosamine were measured at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks. Follow-up A1C was measured at 6 months. Mean baseline A1C was 8.2% (n = 19) in the CGMS group and 7.9% (n = 17) in the control group. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in A1C from baseline values in both groups, but there was no difference in the degree of improvement in A1C at 12 weeks between the CGMS (-0.4% [95% CI -0.7 to -0.1]) and the control group (-0.4% [-0.8 to 0.2]). In the CGMS group, improved A1C was at the cost of increased duration of hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS: CGMS is no more useful than intermittent fingerstick SMBG and frequent review in improving diabetes control in reasonably well-controlled patients on near-physiological insulin regimens when used in an outpatient clinic setting.     

Clinical usefulness of a bolus calculator in maintaining normoglycaemia in active professional patients with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

This observational study assessed metabolic control in young, active professionals with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) with or without the use of a bolus calculator. Eighteen patients aged 19 - 51 years with diabetes duration of 6 - 22 years were included; eight patients used a bolus calculator and 10 did not. Metabolic control was assessed by glycosylated haemoglobin (Hb(A1c)) measurements and blood glucose profiles. A continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) was also used by three patients from each group. Mean Hb(A1c) and fasting blood glucose levels were not significantly different between the two groups, but mean post-prandial blood glucose was significantly lower in bolus calculator users than non-users. The CGMS showed more blood glucose levels within the target range in bolus calculator users than non-users, but statistical significance was not achieved. In conclusion, a bolus calculator may help to improve postprandial blood glucose levels in active professional type 1 diabetes patients treated with CSII, but does not have a major impact on Hb(A1c) levels.     

动态血糖监测系统和扫描式血糖监测系统判断2型糖尿病患者黎明现象的一致性研究

目的探讨基于动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)评价扫描式血糖监测系统判断2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者黎明现象的有效性。方法采用便利抽样法,选取2019年6月-2020年6月于新乡市中心医院内分泌科住院的45例T2DM患者为研究对象。患者入院后先佩戴扫描式动态血糖监测系统,48 h后再佩戴CGMS行连续血糖监测,再过72 h后同时取下扫描式动态血糖监测系统和CGMS,核对同时间段的血糖分析报告,判断是否发生黎明现象。采用Kappa检验分析CGMS与扫描式血糖监测系统判断黎明现象的一致性,以CGMS判断结果为标准,绘制扫描式血糖监测系统判断黎明现象的ROC曲线,评定夜间血糖预测黎明现象及次日空腹血糖评估黎明现象的最佳切点值。结果 CGMS判断55.56%(25/45)的患者、扫描式血糖监测系统判断46.67%(21/45)的患者发生黎明现象,两者比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.711,P>0.05)。CGMS和扫描式血糖监测系统判断黎明现象的一致性良好(Kappa=0.895,95%CI为1.130~4.883,P<0.01)。夜间血糖预测黎明现象的最佳切点值为8.31 mmol/L,次日空腹血糖评估黎明现象的最佳切点值为7.25 mmol/L,两者的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.729、0.803。结论扫描式血糖监测系统可以准确地判断黎明现象,当夜间血糖值为8.31 mmol/L时提示可能会发生黎明现象,次日空腹血糖值为7.25 mmol/L时提示可能发生了黎明现象。